等规聚丙烯在γ射线辐照下的链结构和结晶行为

利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和示差扫描量热(DSC)等手段对不同剂量γ射线辐照后等规聚丙烯(iPP)的分子链结构及结晶行为的变化进行了研究.结果表明,γ射线辐照使iPP的分子量下降,并在其分子链中产生羟基和羰基等极性基团,从而影响其结晶行为.在非等温结晶过程中,当辐照剂量≤50 kGy时,iPP的热结晶温度略有升高;增大辐照剂量,iPP的热结晶温度明显降低.iPP的熔融温度则随辐照剂量的增大而降低,且分裂成双峰.利用Avrami方程研究了辐照前后iPP的等温结晶动力学,发现辐照前后样品的Avrami指数n都在3左右,表明iPP的结晶遵循异相成核机理,且不受辐照剂量和等温结晶温度的影响,但总结晶速率随等温结晶温度和辐照剂量的升高而逐渐减小.探讨了iPP经过γ射线辐照后,分子链断裂、链结构变化和结晶速率之间的关系.     

Effect of γ-Ray Irradiation on Chain Structure and Crystallization Rehavior of Isotactic Polypronylene

利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和示差扫描量热(DSC)等手段对不同剂量γ射线辐照后等规聚丙烯(iPP)的分子链结构及结晶行为的变化进行了研究.结果表明,γ射线辐照使iPP的分子量下降,并在其分子链中产生羟基和羰基等极性基团,从而影响其结晶行为.在非等温结晶过程中,当辐照剂量≤50 kGy时,iPP的热结晶温度略有升高;增大辐照剂量,iPP的热结晶温度明显降低.iPP的熔融温度则随辐照剂量的增大而降低,且分裂成双峰.利用Avrami方程研究了辐照前后iPP的等温结晶动力学,发现辐照前后样品的Avrami指数n都在3左右,表明iPP的结晶遵循异相成核机理,且不受辐照剂量和等温结晶温度的影响,但总结晶速率随等温结晶温度和辐照剂量的升高而逐渐减小.探讨了iPP经过γ射线辐照后,分子链断裂、链结构变化和结晶速率之间的关系.     

聚丙烯“催化合金”组成对结晶行为的影响

用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)研究了聚丙烯“催化合金”(PP-cats)组成对等温结晶行为与动力学的影响,并与等规聚丙烯(iPP)进行比较.结果表明,与纯PP相比较,PP-cats的平衡熔融温度明显下降,表明PP-cats中作为主要组分的丙烯均聚物和乙丙无规共聚物之间存在较强的相互作用.PP-cats的结晶初期动力学可用Avrami模型很好地描述,结晶过程均为预先成核和三维生长方式.PP-cats的结晶速率随体系中乙丙共聚物含量的增加而增大,而PP-cats的晶体生长速率随体系中乙丙共聚物含量的增加而减小.由于PP-cats熔体的粘度远高于纯PP,使得PP-cats中PP分子链运动能力降低,导致了PP-cats较低的晶体生长速率.此外,与纯PP相比,PP-cats的成核密度大幅度提高,被认为是PP-cats具有快的结晶速率的主要原因.     

左旋聚乳酸的结晶行为研究

用DSC, WAXD和POM对Zn催化剂制备的左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)的熔体结晶行为进行了研究. 在95~125 ℃范围内, PLLA熔体结晶生成厚度约(14±1) nm的片晶, 该片晶不易发生熔体等温增厚. 对实验数据分别用Avrami方程和Arrhenius方程进行了计算, Avrami指数n=3±0.3, 表明PLLA以球晶形式生长, 其最大结晶速率温度为(105.0±0.5) ℃, t1/2约为5.2 min. 利用Lauritzen-Hoffmann（LH）理论对PLLA结晶机理进行了分析, 发现PLLA结晶的Regime Ⅱ和Regime Ⅲ的转变温度为107 ℃. Kg(Ⅱ)和Kg(Ⅲ)分别为4.57×105 K2和1.115×106 K2, 且Kg(Ⅲ)/Kg(Ⅱ)=2.4, 与LH理论值一致.     

