O2/CO2煤粉燃烧时含铁矿物质转化行为的实验研究

通过乌兰木伦煤和哈拉沟煤在沉降炉中的燃烧实验,采用57Fe M(o)ssbauer谱仪,对煤中含铁矿物质及其在O2/N2和O2/CO2燃烧条件下生成的灰中含铁成分进行分析和比较,研究了O2/CO2煤粉燃烧时含铁矿物质的转化行为.结果表明,与O2/N2燃烧相比,O2/CO2燃烧对灰中生成的主要含铁矿物相种类没有影响,但显著地改变了灰中含铁矿物相的相对含量;O2/CO2燃烧更有利于内在黄铁矿和菱铁矿生成硅酸盐玻璃体而不是氧化成铁氧化物.灰中含铁矿物相的相对含量变化表明O2/CO2燃烧影响煤的结渣趋势,对于含内在含铁矿物较多的煤,O2/CO2燃烧会增加其结渣的趋势.     

O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素蒸发特性的热力学研究

运用热力学平衡计算方法（F*A*C*T）对O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素的蒸发特性进行了研究，并采用高温热天平进行了实验验证。结果表明，各矿物元素蒸发的主要形态分别是Na(K)Cl(g), FeO(g)和SiO(g)，反应气氛和温度对矿物元素蒸发形态和蒸发率有明显影响。O2/CO2循环燃烧方式下矿物元素的蒸发率均小于常规空气燃烧，尤其是还原性气氛中，当温度为2400 K时，常规空气燃烧矿物总蒸发率为9.65％，而O2/CO2循环燃烧方式矿物元素总蒸发率仅为4.46％。实验值比计算值略高，但主要趋势相同。     

桦甸油页岩热解过程中热沥青的组成变化规律

将桦甸油页岩分别在300、350、400、450、500和550℃热解得到半焦,对半焦进行逐级抽提和酸洗,得到自由沥青、碳酸盐束缚沥青和硅酸盐束缚沥青,采用柱层析、FT-IR和GC-MS表征不同沥青的化学组成和结构特征,探讨沥青的化学组成变化及与矿物质的相互作用。结果表明,沥青总产率先增大后减小并在400℃取得最大值4.63%,400-450℃大量沥青分解生成页岩油,使沥青产率降至0.98%。350-450℃自由沥青主要发生羧酸脱羧、酯基分解和长链烷烃裂解反应,使羧酸和酯类化合物含量降低、烷烃碳链长度缩短。干酪根分解生成的羧酸与碳酸盐反应生成羧酸盐,使400℃碳酸盐束缚沥青中羧酸含量达78.82%;含氧化合物可与黏土矿物结合,且烷烃可进入蒙脱石层间,使400℃硅酸盐束缚沥青中含氧化合物和烷烃各占80.79%和19.21%。     

凹凸棒石:从矿物材料到功能材料

凹凸棒石(attapulgite)是一种天然的一维纳米级含水富镁铝硅酸盐黏土矿物,具有纳米棒状晶体结构、纳米孔道和表面活性基团,作为重要的基础材料在农业、化工、环保、吸附分离和复合材料等领域得到了广泛应用.近年来,凹凸棒石纳米化技术取得快速发展,天然凹凸棒石矿物中的棒晶束或聚集体得以高效解离成单分散的纳米棒晶,同时保留了硅酸盐黏土矿物的环境友好特性,实现了黏土矿物材料向纳米材料的转变.凹凸棒石集纳米棒晶和纳米孔道于一体的独特结构,使其既可以通过棒晶和表面基团构筑纳米复合材料,也可以通过其纳米孔道构筑杂化功能材料.因此,凹凸棒石成为构筑形形色色功能材料的"新宠",实现了黏土矿物材料的纳米功能化应用.本文在介绍凹凸棒石晶体结构及理化性质的基础上,重点综述了凹凸棒石棒晶束解离纳米化、结构调控和新型功能材料构筑(吸附材料、胶体材料、杂化材料、聚合物复合材料、仿生涂层、催化和能源材料)等方面的最新研究进展,并展望了凹凸棒石研究与功能化应用的发展前景,旨在为凹凸棒石乃至其他黏土矿物及其功能材料的研究起到抛砖引玉的作用.     

