Application of sephadex to radiochemical separations

Heteropolymolybdic acid species of a variety of elements bind to Sephadex (dextran cross-linked by epichlorohydrin). Solution pH can be used as a variable to influence the formation of heteropolymolybdates and thus their affinity for Sephadex. Therefore this material may be used to chromatographically separate certain elements which have been reacted with molybdate in solution. In this paper we report the measurement of distribution coefficients on Sephadex for heteropolymolybdates of As, P, Ge, Si, and Se for solutions of varying pH. We also describe the application of the technique to the recovery of³²Si from proton-irradiated KCl targets and⁶⁸Ge from proton-irradiated molybdenum targets.     

Divacant polyoxotungstates: reactivity of the gamma-decatungstates [γ-XW10O36]8-(X = Si, Ge)

The dilacunary, Keggin-based gamma-decatungstate ions [γ-XW(10)O(36)](8-) (X = Si, Ge) {XW(10)} exhibit an exciting and versatile solution chemistry, which is probably unmatched by any other lacunary polytungstate. The reactivity of {XW(10)} in the presence, and even absence, of electrophiles, includes loss/gain of tungsten, isomerization, and dimerization. Ever since the syntheses and structures of {XW(10)} were reported, many research groups around the world have investigated the reactivity of these polyanions towards nucleophiles (mostly d-block metal ions) and different products with various shape, size and composition were obtained. Here we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in this subarea of polyoxometalate chemistry, with a focus on synthetic and structural aspects.     

中心原子对Keggin结构杂多钼酸盐氧化还原特性的影响

用电化学方法研究了Keggin结构的砷钼酸盐、磷钼酸盐和硅钼酸盐的氧化还原性质.由实验结果得出中心原子砷、磷和硅对该类杂多钼酸盐氧化还原性质的影响规律。     

Photochemical Synthesis and Magnetic Property Investigation of a Mixed-valence 11-Tungstophosphate

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Preparation of MCM-41 incorporated with lacunary Keggin polyoxometalate and its catalytic performance in esterification

The ordered mesoporous MCM-41 materials incorporated with lacunary polyoxometalate were prepared via an original direct synthesis method. As the control, the samples with similar lacunary polyoxometalate loadings were also prepared by impregnation of MCM-41. The prepared samples were characterized by XRF, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectra, HRTEM, SEM, N(2) adsorption isotherm, TG-DTA, and NH(3)-TPD technology. The results show that the lacunary polyoxometalate is better dispersed in the direct synthesized samples than in the impregnated samples, and its structure remains intact after formation of the materials. The catalytic performance of the materials was tested using the esterification of n-butanol with acetic acid. The direct synthesized samples display excellent catalytic performance and reusability, which is superior to the impregnated samples. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of n-butanol is 89.7%, and the selectivity of butyl acetate is nearly 100%.     

Investigation of the pronounced medium effects observed in the voltammetry of the highly charged lacunary anions [alpha-SiW11O39]8- and [alpha-PW11O39]7-

A detailed study is reported of the influence of protons, metal cations, and media on the redox chemistry of lacunary anions [alpha-SiW11O39]8- and [alpha-PW11O39]7- of high formal negative charge. Each anion displayed a single chemically reversible one-electron reduction process in carefully dried aprotic CH3CN solution. This process was detected at very negative potentials just prior to the solvent limit. Addition of 0.3 equiv of acid gave rise to a new reduction process at considerably less negative potentials, which is attributed to formation of the protonated species [SiW11O38(OH)]7- and [PW11O38(OH)]6-. Voltammograms derived from simulations based on a double-square scheme are in excellent agreement with experiment. Previous data reported the presence of several processes in CH3CN and appear to have been influenced by the presence of protons and/or adventitious water. Not surprisingly, protonation reactions coupled to charge transfer contribute significantly to the voltammetry of these lacunary anions in buffered aqueous media over the pH range 2-6. A multi-square-scheme mechanism allowed the essential thermodynamic and kinetic features of this system to be captured and an assessment of the relative significance of possible individual pathways. The high formal anionic charges of [SiW11O39]8- and [PW11O39]7- appear to provide highly basic reduced forms that are able to abstract protons from water to produce protonated species which are reduced at potentials more than a volt less negative than those for the processes [SiW11O39]8-/9- and [PW11O39]7-/8- found in dry aprotic media.     