乙烯含量对抗冲丙烯共聚物等温结晶行为的影响

利用DSC研究了乙烯含量不同的4种抗冲丙烯共聚物的等温结晶动力学.结果表明4种样品在考察的温度范围内(126~130℃)的等温结晶动力学完全符合Avrami方程,并得到了不同结晶温度下Avrami方程的结晶动力学参数k,n和t1/2,随着样品中乙烯含量的增加,Avrami指数(n)随温度变化不大,样品的结晶过程可能属于三维扩散控制的成核增长,4种样品的结晶活化能ΔE在279.5~343.1 kJ/mol范围内,且随乙烯含量增加,结晶活化能增大,充分说明样品中的乙烯含量是影响其结晶活化能的主要因素.结晶分级分析测试结果显示,随着乙烯含量的增加,聚丙烯均聚物部分链结构规整性提高,结构规整、可结晶的长序列含量在减少,可见乙烯含量的变化规律直接决定上述参数的变化规律.     

硅氧烷液晶共聚物作为β晶成核剂对等规聚丙烯结晶结构与形态的影响

采用广角X射线衍射(WAXD)与偏光显微镜(POM)等手段研究了硅氧烷液晶共聚物(LCP-O2)作为新型成核剂对聚丙烯(PP)共混样品结晶结构与形态的影响.结果表明,低浓度的LCP-O2在PP共混体系中起到异相成核的作用,使PP的晶核数目增多,球晶细化,并提高了结晶速度,同时也诱导出了β晶的形成.LCP-O2的成核效果主要依赖于其在PP中的相对含量、液晶的分子结构与结晶的热处理过程,且随着结晶温度或成核剂含量的增加,对应PP试样的β晶含量(Kβ)呈现先增加,后降低的趋势.当LCP-O2质量分数为1.0%,在130℃等温结晶1h,对应PP试样的Kβ最大,为58%.此外,属于单斜晶的α球晶呈现黑白颜色,晶束呈放射状生长,边界清晰;而属于三方晶的β球晶亮度要高于α球晶,其颜色艳丽多彩,束状晶片聚集体呈支化生长,内部排列比α晶疏散,边界相对模糊,且β晶与α晶的形态分别在157和171℃完全消失.     

向列相液晶共聚物作为β晶成核剂对等规聚丙烯结晶结构与热性能的影响

采用接枝聚合的方法,合成了一种新型聚硅氧烷类向列相液晶共聚物(LCP-H4),然后将LCP-H4与PP在一定工艺条件下密炼共混,得到了一系列的共混样品,采用WAXD、POM与DSC等研究了LCP-H4作为成核剂对PP样品结晶结构、形态与热性能的影响.结果表明,具有独特"液晶"性能的LCP-H4为PP结晶提供了更多的带自由能的晶核与较多的活性点,起到了异相成核的作用,既提高了PP的结晶速度、结晶温度和结晶度,又减小了球晶的尺寸,同时也改变了PP的结晶结构、形态及热力学与动力学,诱导出了β晶.此外,随着增加LCP-H4的含量及结晶温度,对应PP试样的β晶含量(Kβ)呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当LCP-H4含量为0.9%,在128℃等温结晶1h,对应成核PP的Kβ最大,为54%.     

聚丙烯/累托石纳米复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

在双螺杆挤出机上熔融共混制备了聚丙烯 (PP) 有机累托石 (OREC)纳米复合材料 ,采用广角X 射线衍射 (WAXD)定性地分析了PP OREC纳米复合材料及纯PP的结晶形态 ,由半峰宽定性地判断了对应晶面法向的晶粒的大小 .结果表明有机累托石没有改变聚丙烯的结晶晶型 (纳米复合材料主要还是α晶型 ) ,但是细化了晶粒的尺寸 .采用差示扫描量热法 (DSC)定量地研究了复合材料的非等温熔融结晶动力学 ,对所得数据分别用Jeziorny法的Mo法进行了处理 ,表明非等温结晶动力学参数Zc 及Avrami指数n随冷却速率的增加而增加 ,复合材料的Avrami指数n大于纯PP的n ;对相同配比的纳米复合材料 ,随着结晶度的增加 ,单位结晶时间里达到一定结晶度所需要的降温速率F(T)增大 ,对同一个设定的结晶度 ,纳米复合材料的F(T)比纯PP的小 ,说明需要的降温速率减小 .所有这些均说明有机累托石可作为聚丙烯的结晶成核剂 .     

温度对iPP和TMB-5/iPP结晶行为的影响

通过DSC和同步辐射WAXS技术测定了结晶温度对iPP和TMB-5/iPP结晶行为的影响.结果表明,随等温结晶温度升高,iPP总结晶度变化不大,但是β晶型含量降低的同时α晶型含量增加.TMB-5是一种具有温度依赖的选择性成核剂,当等温结晶温度高于140℃时,含TMB-5成核剂的iPP的β晶型的含量急剧降低.本文进一步探讨了TMB-5对iPP结晶行为影响的机理.     