有机季鏻盐插层改性黏土诱发聚丙烯γ晶

选用有机季鏻盐作为插层剂对黏土进行有机化插层改性,制备出有机黏土,通过熔融插层法制备聚丙烯/有机黏土纳米复合材料.XRD表明有机季鏻盐改性的黏土与聚丙烯形成结构为剥离型与插层型并存的纳米复合材料.利用DSC研究了纳米复合材料的熔融过程,结果显示有机黏土对聚丙烯的结晶度影响不明显.XRD和DSC的研究均表明,有机黏土可以诱发聚丙烯产生不常见的γ晶型.当黏土含量为5 wt%时,γ晶型占整个结晶部分的12%左右.     

有机季鏻盐插层改性黏土诱发聚丙烯γ晶

选用有机季鏻盐作为插层剂对黏土进行有机化插层改性,制备出有机黏土,通过熔融插层法制备聚丙烯/有机黏土纳米复合材料.XRD表明有机季鏻盐改性的黏土与聚丙烯形成结构为剥离型与插层型并存的纳米复合材料.利用DSC研究了纳米复合材料的熔融过程,结果显示有机黏土对聚丙烯的结晶度影响不明显.XRD和DSC的研究均表明,有机黏土可以诱发聚丙烯产生不常见的γ晶型.当黏土含量为5 wt%时,γ晶型占整个结晶部分的12%左右.     

稀土在降低电解渗硼层脆性中的作用

采用熔盐电解法分别对45钢试样进行了渗硼和稀土-硼共渗处理,用三点弯曲声发射试验测定其脆性。对比实验结果表明,稀土元素的加入可大大降低电解渗硼层的脆性。通过裂纹形貌观察、稀土元素在硼化物和α-Fe中的固溶分析以及对Fe_2B点阵常数的影响,探讨了稀土元素对降低电解渗硼层脆性的原因。     

含O2高温高压CO2环境中3Cr钢腐蚀产物膜特征

采用高温高压反应釜分别开展3Cr钢在CO2和O2共存、单独CO2和单独O2三种气体条件下的腐蚀实验,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)和电化学方法研究了3Cr钢在高温高压含有O2的CO2环境中的腐蚀产物膜特征.结果表明,在含有O2的CO2的条件下,3Cr钢表面腐蚀产物膜疏松多孔,主要成分为FeCO3、Fe3O4和Fe2O3,腐蚀产物中未见明显Cr元素富集,3Cr钢表现出点蚀的腐蚀形态.3Cr钢在高温高压含O2的CO2腐蚀条件下内外膜层电阻(Rf1、Rf2)和电荷传递电阻Rt均比仅含有CO2腐蚀环境的低,双电层电容(Cdl)和内外膜层电容(Cf1、Cf2)均比仅含有CO2腐蚀环境的高.含有O2的CO2条件下,其保护性显著低于单一CO2条件下形成的腐蚀产物膜.提出了在含O2的CO2气体条件下,3Cr钢表面存在由多种物质组成的腐蚀产物,这导致腐蚀产物疏松多孔,不会形成单一CO2条件下存在的显著提高腐蚀产物膜保护性的Cr(OH)3层,从而促进了3Cr钢的析氢腐蚀和酸性介质中的吸氧腐蚀的机理.     

CO_2-甲醇和CO_2-乙醇体系的界面性质

在交叉缔合的均相状态方程的基础上,结合密度梯度理论(density gradient theory,DGT),建立了适用于CO2-甲醇和CO2-乙醇二元体系界面性质研究的状态方程,对CO2-乙醇体系表面张力的关联结果与实验值吻合良好.阐明了CO2分子与甲醇分子和乙醇分子之间的交叉缔合作用对二元体系表面张力计算结果的影响,以及界面相中CO2与醇羟基之间的交叉缔合与温度和压力之间的关系.     