Ligand and electrolyte effects in the electroreduction of copper-substituted heteropolyanions

Focus is put on the electrochemical behaviours of the Cu²⁺ centre in several copper-substituted heteropolyanions. These behaviours are found to depend clearly on the structure and composition of the precursor lacunary oxometalates. In sulfate medium, complete demetallation is easily observed upon reduction. However, quantitative recovery of the complex is obtained by reoxidation. Therefore, after the deposition process, the lacunary heteropolyanions retain their original properties and can be used again to capture metal ions in solution. Various behaviours of the copper deposition process are observed depending on the presence of chloride in the supporting electrolyte.     

Explanation and theory formation in quantum chemistry

In this paper I expand Eric Scerri’s notion of Popper’s naturalised approach to reduction in chemistry and investigate what its consequences might be. I will argue that Popper’s naturalised approach to reduction has a number of interesting consequences when applied to the reduction of chemistry to physics. One of them is that it prompts us to look at a ‘bootstrap’ approach to quantum chemistry, which is based on specific quantum theoretical theorems and practical considerations that turn quantum ‘theory’ into quantum ‘chemistry’ proper. This approach allows us to investigate some of the principles that drive theory formation in quantum chemistry. These ‘enabling theorems’ place certain limits on the explanatory latitude enjoyed by quantum chemists, and form a first step into establishing the relationship between chemistry and physics in more detail.     

P、As为中心原子的杂多钼酸盐的合成、热稳定性及还原性研究

在合成(NH₄)₃PMo₁₂O₄₀和K₃PMo₁₂O₄₀的基础上,用改进的方法合成了(NH₄)₃AsMo₁₂O₄₀和K₃AsMo₁₂O₄₀,以FTIR、XRD、TG-DTA、ESR和TPR等手段对其结构、热稳定性和还原性进行了考查,当中心原子由P换成As后,杂多钼酸盐热稳定性下降,还原性提高.     

Insights into the mechanism of selective olefin epoxidation catalyzed by [gamma-(SiO4)W10O32H4]4-. A computational study

A mechanism for the H2O2-based epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by the lacunary polyoxometalate (POM) [gamma-(SiO4)W10O32H4]4- (1) has been investigated at the DFT level. In this study, for the first time a "hydroperoxy" mechanism for this important process has been proposed. It is divided into two steps and investigated using the whole lacunary compound as a model. In the first step, a hydroperoxy (W-OOH) species and a water molecule are generated. The formation of this nonradical oxidant (W-OOH), consistent with the experimental suggestions, occurs with a barrier of 4.4 (7.2) kcal/mol (the number without parenthesis includes solvent effects in benzene, while the one with parenthesis is in the gas phase). In the second step, the O-O bond of the W-OOH species is cleaved, and an epoxide is formed. This step has a barrier of 38.7 (40.0) kcal/mol. It was found that the presence of one and two (CH3)4N+ countercations significantly reduces the rate-limiting barrier by 7.6 (8.3) and 11.9 (12.6) kcal/mol, respectively, and makes this lacunary POM a very efficient catalyst for epoxidation of olefins by hydrogen peroxide. It was demonstrated that the lacunary polyoxometalate basically acts as a mononuclear W(VI) complex in activating the oxidant, a conceptually noteworthy finding.     

Reflets d'une chimie largement inexplorée : celle des boradipyrrométhènes

Insights into a largely unexplored chemistry: that of boradipyrromethenes. This review focuses on new perspectives in the field of boradipyrromethene chemistry. In fact, a new chemistry of tetrahedral boron has been initiated and developed; it allows us to catch a glimpse of exciting optical properties, such as large Stokes shifts, high fluorescence quantum yields, and interesting redox properties. Some energy-transfer processes are extremely rapid and at the limit of the available experimental techniques. This chemistry allowed us to widen the absorption/emission spectrum in the near infrared, by chemically modifying the conjugate skeleton. Some new perspectives offered by these tandem systems for protein labelling are also envisaged.     

Properties and analytical applications of the heteropolymolybdates of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium-III Examination of two- and three-component systems without separation

By taking advantage of the possible variations in acid and molybdenum concentration, wavelength of measurement, alpha- and beta-modifications, and media, P, As, Si and Ge can be determined spectrophotometrically as the heteropolymolybdates without separation. Rapid procedures are proposed for the analysis of two- and three-component mixtures of these elements.     

