Vitamin U-bonded stationary phase in capillary ion chromatography

A vitamin U-bonded stationary phase was prepared and the retention behavior of inorganic anions was examined using ion chromatography. Inorganic anions were retained on the vitamin U-bonded stationary phase under acidic as well as neutral eluent conditions in the ion-exchange mode. The elution order of the examined anions under neutral eluent conditions was nearly the same as that observed in common ion exchange mode, while the elution order observed under acidic eluent conditions was completely different from that observed in common ion exchange mode. The retention of the analyte anions under the neutral eluent conditions was due to the sulfonium groups of the vitamin U, while protonated primary amino groups caused retention of the analyte anions with different selectivity under acidic conditions. The retention factor of the analyte anions increased with decreasing eluent concentration under both eluent conditions. The present system was applied to the determination of bromide and nitrate contained in seawater.     

pH值对硅油乳液Zeta电位及其制备的影响

1994年,T．M．Obey和V．Brian采用二甲基二乙氧基硅烷在氨水催化剂下进行乳液聚合,获得了具有较好单分散性的聚二甲硅油乳液。本文研究了pH值对二甲基二乙氧基硅乳液Zeta电位的影响,比较了有相同单体浓度的单相体系在低pH值(酸性)和高pH值(碱性)条件下乳液聚合的规律,以期对硅烷乳液制备做更进一步的研究。     

Sorption of radioactive technetium on pyrrhotine

The sorption behavior of technetium on pyrrhotine was studied with batch experiments and diluted sulfuric acid (less than 2.88 mol/l) was used to dissolve the technetium adsorbed on pyrrhotine. A significant sorption of technetium on pyrrhotine was observed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the sorption on the mineral was supposed to be due to the reduction of TcO₄ ^- to insoluble TcO₂ ^.nH₂O. Sorbed technetium on the mineral could be desorbed by diluted sulfuric acid. The maximum desorption ratio under aerobic conditions was much higher than that of under anaerobic conditions, meanwhile, the desorption rates under anaerobic conditions were higher than that of under aerobic conditions in the initial stage of the experiments.     

ABO_2型复合氧化物上CO-NO的反应性能

以柠檬酸络合法制备了 CuCrO_2、 CuAlO_2和 CuFeO2等具有铜铁矿结构的 ABO2型复合氧化物,并考察了它们在氧化和还原气氛中对 CO- NO反应的影响 . CuAlO_2和 CuCrO_2具有好的催化活性, CuCrO_2更具有相当的稳定性,经过氧化和还原条件下的 CO- NO反应后,体相组成仍然保持不变 . CuAlO_2在还原条件下,部分被还原生成了零价铜 . CuFeO_2的催化活性和稳定性较差,在还原气氛中催化 CO- NO反应过程中,样品被还原,完全转化成了 Cu0和 CuFe2O4.     

ABO2型复合氧化物上CO-NO的反应性能

以柠檬酸络合法制备了CuCrO2、CuAlO2和CuFeO2等具有铜铁矿结构的ABO2型复合氧化物,并考察了它们在氧化和还原气氛中对CO NO反应的影响. CuAlO2和CuCrO2具有好的催化活性, CuCrO2更具有相当的稳定性,经过氧化和还原条件下的CO NO反应后,体相组成仍然保持不变. CuAlO2在还原条件下,部分被还原生成了零价铜. CuFeO2的催化活性和稳定性较差,在还原气氛中催化CO NO反应过程中,样品被还原,完全转化成了Cu0和CuFe2O4.     

DFT studies on fructose and glycine maillard reaction: Formation of the heyns rearrangement products in the initial stage

DFT studies on the proposed mechanisms of the initial stage of Maillard reaction between ??-fructose (??-Fru)/??-fructose (??-Fru)/open chain fructose (O-Fru) and glycine (Gly) under different conditions revealed that ??-Fru was more reactive than ??-Fru and O-Fru, and O-Fru was less reactive than ??-Fru in the reaction. The reaction under basic conditions was found to be the most favorable for the formation of the Heyns rearrangement products (HRPs) in the initial stage, and the aqueous solution was found to be more feasible than the gaseous state reaction. The reaction under neutral conditions was the second most favorable for the production of HRPs. The reaction at the isoelectric point of glycine and under acidic conditions was found to be unfeasible to produce HRPs.     