CO的吸附和歧化反应及其在变换-甲烷化反应中的作用

本文用脉冲色谱法考察了CO在Ni基变换-甲烷化催化剂上的吸附和歧化反应,观察到歧化反应的转化率在380℃有一极大值。在低于380℃时,CO 的歧化系一级反应。在400℃时,向催化剂上连续注入200个CO 脉冲后,CO 的歧化率基本不变。歧化形成的表面碳在催化剂上形成多层覆盖,且具有良好的变换-甲烷化反应活性。高温陈化使表面碳与H_2和H_2O 的反应活性降低。     

Nanoscale pore morphology and distribution of lacustrine shale reservoirs:Examples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

Pore structure plays an important role in the gas storage and flow capacity of shale gas reservoirs. Fieldemission environmental scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) in combination with low-pressure carbon dioxide gas adsorption(CO2GA),nitrogen gas adsorption(N2GA),and high-pressure mercury intrusion(HPMI) were used to study the nanostructure pore morphology and pore-size distributions(PSDs) of lacustrine shale from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin. Results show that the pores in the shale reservoirs are generally nanoscale and can be classified into four types: organic,interparticle,intraparticle,and microfracture. The interparticle pores between clay particles and organic-matter pores develop most often,l with pore sizes that vary from several to more than 100 nm. Mercury porosimetry analysis shows total porosities ranging between 1.93 and 7.68%,with a mean value of 5.27%. The BET surface areas as determined by N2 adsorption in the nine samples range from 10 to 20 m2/g and the CO2 equivalent surface areas(2 nm)vary from 18 to 71 m2/g. Together,the HPMI,N2 GA,and CO2 GA curves indicate that the pore volumes are mainly due to pores 100 nm in size. In contrast,however,most of the specific surface areas are provided by the micropores. The total organic carbon(TOC) and clay minerals are the primary controls of the structures of nanoscale pores(especially micropores and mesopores). Micropores are predominantly determined by the content of the TOC,and mesopores are possibly related to the content of clay minerals,particularly the illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer content.     

二氧化碳的捕集、存储及转化

2009年哥本哈根全球气候大会之后,如何减排导致全球气候变暖的温室气体之一的CO₂,并能将CO₂转化成有用化工产品成为当前全球研究的热点.本文总结了至今在CO₂捕集、存储和转化方面的进展工作.另外,结合各种CO₂利用技术的原理和特点,总结出这些技术的优势与不足,对CO₂的利用前景进行了展望.     

二维材料电催化剂的构建及其CO2还原应用的研究进展

近年来,随着温室效应即全球变暖引发的环境问题越来越严峻,因此,CO2转化与再生引起了科学界的广泛关注,其中备受关注的是电催化CO2还原。而二维材料电催化剂可以将CO2还原为高附加值的多碳化合物,但催化剂的合成设计以及理论研究有待更多的研究。从发现石墨烯开始,二维材料的其他超薄层状结构的广泛研究逐渐出现。本文重点综述了石墨烯、MXenes、金属氧化物、二维MOFs和过渡金属硫族化合物等二维材料的构建以及其CO2还原电催化技术应用方面的最新进展,并简要的介绍了二维材料的分类和制备方法。讨论了电催化CO2还原的基本原理以及反应途径。指出了二维材料电催化剂面临的机遇和挑战,旨在对二维材料电催化剂的合成以及应用提供一些新的思路。     

Dry Reforming of Methane Over Cobalt Catalysts: A Literature Review of Catalyst Development

Dry reforming of methane produces syngas with desirable H₂/CO ratio. Besides noble metal catalysts, the cobalt catalyst performs good activity in this reaction. However, carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation are becoming the main problems inhibiting the scale up of this process into industrial application. Recently, many scientists were trying to increase the activity as well as the stability toward coking by using variants of support, promoter, and combination of metal series catalyst. This paper presents a recent technology of methane dry reforming over cobalt metal-base catalyst, covering the catalyst activity and their resistance of catalyst deactivation.     

