类锗烯H2C=GeLiCl与RH(R=F,OH, NH2)的插入反应

采用DFT B3LYP和QCISD方法研究了不饱和类锗烯H2C=GeLiCl与RH(R=F, OH, NH2)的插入反应. 在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)水平上优化了反应势能面上的驻点构型. 结果表明, H2C=GeLiCl与HF、H2O 或NH3发生插入反应的机理相同. QCISD/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)计算的三个反应的势垒分别为173.53、194.48和209.05 kJ·mol-1, 反应热分别为60.18、72.93和75.34 kJ·mol-1. 相同条件下发生插入反应时, 反应活性顺序都是H—F>H—OH>H—NH2.     

HCO+NO2反应势能面的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)和CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)水平上给出了HCO+NO₂反应详细的势能面信息.计算结果表明,该反应采用两种无垒进攻方式,分别得到两种加合物H(O)CNO₂和H(O)CONO.找到7种能量低于反应物且合理的产物及相应的反应路径.通过对热力学和动力学的分析,产物HONO+CO(P2,P3),HNO+CO₂(P1)和H+CO₂+NO(P6)的形成更为有利.计算结果同实验相符,且有助于深入了解HCO自由基的化学行为.     

C4H（2Σ+）+H2反应机理的直接动力学研究

贫氢分子CnH是燃烧火焰、行星大气中的重要的中间体.这些分子与其它一些分子或自由基的反应在星际化学中起着非常重要的作用.虽然这些分子的电子结构和光谱性质已经进行了广泛的研究,但是研究这些反应的机理和动力学性质也是亟需的.因此,我们采用直接动力学方法对线性分子丁二炔自由基C4H(CCCCH)夺氢气(H2)分子中HAT的反应的微观机理和动力学性质进行了理论研究.本研究分别在BB1K/6-311+G(2d,2p),B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)和M06-2x/6-311+G(2d,2p)水平上优化得到了各稳定点的结构及振动频率.为了得到更为可靠的反应能量和势能面信息,在BB1K/6-311+G(2d,2p)优化结构的基础上用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ水平进行了单点能量校正.对于此反应研究了两条不同的氢吸附通道,C4H(C1C2C3C4H)中的C1和C4分别吸氢,即通道1(R1)和通道2(R2).计算得出:通道1和通道2的能垒分别为3.58 kcal/mol和26.56 kcal/mol,结果表明C4H中C1端吸氢是主要通道.反应过程中的电子转移可以为理解氢原子转移(HAT)提供重要的线索,因此,我们利用NBO对反应过程中的电子转移行为进行了详细的分析.本工作运用经典过渡态理论(VTST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)和变分过渡态理论结合小曲率隧道效应校正(CVT/SCT)的方法计算了该反应在40～1000 K温度区间的速率常数.除对于最低频率的配分函数采用了阻尼内转动近似外,其它频率都采用谐振子模型处理.计算得到的总的CVT/SCT反应速率常数与已有的实验值符合得很好.我们还提供了40～1000K温度范围内的三参数Arrhenius表达式.这些公式有利于今后在较宽的温度范围内迄今没有实验数据的反应的研究.     

CH3F与C2H3反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)方法对CH3F与C2H3的反应体系进行了理论研究,获得了反应的势能面信息及可能的微观机理.在QCISD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)水平上精确计算了各反应物种的单点能.结果表明,除抽提氢反应外,标题反应还存在抽提氟(R1)、消氟化氢(R2)、消氢(R3)和自由基形成(R4)四类反应.在QCISD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上,R1,R2,R3和R4反应的能垒分别是163.9,152.2,209.8和224.2kJ·mol-1,相应反应能为-56.6,-164.3,-2.7和-156.0kJ·mol-1,所有反应均放热,为热力学允许的反应.     

BH2+与H2O反应机理的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)和耦合簇方法CCSD/6-311+G(d, p)研究了BH2+与H2O的气相离子-分子反应机理. 优化得到了反应途径中各驻点的几何构型, 并采用内禀反应坐标法进行追踪. 从量子拓扑学的角度, 讨论了在反应过程中各化学键的变化. 反应(I)经历了一个四元环过渡态, 找到了这个反应的能量过渡态和两个结构过渡态.     

CHF_2CF_2CH_2OCHF_2与OH自由基反应机理的理论研究

采用从头算和密度泛函方法研究了多通道反应CHF2CF2CH2OCHF2+OH→产物的反应机理.首先在BMK/6-311+G(d,p)水平下优化了稳定点的几何构型并计算了振动频率;然后在BMC-CCSD水平下,对势能面进行高水平能量校正.结果表明,此反应存在提氢和取代两类反应通道,但是无论从动力学还是从热力学分析,提氢反应通道才是主要的反应通道,且从-CH2-基团上提取氢原子的提氢通道是主要的反应通道.     