GMA/苯乙烯多组分单体接枝聚丙烯结晶行为研究

使用差示扫描量热计 (DSC)研究了甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯 苯乙烯 (GMA St)多单体熔融接枝聚丙烯[PP g (GMA co St) ]的等温和非等温结晶行为 ,用偏光显微镜观察了结晶的形态 ,并利用Avrami方程对其结晶动力学进行了分析 .研究发现接枝聚丙烯的结晶模式与PP相似 ,属于异相成核控制的球晶三维生长 ;但接枝聚丙烯的结晶温度 (Tc)显著提高 ,幅度高达 16～ 19℃ ,总结晶速率与纯PP相比明显加快 .接枝聚丙烯上GMA co St支链的存在 ,降低了成核界面自由能 ,促进了聚丙烯结晶的异相成核 .在接枝率不太高的情况下 ,随着接枝率的提高 ,接枝聚丙烯的结晶温度升高 ,总结晶速率加快 .在高接枝率范围内 ,随着接枝率的提高 ,接枝PP的Tc 不再升高 ,且由于接枝链的增长严重阻碍了球晶生长 ,导致接枝PP的总结晶速率反而随接枝率的升高而下降     

等规聚丙烯自成核的等温结晶动力学

近年来 ,有关等规聚丙烯 (i PP)的自成核研究已引起了人们的关注 [1 ] ,但有关其结晶动力学的报道并不多见 .Carfagna等 [2 ]用膨胀计法研究了 i PP在未完全熔融重结晶情况下的等温结晶动力学 ,得到的 Avrami指数远远小于 3 .张新远等[3 ] 研究了 i PP未完全熔融情况下的非等温结晶动力学 .到目前为止 ,i PP自成核的熔体降温等温结晶动力学尚未见报道 .本文在 i PP自成核研究的基础上 [4] ,用 DSC方法研究了 i PP自成核在较高温度下的等温结晶动力学 ,讨论了结晶机理 .结果表明 ,在本实验的自成核条件下 ,i PP依然是三维球晶生长 ,…     

稀土氧化物对聚丙烯等温结晶动力学的影响

本文用差示扫描量热法测定了3种稀土氧化物对聚丙烯等温结晶行为的影响。结果表明,Avrami方程指数n、成核机理、晶体生长方式以及结晶晶型基本上不受稀土氧化物的影响。少量稀土氧化物可使结晶晶格垂直于分子链方向单位面积的界面自由能降低,结晶速率加大,其中Y_2O_3的效果最为显著,La_2O_3效果最低,混合稀土的作用效果与Y_2O_3相似。填加1wt%的Y_2O_3可使聚丙烯的结晶速度常数增大一个数量级。     

MELTING CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF NYLON 66

Analysis of isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of nylon 66 was carried out using differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC). The commonly used Avrami equation and that modified by Jeziorny were used, respectively, tofit the primary stage of isothermal and nonisothermal crystallizations of nylon 66, In the isothermal crystallization process,mechanisms of spherulitic nucleation and growth were discussed. The lateral and folding surface free energies determinedfrom the Lauritzen-Hoffman treatment are σ= 9.77 erg/cm~2 and σ_e= 155.48 erg/cm~2, respectively; and the work of chainfolding is q = 33.14 kJ/mol. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of nylon 66 was analyzed by using the Mo methodcombined with the Avrami and Ozawa equations. The average Avrami exponent n was determined to be 3.45, Theactivation energies (ΔE) were determined to be -485.45 kJ/mol and -331.27 kJ/mol, respectively, for the isothermal andnonisothermal crystallization processes by the Arrhenius and the Kissinger methods.     

等规聚丙烯/二元乙丙橡胶合金相分离对结晶动力学的影响

用小角激光光散射(SALLS)、相差显微镜(PCM)、示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)研究了聚丙烯/二元乙丙橡胶(iPP/EPR)共混体系的相分离行为和等温结晶行为.发现iPP/EPR(50/50,W/W)发生的液-液相分离遵循spinodal机理.通过Cahn-Hilliard方程求得了不同实验温度下iPP/EPR的表观扩散系数(Dapp)以及spinodal温度(Ts).考察了不同相分离程度的iPP/EPR体系结晶动力学,发现延长相分离时间(tps)或提高相分离温度(Tps)均会导致半结晶时间(t1/2)增大,即结晶速率降低.这被归于EPR成核作用的降低.动力学分析结果表明Avrami模型适用于描述该体系的等温结晶过程,其结晶机理基本不受相分离程度的影响,结晶均以瞬时成核和三维生长为主.     