钒钼磷杂多酸催化苯直接羟化为苯酚的动力学研究

以钒钼磷杂多酸作为催化剂,用紫外可见分光光度法研究了过氧化氢直接将苯氧化羟基化为苯酚反应的动力学行为。结果表明,该氧化羟化反应速率对底物苯、氧化剂和催化剂都是一级反应,反应的活化能为57.73kJ.mol-1。本文推测了杂多酸配合物催化苯氧化羟化为苯酚反应的过程,建立了该反应动力学数学模型,模型很好地解释了实验结果。     

Analytical applications of β-heteropoly acids : Part I. Determination of arsenic,germanium and silicon

The existence of two forms of several heteropolymolybdates, differing in structure and stability, was confirmed. The unstable β-forms were stabilised by addition of comparatively large amounts of polar organic solvents, especially acetone, presumably because the solvent displaces water from the surface of the heteropoly anion and so inhibits any reorganisation of the structure of the anion. The organic solvent also intensifies the colour. The methods are rapid, sensitive, precise and accurate. Various applications are described.     

杂多钼酸盐中心原子(P,As)对催化氧化性能的影响

合成了具有不同中心原子Keggin阴离子结构的杂多钼酸盐M₃(XMo₁₂O₄₀)(M=K⁺,NH₄⁺,X=P,As)。利用FTIR、TPD、ESR和CV等手段考查了各化合物的氧化还原性质和酸性。比较两种不同中心原子的杂多钼酸盐,其中砷为中心原子的更容易被还原及有较低的酸强度,这类催化剂对异丁醛氧化脱氢活性较低,而对异丁醛氧化为甲基丙烯酸有较高的选择性,中心原子对活性和选择性的影响分别与它们氧化还原电位的升高关联,也与更易给出轿式氧有关。     

过度金属对缺位Keggin结构杂多化合物的修复

合成了第四周期过渡金属取代的Keggin结构钼磷、钨磷杂多化合物．讨论了合成条件，运用P－0键的IR振动变化表征了过渡金属离子电子组态的变化对缺位配体的修复作用．     

Cation-controlled assembly of Na+-linked lacunary alpha-Keggin tungstosilicates

Two novel salts of lacunary tungstosilicates with guanidinium and alkali metal cations, (CH6N3)7Na[SiW11O39].(CH3)2CO.8H2O (1) and (CH6N3)K6Na[SiW11O39].11.5H2O (2), have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In both crystals, the Na+ cations link the lacunary Keggin-type tungstosilicate anions into linear structures. The neighboring [SiW11O39]8- anions are related by two-fold screw and translational operations in compounds 1 and 2, respectively. Second harmonic generation was observed for compound 1.     

Hetero and lacunary polyoxovanadate chemistry: Synthesis,reactivity and structural aspects

Many synthetic methods for heteropolyoxovanadates and lacunary polyoxovanadates have been developed in recent years. We outline various approaches used to produce new polyoxovanadate species, including heterometal-incorporated complexes of tetravanadates, hexavanadates, decavanadates and dodecavanadates. In particular, three types of synthetic routes are explored; based on (i) coordination of metavanadate species to transition metal cations, (ii) oxidation of reduced polyoxovanadates, and (iii) template synthesis. Metavanadate species can coordinate to metal cations as inorganic macrocyclic ligands to form heteropolyoxovanadates. The incorporation of a heterometal cation into decavanadates has also been reported. The oxidation reaction of reduced polyoxovanadates provides a new route to the formation of the lacunary polyoxovanadates, which can serve as inorganic host molecules. Dodecavanadates are bowl-type molecules of particular structural interest; a chloride anion can be incorporated into the bowl through a template synthesis. Structural transformations between these dodecavanadate species and alkoxopolyoxovanadates are also described.     

Thirty years of pyrimidine chemistry in the laboratory of organic chemistry at the Wageningen Agricultural University,The Netherlands (review)

In this review attention is paid to two topics, which were of great interest to us during 30 years of studies in pyrimidine chemistry in our laboratory: first, the development of our concepts of the AIYRORC processes, which occur in ring transformation reactions; second, the intra- and intermolecular inverse Diels-Alder reactions in which the pyrimidine ring acts as the electron poor diazadiene system. Their use in synthetic chemistry is illustrated and evidence is presented, based on experiments and molecular mechanics calculations, that in intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions the geometry of the side-chain plays a vital role.     

单取代杂多化合物在以分子氧为氧化剂的环己烯氧化反应中的催化作用

单取代杂多化合物在以分子氧为氧化剂的环己烯氧化反应中的催化作用秦笃捷,王国甲,吴越（吉林大学化学系,长春,１３００２３）关键词杂多化合物,环己烯,催化氧化单取代杂多化合物作为＂卟啉无机同系物＂而用于均相及相转移催化已引起人们的关注［１～３］．由于这类...