类硅烯H2C＝SiLiBr与RH (R＝F, OH, NH2)的插入反应

采用DFT B3LYP和QCISD方法研究了类硅烯H2C＝SiLiBr与RH (R＝F, OH, NH2)的插入反应. 在B3LYP/6- 311＋G(d,p)水平上优化了反应势能面上的驻点构型. 结果表明, H2C＝SiLiBr与HF, H2O或NH3发生插入反应的机理相同. QCISD/6-311＋＋G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311＋G(d,p)计算的三个反应的势垒分别为148.62, 164.42和165.07 kJ•mol－1, 反应热分别为－69.63, －43.02和－28.27 kJ•mol－1. 相同条件下发生插入反应时, 反应活性都是H—F＞H—OH＞H—NH2.     

乙炔基自由基(C2H·)与二氧化氮(NO2)气体反应势能面的理论研究

在 CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)+ZPE 水平上对反应C2H+NO2 进行了计算, 建立了反应势能面并得到了3种产物. 利用RRKM理论估算了反应的总速率和分支比. 总速率为1.427×10-12×T0.556×exp(190.547/T) cm3*molecule-1*s-1, 其中主要产物P1(HCCO+NO)比例大于96%, 次要产物P2(HCNO+CO)和P3(HCN+CO2)小于4%.     

乙硼烷离子和自由基异构体重排与体系势能面的能量子化学计算研究

在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)和QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p)(单点)水平下, 对B2H+5阳离子和B2H*5自由基全优化得到9个几何异构体: B2H+5单态体系(D3h, C1), B2H+5三重态(Cs, Cs, C1), B2H*5自由基(C2v, Cs, Cs, Cs). 得到势能面上与体系异构化过程相联系的5种过渡态.     

乙烯酮自由基(HCCO·)与二氧化氮(NO2)反应势能面的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p)+ZPE水平上对反应HCCO+NO2进行了计算, 建立了反应势能面. 此反应由反应物通过三步反应到达产物. 首先, NO2的O原子进攻HCCO自由基中与H相邻的C原子, 形成异构体1[ONOC(H)CO]或2[H(CONOC)O]. 然后, 异构体1和2通过N-O键的断裂形成产物NO和OC(H)CO. 最后, 产物中的OC(H)CO可以通过C-C键的断裂进一步分解为HCO和CO. 由HCCO+NO2反应得到产物NO+HCO+CO.     

[Mo2O2S2(S2)2][2-]的振动光谱研究

本文测定了原子簇化合物[Mo2O2S2(S2)2][2-]的红外和拉曼光谱,并在乙腈溶液中测得其共振拉曼光谱和退偏振比。利用X光晶体结构数据,对此阴离子的伸缩振动作了简化的正则坐标分析计算。所得结果可以帮助分析和归属一些Mo-Fe-S原子簇化合物的振动光谱。     

On the studies of the vibrational spectra of cluster [Mo2O2S2(S2)2]2-

IR and Raman spectra of [Mo₂O₂S₂(S₂)₂]^2- were reported. The resonance Raman spectra and the depolarization ratios in CH₃CN solution were measured. By using the data of crystal structure, the simplified normal coordinate calculation of the stretching vibrations for anion [Mo₂O₂S₂(S₂)₂]^2- was performed. The results obtained are useful to assign the vibrational bands of some Mo-Fe-S clusters.     

Kinetics of the reactions of the CHBr2 and CHBr2O2 radicals with O2 and NO

When bromoform (CHBr3) is photolyzed at 266 or 303 nm in the presence of O2 and NO, the formation of secondary Br atoms is observed. By following the rate of growth of this secondary Br atom signal as a function of conditions, rate constants have been determined for the reactions CHBr2 + O2, CHBr2 + NO (both pressure-dependent), and CHBr2O2 + NO (k(2a) = (1.74 +/- 0.16) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) at 23 degrees C). By measuring the amplitude of the secondary Br signal compared to the primary Br formed in the initial photolysis, it is established that the CHBr2O radical spontaneously decomposes to form CHBrO + Br at least 90%, and probably 100%, of the time, in agreement with previous work and with recent ab initio calculations. A survey of four other polybrominated methanes, CH2Br2, CHClBr2, CF2Br2, and CBr4, shows that they all generate secondary Br atoms when photolyzed at 266 nm in the presence of O2 and NO, suggesting that their reaction sequences are similar to that of bromoform.     

Electronic structure and one-electron properties of the MoO2Cl2 molecule. Electronic spectra of the MoO2Cl2, MoO2Br2 and WO2Br2 molecules

The SCF-X -SW method in an overlapping atomic spheres approximation has been used to calculate the electronic structure, ionization potentials, energies and oscillator strengths of the allowed optical transitions and also some of the one-electron properties of the MoO₂Cl₂ molecule. The electronic absorption spectra of vapours over molybdenum and tungsten dioxodibromides have been measured. Interpretation of the experimental electronic absorption spectra of the MoO₂Cl₂, MoO₂Br₂ and WO₂Br₂ molecules is discussed.     