《京都议定书》要减排哪些温室气体

《联合国气候变化框架公约--京都议定书》于2005年2月16日正式生效,本文介绍全球气候变暖的最新趋势,什么是温室气体,温室气体对于全球气候变暖的贡献大小所取决的主要因素,《京都议定书》要求减排的主要温室气体。     

CO2‐Speicherung. Chancen und Risiken

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere have had a significant impact on the Earth's carbon cycle. As part of the global effort to reduce climate change, the geological storage of CO₂ has been accepted as a method that may provide up to 25 % of the total reduction of emissions, although this figure is still subject to change. In Germany and worldwide, geological storage capacities are expected to be sufficient for several decades. Carbon dioxide can be captured from sources such as large‐scale industrial (energy, steel, cement or chemical) facilities and transported to long‐term storage sites in deep saltwater‐bearing aquifers. Above the porous sandstone reservoirs in which the CO₂ is to be stored, an impermeable cap rock is required to provide a barrier for the upward‐migrating gas. In time, a significant quantity of the CO₂ can be retained within the reservoir pore space by capillary forces, dissolved in water to form carbonic acid, or deposited as carbonate minerals. The storage site must be free of potential leakage pathways. To this end, extensive monitoring programs need to be carried out. The Ketzin pilot site, an example of such a program, has shown CO₂ storage on a research scale to be safe and reliable.     

Infrared and infrared emission spectroscopic study of selected magnesium carbonate minerals containing ferric iron--implications for the geosequestration of greenhouse gases

The proposal to remove greenhouse gases by pumping liquid carbon dioxide several kilometres below ground level implies that many carbonate containing minerals will be formed. Among these minerals, the formation of two hydrotalcite-like minerals coalingite and brugnatellite is possible, thus necessitating a study of such minerals and their thermal stability. The two such carbonate-bearing minerals brugnatellite and coalingite have been characterised by a combination of infrared and infrared emission spectroscopy. Infrared emission spectroscopy is most useful to determine the stability of these minerals. The infrared spectra of the OH stretching region are characterised by OH and water stretching vibrations. Intense (CO3)(2-) symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibrations support the concept that the carbonate ion is distorted in these minerals. The position of the water bending vibration indicates that the water is strongly hydrogen bonded in the mineral structure. IES spectra show the temperature range of the thermal stability of these minerals.     

CO2 solvation free energy using quasi-chemical theory

Accumulation of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, is believed to be the key factor in global climate change. To develop effective ways to remove CO(2) from the atmosphere, it is helpful to understand the mechanism of CO(2) solvation first. Here we investigate the thermodynamics of CO(2) hydration using quasi-chemical theory. Two approaches for estimating hydration free energy are carried out. Both agree reasonably well with experimental measurements. Analysis of the free energy components reveals that the weak hydration free energy results from a balance of unfavorable molecular packing and favorable chemical association.     

Kinetics and stability of CH4-CO2 mixed gas hydrates during formation and long-term storage.

The formation of CH4-CO2 mixed gas hydrates was observed by measuring the change of vapor-phase composition using gas chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. Preferential consumption of carbon dioxide molecules was found during hydrate formation, which agreed well with thermodynamic calculations. Both Raman spectroscopic analysis and the thermodynamic calculation indicated that the kinetics of this mixed gas hydrate system was controlled by the competition of both molecules to be enclathrated into the hydrate cages. However, the methane molecules were preferentially crystallized in the early stages of hydrate formation when the initial methane concentration was much less than that of carbon dioxide. According to the Roman spectra, pure methane hydrates first formed under this condition. This unique phenomenon suggested that methane molecules play important roles in the hydrate formation process. These mixed gas hydrates were stored at atmospheric pressure and 190 K for over two months to examine the stability of the encaged gases. During storage, CO2 was preferentially released. According to our thermodynamic analysis, this CO2 release was due to the instability of CO2 in the hydrate structure under the storage conditions.     

氧空位增强光催化还原CO2性能方面的研究进展

利用太阳能和半导体光催化剂,将CO₂光催化还原转变成碳氢燃料,是缓解温室效应、全球变暖、环境污染和能源危机等一系列问题的理想途径。 本文对氧空位增强的光催化还原CO₂反应机理进行归纳,并分别针对还原产物为C1和C2组分的光催化体系进行概括总结。 作为CO₂光催化还原过程的第一步,CO₂捕获光催化剂导带上的电子生成CO2·-是反应的速控步骤。 氧空位的引入及其带来的金属配位不饱和点,利于CO₂捕获电子生成CO2·-,进而促进CO₂光催化还原过程。 最后,提出当前氧空位增强光催化还原CO₂过程仍然存在的问题,且对发展前景进行展望。