Isothermal crystallization of polypropylene/surface modified silica nanocomposites

In the present work, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy-silane silanized silica(SiO_2-WD70) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide immobilized silica(SiO_2-WD70-DOPO) nanoparticles were prepared. Silica, SiO_2-WD70 and SiO_2-WD70-DOPO were incorporated into polypropylene(PP) by melt compounding. Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and polarized optical microscopy(POM) were employed to investigate the isothermal crystallization behavior of PP and PP/silica composites. The kinetic constant(kn), and half crystallization time(t1/2) were calculated by Avrami equation,while the surface free energy of folding was calculated by Lauritzen-Hoffman theory. The increased kn, decreased t1/2 and the surface free energy(σe) in the order of PP, PP/SiO_2, PP/SiO_2-WD70 and PP/SiO_2-WD70-DOPO nanocomposites were attributed to the surface modification of silica. XRD indicated that SiO_2-WD70-DOPO addition had no effect on PP crystal structure but accelerated the crystallization rate. POM determined that SiO_2-WD70-DOPO addition promoted the nucleation of PP by inducing a higher nucleation density during isothermal conditions. The surface modified nanoparticle SiO_2-WD70-DOPO might find possible application as a new type of inorganic nano-sized nucleation agent for PP.     

聚丙烯-g-聚氨酯共聚物的非等温结晶动力学研究

用DSC法研究了聚丙烯 (PP)和聚丙烯接枝聚氨酯的共聚物 (PP g PU)在不同冷却速率下的非等温结晶动力学 .用Avrami方程和莫志深改进法对DSC测定结果进行了处理 ,结果表明 ,PP g PU的动力学参数能很好的符合Avrami方程和莫志深改进方程 .PP接枝了聚氨酯支链后 ,结晶速率增大 ,球晶的生长和成核机制也相应发生改变 ,而其变化规律与接枝物的组成和结构密切相关     

Crystallization kinetics of poly(glycolic acid-alt-6-aminohexanoic acid)

The crystallization behavior of a new regular poly(ester amide) constituted by glycolic acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid units under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions is studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to monitor bulk crystallization, and subsequently Avrami and Ozawa analyses are applied. A three-dimensional spherulitic growth from heterogeneous nuclei is deduced for isothermal crystallization, whereas higher exponents are obtained for non-isothermal crystallization when an Avrami equation is applied. However, modifications of the Ozawa methodology indicate a crystallization mechanism similar to that of the isothermal process.The maximum crystallization rate is deduced to take place at a temperature close to 91 °C by considering experimental data and theoretical equations with adjusted parameters. The equilibrium melting temperature is determined to be 168 °C by the characteristic Hoffman-Weeks plot. One crystallization regime is detected by using the Lauritzen-Hoffman kinetic theory for isothermal crystallization and also with an isoconversional method applied for non-isothermal crystallization. Activation energy of molecular transport and nucleation constant are close to 1500 cal/mol and 1.81 × 10⁵ K², respectively. Crystal morphology, nucleation, and spherulitic growth rates are also investigated with hot-stage optical microscopy (HSOM).     

Isothermal crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with α/β compounding nucleating agents

Sodium 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphate (NA40) and N,N‐dicyclohexylterephthalamide (NABW) are high effective nucleating agents for inducing the formation of α‐isotactic polypropylene (α‐iPP) and β‐iPP, respectively. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP nucleated with nucleating agents NABW, NA40/NABW (weight ratio of NA40 to NABW is 1:1) and NA40 were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Avrami equation was adopted to analyze the experimental data. The results show that the addition of NABW, NA40/NABW and NA40 can shorten crystallization half‐time (t_1/2) and increase crystallization rate of iPP greatly. In these three nucleating agents, the α nucleating agent NA40 can shorten t_1/2 of iPP by the largest extent, which indicates that it has the best nucleation effect. While iPP nucleated with NA40/NABW compounding nucleating agents has shorter t_1/2 than iPP nucleated with NABW. The Avrami exponents of iPP and nucleated iPP are close to 3.0, which indicates that the addition of nucleating agents doesn't change the crystallization growth patterns of iPP under isothermal conditions and the crystal growth is heterogeneous three‐dimensional spherulitic growth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 590–596, 2007     

聚丙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的结晶动力学研究

采用热分析方法，研究了聚丙烯／纳米蒙脱土复合材料（PP／CLAY）的等温结晶行为，并分别用Avrami方程和赵志英方法对所得数据进行了分析，研究结果表明，纳米蒙脱土微粒对聚丙烯等温和非等温结晶行为均有不同程度的影响，可提高聚丙烯的结晶速率并改善结晶结构。