A study of the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical via the 193 nm photodissociation of 2-chloro-2-butene

This work investigates the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical. This radical has three potentially competing reaction pathways: C-C fission to form CH3 + propyne, C-H fission to form H + 1,2-butadiene, and C-H fission to produce H + 2-butyne. The experiments were designed to probe the branching to the three unimolecular dissociation pathways of the radical and to test theoretical predictions of the relevant dissociation barriers. Our crossed laser-molecular beam studies show that 193 nm photolysis of 2-chloro-2-butene produces 2-buten-2-yl in the initial photolytic step. A minor C-Cl bond fission channel forms electronically excited 2-buten-2-yl radicals and the dominant C-Cl bond fission channel produces ground-state 2-buten-2-yl radicals with a range of internal energies that spans the barriers to dissociation of the radical. Detection of the stable 2-buten-2-yl radicals allows a determination of the translational, and therefore internal, energy that marks the onset of dissociation of the radical. The experimental determination of the lowest-energy dissociation barrier gave 31 +/- 2 kcal/mol, in agreement with the 32.8 +/- 2 kcal/mol barrier to C-C fission at the G3//B3LYP level of theory. Our experiments detected products of all three dissociation channels of unstable 2-buten-2-yl as well as a competing HCl elimination channel in the photolysis of 2-chloro-2-butene. The results allow us to benchmark electronic structure calculations on the unimolecular dissociation reactions of the 2-buten-2-yl radical as well as the CH3 + propyne and H + 1,2-butadiene bimolecular reactions. They also allow us to critique prior experimental work on the H + 1,2-butadiene reaction.     

DSC study of the kinetics of the thermal dehydration of BaCl2 · 2H2O and BaCl2 · H2O

The kinetics of the thermal dehydration of various kinds of BaCl₂ · 2H₂O and of BaCl₂ · H₂O are investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter. The loss of H₂O proceeds in two steps: BaCl₂ · 2H₂O→BaCl₂ · H₂O→BaCl₂ and is therefore revealed by two endothermic peaks. In the experiments at varying temperature both steps follow a contracting-circle law, after an initial acceleratory stage according to a (n=2) power law. In the experiments at constant temperature, after an initial acceleratory stage according to a (n=2) power law, both steps (except BaCl₂ · 2H₂O single-crystals which follow a contracting-circle law) follow an Avrami-Erofeev law (withn=2) in the form used by Galwey and Jacobs. The activation energies for the various steps are compared and the different kinetic behaviour is discussed.     

An ab initio study of the relative stabilities of the isomers of CH2N2 and SiH2N2

Ab initio SCF calculations of the equilibrium geometries have been carried out on nine possible isomers of MH₂N₂, where M = C or Si, and compared with the results of MNDO calculations. The results for the carbon compounds are in good agreement with available experimental data, but in the case of the silicon compounds, the molecules are predicted to be unstable with respect to decomposition to SiH₂ and N₂. The inclusion of electron correlation at the MP3 level does not alter the order of the relative stabilities, although the importance of the correlation contribution varies substantially between the different isomers.     

Synthesis of Gels in the System Na2O-ZrO2-SiO2

Gels have been synthesized in the SiO₂-Na₂O-ZrO₂ system and calcined at various temperatures up to 700°C. They have been studied by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The position of the asymmetric stretching frequency of the SiO₄ unit is used as a tracer of the homogeneity. It is shown that sodium increases the solubility of zirconium in the silica matrix as already observed in fused glasses.     

Syntheses on the basis of 2H-chromen-2-one and 2H-chromene-2-thione

4-Hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one and 4-hydroxy-2H-chromene-2-thione reacted with allyl bromide, 1,1,3-trichloroprop-1-ene, and 1,3-dichlorobut-2-ene to give the corresponding ethers, which were oxidized to (2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yloxy)acetic acid with potassium permanganate, and various derivatives of that acid were obtained. 3-(3,3-Dichloroprop-2-enyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one and 3-(3,3-dichloroprop-2-enyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromene-2-thione were synthesized, and some their transformations were studied.     

On the shift of H2O between the carbons of the radical cation [CH2CH2OH2]+˙

Computations predict that H₂O will shift rapidly between the carbons of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm C}\limits^{\rm .} {\rm H}_2 {\rm CH}_2 \mathop {\rm O}\limits^ + {\rm H}_2 $\end{document} over most of the energy range between the threshold for formation of the ion and the onset of its decomposition. This prediction is important to understanding the relationships and contrasts between the chemistries of free radicals and carbonium ions. We present experimental evidence that the theoretical predictions are correct.