Comparison of photosynthetic components of wheat genotypes under rain-fed and irrigated conditions

The major environmental factor limiting the range of adaptation for wheat is drought. Fourteen wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown under two environments (irrigated and rain fed) to determine physiological and photosynthetic responses to drought. Combined analysis of variance of the data showed that the environment was a significant source of variation for leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and grain yield (GY). Wheat genotypes differed significantly for LCC, g(s) and GY. All the measured traits under water-stress conditions except maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F(v)/F(m)) were lower than those under nonstress conditions. Mean GY in rain-fed conditions was 11.26% lower than that in irrigated conditions. The genotypes number 13 (Marvdasht) and 8 (M-81-13) exhibited the highest GY per unit area in both irrigation and rain-fed conditions. It was concluded that the higher LCC and g(s) under drought-stress conditions could possibly be the proper criteria for screening the drought-tolerant wheat genotypes under field conditions.     

The isotherms of ethanol sorption on chitosan

The isotherms of ethanol sorption on chitosan were obtained in chromatographic experiments under dynamic conditions using the procedure developed by us and on an adsorption unit with an electromagnetic vacuum balance under static conditions. The chromatographic isotherm was shown to correspond to the reversible component of the interaction of ethanol with polysaccharide, whereas the overall isotherm obtained under static conditions was irreproducible and did not correspond to an equilibrium process.     

Alkyloxycarbonyl group migration in furanosides

A migration of methyloxycarbonyl group from secondary to primary hydroxyl was observed in furanosides (ribosides and xylosides) under usual desilylation conditions using tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The migration was studied further on several alkyloxycarbonyl furanosides under either basic or acidic conditions. As follows from ¹³C labelling experiments and product distribution, the migration in xylosides, proceeds intramolecularly via six-membered cyclic carbonate, whereas in ribosides, the migration is intermolecular. Acidic conditions prevented the migration in ribosides whereas the migration in xylosides was circumvented under neutral conditions.     

SOx storage materials under Lean-Rich cycling conditions--Part II: influence of Pt, H2O, and cycling time

The role of Pt and the influence of the reaction conditions during lean-rich cycling experiments were studied on a second generation SOx trapping material. The combination of the Generalized 2-D Correlation Analysis, 2-D Sample-Sample Correlation Analysis, and Factor Analysis using the MCR-ALS technique was applied to identify the reactive species. Transient surface sulfate species were formed under oxidative reaction conditions (lean mode) and decomposed under reducing reaction conditions (rich operation mode). The reduction of this species was identified to be the main contribution to the SO2 release observed under dynamic flow conditions. Pt facilitates the formation of sulfates but also catalyzes the reduction of the transient surface sulfate species leading to a higher amount of SO2 released under rich conditions. In the presence of water, this effect was diminished, which was found to be mainly a result of the suppressed formation of surface sulfate species caused by the faster transport of SO2 into the bulk phase of the SOx trapping component (BaCO3). Increasing the time under reducing conditions in the cycles leads to an enhanced reduction of the surface during rich conditions. The presence of water did not influence the bulk type species. It is proposed that for effective SO2 storage materials, strong SOx adsorption sites on the surface, the presence of water, and a short time under reducing conditions are essential.     

Influence of inherent iron and oxygen concentrations on selenite sorption process using bentonite

The oxygen concentration and inherent Fe in bentonite have a significant influence on the Se(IV) sorption process.In this study,the sorption of selenite on natural bentonite was investigated using a batch experiment method,and the distribution coefficient(K_d)values were obtained in the pH range from 2.0 to 10.0 under oxic/anoxic conditions.The K_d values always reached a maximum value at a pH of 4 under oxic conditions and at a pH of 8 under anoxic conditions;meanwhile,the K_d value under anoxic conditions was larger than the value under oxic conditions,especially in regard to the maximum K_d values.The oxygen conditions have a significant influence on the ratio of redox-sensitive Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+),which was closely related to the difference in the K_d values under both oxic/anoxic conditions.Ferric selenite and green rust could be responsible for the maximum K_d values under oxic/anoxic conditions.In the leaching experiments,we found that the Fe~(2+) in bentonite could replace Mg~(2+) and Al~(3+) in the octahedral sheet.Spectroscopy methods,such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS) were used to characterize the surface properties of the samples after reaction.Overall,this study shows that the addition of Fe~(2+)-containing materials into backfill/buffer materials under anoxic condition could enhance the sorption of ~(79)Se(IV).     

Investigation of m-nitroaniline formation during the Zimmermann reaction

The Zimmermann reaction for the determination of 17-ketosteroids was tested under both room-temperature and steam-distillation reaction conditions. meta-Nitroaniline was isolated from the residue of the steam distillation by ether extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Conclusive identification was by infrared spectroscopy. In contrast, m-nitroaniline was not formed under room-temperature reaction conditions, even when allowed to react for 24 hr. Similar results were also obtained for the reaction between acetone and m-dinitrobenzene under alkaline conditions. In conclusion, the results indicate that m-nitroaniline formation cannot account for the conversion of structure I to structure II under room-temperature reaction conditions as investigated herein.     

Interface-Induced Coarsening Process in Polymer Blends

The coarsening process of the droplets in a two-phase polymer blend (PP/EVAc) was studied under two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions using a phase contrast microscope and computer image analyzer. The results showed that under three-dimensional conditions the growth of the droplet's radius with time follows r(3) approximately t(1.01), corresponding to the evaporation-condensation theory of Lifshitz-Slyozov, r(3) approximately t, while under two-dimensional conditions the growth law is r(3) approximately t(1.31). The growth rate of the droplets under two-dimensional conditions is faster than that under three-dimensional conditions. This difference is caused by an interfacial interaction (wetting effects) between the substrates and polymer blend. The existence of the interface promoted the coarsening process of the polymer blend under two-dimensional conditions. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Metabolomic Study of Heterotrophically Grown Chlorella sp. Isolated from Wastewater in Northern Sweden

There are numerous strains of Chlorella with a corresponding variety of metabolic pathways. A strain we previously isolated from wastewater in northern Sweden can grow heterotrophically as well as autotrophically in light and has higher lipid contents under heterotrophic growth conditions. The aims of the present study were to characterize metabolic changes associated with the higher lipid contents in order to enhance our understanding of lipid production in microalgae and potentially identify new compounds with utility in sustainable development. Inter alia, the amino acids glutamine and lysine were 7-fold more abundant under heterotrophic conditions, the key metabolic intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glucose, and maltose was more abundant under heterotrophic conditions with glycerol than under autotrophic conditions. The metabolite 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, the direct precursor of the biodegradable plastic PHB (poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid), was also more abundant under heterotrophic conditions. Our metabolomic analysis has provided new insights into the alga’s lipid production pathways and identified metabolites with potential use in sustainable development, such as the production of renewable, biodegradable plastics, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals, with reduced pollution and improvements in both ecological and human health.     

Acyloin condensation of terephthaloyl chloride—a novel route to polyhydroxyketones

Acyloin condensation of terephthaloyl chloride under homogeneous conditions using a sodium naphthalene radical anion system and under heterogeneous conditions using finely dispersed molten sodium with varying ratios of sodium to organic substrate gave mainly polymeric materials that were identified as polyhydroxyketones. IR, NMR, and DTA analyses indicate that these polymers are copolymers of benzoin and benzil hitherto unknown. The yields of polymers under homogeneous conditions were higher than those obtained under heterogeneous conditions, but the molecular weight distribution was similar to those obtained with molten sodium.     

Structural identification of degradants of moexipril by LC–MS/MS

A gradient LC–MS method was developed for the identification and characterization of degradants of moexipril using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS). Moexipril was subjected to hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidation, photolytic and thermal degradation conditions as mentioned in ICH guidelines Q1A (R2). The drug degraded under hydrolysis, oxidation and photolytic conditions, but it was stable under thermal conditions. In total, five degradants were formed and separated on an Agilent XDB C‐18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) in a gradient elution method. Four degradants ( D1 , D2 , D4 and D5 ) under acidic conditions, three degradants ( D2 , D3 and D4 ) under basic conditions and three degradants ( D1 , D4 and D5 ) under neutral and oxidative stress conditions were formed. In addition, two degradants ( D4 and D5 ) were formed under photolytic stress conditions. To elucidate the structures of degradants, fragmentation of moexipril and its degradants was studied using LC–MS/MS experiments and accurate mass measurements (HRMS) data. The fragment ions in the product ion tandem mass spectra of all the degradants were compared with those of moexipril and assigned the probable structures for the degradants.     

Stimulation of hydrogen production in algal cells grown under high CO2 concentration and low temperature

When cells ofChlamydomonas sp. MGA 161, a marine green alga, were cultivated at a high CO₂ concentration (15% CO₂) and low temperature (15°C), the growth lag time was much longer, but the starch accumulated was two times higher than under the basal conditions (5% CO₂ 30°C). When the cells grown in the high-CO₂/low-temperature conditions were incubated under dark anaerobic conditions, the degradation of starch and production of hydrogen and ethanol were remarkably higher than those grown under the basal conditions. The lag time of cell growth was shortened, whereas the high capacity of starch accumulation and hydrogen production was maintained, by cultivating the cells alternately every 12 h under the basal and high-CO₂/low-temperature conditions. Using this dual system, in which the cultivation was alternated between the two conditions, the total productivity was significantly improved.     

PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY 2-CHLORO-3, 11-TRIDECADIENE-5, 7, 9-TRIYN-1-OL: DAMAGE TO ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES, Escherichia coli, AND DNA

The natural product 2-chloro-3,11-tridecadiene-5,7,9-triyn-1-ol (1) photosensitized the inactivation of Escherichia coli in the presence of near-ultraviolet light (320-400 nm; NUV) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A series of E. coli strains differing in DNA repair capabilities and catalase proficiency exhibited indistinguishable inactivation kinetics following treatment with the chemical plus NUV. The presence of carotenoids did afford some protection to E. coli against inactivation under aerobic conditions, consistent with the involvement of singlet oxygen. The photosensitized hemolysis of human erythrocytes occurred more rapidly in the absence than in the presence of oxygen. Aerobically, the onset of hemolysis was partially inhibited by NaN3 and by 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) but not by superoxide dismutase (SOD). The aerobic lipid peroxidation observed in the membranes of erythrocyte ghosts was completely inhibited by BHT, and partially by NaN3, but not by SOD. These results suggest that either lipid peroxidation of the membrane is not the main cause of photohemolysis or that BHT has insufficient access to intact erythrocyte lipids to protect them. Aerobically, crosslinking of membrane proteins was also observed; it was not affected by SOD, but was partially inhibited by BHT and NaN3. The anaerobic photosensitized hemolysis of erythrocytes was more rapid; a radical mechanism was suggested since BHT inhibited the hemolysis to a greater extent than under aerobic conditions. Neither lipid peroxidation nor protein crosslinking was observed under conditions believed to be anaerobic. A light-dependent electron transfer to cytochrome c was obtained under argon but not under oxygen. Although induced mutations were not observed in the experiments with E. coli, 1 was capable of damaging both supercoiled pBR322 and Haemophilus influenzae transforming DNA in a manner that seemed to be equivalent under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In conclusion, 1 can behave as typical photodynamic molecule under aerobic conditions but, in contrast to most photodynamic molecules, it is also phototoxic under anaerobic conditions. The extent to which the radical reactions detected under anaerobic reactions compete with the photodynamic processes when oxygen is present is not known.     

In vitro degradation of porous poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/β-TCP) scaffolds under dynamic and static conditions

In vitro degradation of porous poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/β-TCP) scaffolds was studied by incubating the samples in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C and pH 7.4 under dynamic loading with respect to static conditions for 12 weeks. Under dynamic conditions, acidity of PBS was alleviated by the better solution circulation, and water absorption of the scaffolds increased more than that under static conditions in the first 8 weeks. Changes in mass, height, diameter, relative molecular mass and its distribution also happened more remarkably under dynamic conditions. Moreover, obvious cracks and a larger amount of β-TCP particles were observed on the wall of the scaffolds after degradation for 12 weeks under dynamic loading. Compressive modulus and strength showed an increase from the beginning to the 10th week but were lower after then. Results showed that degradation of PLGA/β-TCP scaffolds under dynamic conditions exhibited a significantly faster rate than that under static conditions.     

Carbon surface chemical composition in para-nitrophenol adsorption determined under real oxic and anoxic conditions

A series of commercial unmodified and modified activated carbons was studied. The surface chemical composition was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Boehm titration methods. Data on p-nitrophenol (pnp) adsorption isotherms determined under real oxic and anoxic conditions (at 310 K) are presented and described using bimodal Langmuir and lattice density functional theory models. The applicability of the pnp molecule for determination of surface area using adsorption from solution data is discussed. It is shown that under anoxic conditions adsorption and relative enthalpy of this process depend on the value of BET apparent surface area and DA micropore volumes. The differences between adsorption levels under both conditions increase with rise in solute equilibrium concentration. Moreover, the average difference between adsorption values under both conditions increases and next decreases with rise in the concentration of surface acidic groups. Applying quantum chemical calculations, we show that under anoxic conditions the influence of surface oxygen groups on pnp adsorption is small, whereas under oxic conditions the reverse situation is observed. Obtained theoretical results show very good correspondence to the experimental data and the origin of the relationships observed experimentally is explained and discussed.