密闭微波辅助萃取当归粉中的阿魏酸

利用密闭微波样品制备系统(具有压力控制部件),对当归中的有效成分阿魏酸的萃取进行研究,比较了密闭微波萃取同超声波萃取和索氏萃取阿魏酸提取率的差异.结果表明:微波萃取与其他两种萃取方法相比,具有速度快和萃取率高的特点.并得到了阿魏酸提取的最佳条件:微波功率为400 W,萃取剂为90%的乙醇(体积分数),固-液比为1∶15,微波辐射为240 s,当归粒径为75μm.     

超声微波协同萃取/气相色谱法测定土壤中的多溴联苯醚

建立了同时测定土壤中7种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的超声微波协同萃取/气相色谱测定方法.考察了萃取溶剂的种类和用量、微波功率、萃取时间等因素对模拟土壤中PBDEs回收率的影响,得到了最佳萃取条件:萃取剂为50 mL正己烷-丙酮(1:1),微波辐射功率为90W,萃取时间为10 min.在最佳条件下,PB-DEs在10～40...     

基质固相分散萃取-毛细管电泳测定米制品中丙烯酰胺

建立了基质固相分散萃取-毛细管电泳法检测米制品中丙烯酰胺的新方法。通过实验确定了最佳前处理条件:C18及弗罗里硅土混合作为萃取分散剂(质量比1∶4),样品与分散剂的质量比为5∶9,洗脱液为丙酮-二氯甲烷(体积比6∶4)的混合溶剂,洗脱剂体积为10 m L。在优化实验条件下,以20 mmol/L硼砂(p H 8.4)作缓冲溶液,在15 k V恒压下进行分离,该方法的线性范围为10~200μg/m L,相关系数(r)为0.999 8,丙烯酰胺的检出限为0.62μg/m L,样品中丙烯酰胺的回收率为85.7%~96.4%。     

密闭微波辅助萃取丹参中有效成分的研究

应用具有压力控制附件的MSP-100D密闭微波萃取装置,对丹参中的有效成分丹参酮、丹参酮A及隐丹参酮进行微波萃取研究.在乙醇体积分数为90%,微波辐射时间为4min,溶剂体积对样品质量比为20∶1和样品粒径为120目的条件下,有效成分提取率最佳.对比了密闭微波萃取同索氏萃取和超声萃取丹参有效成分的差异.     

加速溶剂萃取-色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中的多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取-色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中的多环芳烃.土壤样品与无水硫酸钠(质量比为1:2) 混合后,再加适量中性氧化铝,用丙酮-二氯甲烷(体积比为1:1)在加速溶剂萃取仪上以10.3 Mpa、80℃提取10 min,用色谱进行分离,质谱检测器进行分析,土壤中16种多环芳烃的回收率为76.9%～101.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.6%～15.8%(n=7).     

超声-微波协同萃取装置用于土壤中多环芳烃的分析

本研究将开放式微波和直接超声波振荡两种不同的能量方式相结合,研制出超声-微波协同萃取装置。通过萃取土壤中微量多环芳烃(PAHs),对方法和仪器的可行性进行了初步评价。结果表明,在60 mL二氯甲烷-正已烷(1∶1,V/V)的混合萃取剂,100 W微波辐射功率(超声振动功率固定为50 W),萃取9~10m in,土壤中多环芳烃回收率达86.6%,相对标准偏差约4.0%。与索氏抽提、高压密闭和开放式微波等萃取方法相比,本方法具有样品容量大,萃取时间短,萃取效率受样品中含水量和溶剂极性影响小等优点。     

超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

研究了超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱测定土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物。考察了萃取溶剂、微波功率、萃取时间等因素对回收率的影响,得到了最佳萃取条件为:以正己烷/丙酮(1∶1)为萃取剂,溶剂用量为60 mL,微波辐射功率为100 W(超声功率固定为50 W),萃取12 min。该条件下,模拟土样中酞酸酯的平均回收率可达92.5%。方法的检出限为0.05~0.16 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.8%。与直接超声、开放式微波萃取法相比,此法具有明显的优势。方法用于实际土样的测定,所得结果与索氏抽提的结果相当。     

超声辅助提取–固相萃取净化–高效液相色谱法测定灰渣和污泥中11种双酚类及烷基酚类化合物

建立同时测定灰渣和污泥中11种双酚类及烷基酚类化合物(双酚F、双酚A、4-叔丁基苯酚、4-丁基苯酚、4-戊基苯酚、4-己基苯酚、4-叔辛基苯酚、4-庚基苯酚、壬基酚、4-辛基苯酚和4-壬基苯酚)的超声辅助提取–固相萃取净化–高效液相色谱法.以二氯甲烷–丙酮(体积比为1:1)为提取溶剂,提取时间为20 min,提取温度为...     

响应面法优化烟草中有机氯农药残留的加速溶剂萃取

采用响应面法(RSM)优化了烟草中有机氯农药残留的加速溶剂萃取(ASE)条件,并利用气相色谱-质谱法进行定性定量分析.以有机氯农药平均回收率为指标,考察了加速溶剂萃取过程中提取溶剂、萃取温度、冲洗溶剂体积、循环次数和吹扫时间等因素对烟草中有机氯提取效果的影响.经响应面优化的最佳ASE条件为:提取溶剂为正己烷-丙酮(体积比9:1),萃取温度107 ℃,冲洗体积92%,吹扫时间92 s,循环次数3次.在优化条件下,烟草有机氯农药萃取回收率理论预测值为96.5%,验证值为94.9%.结果表明,响应面法适用于烟草中有机氯农药残留加速溶剂萃取条件的优化,经优化得到的萃取参数准确可靠,具有实用价值.     

影响微波辅助萃取虎杖中白藜芦醇产率的一些重要操作参数

研究了溶剂类型以及萃取时间和温度、微波功率、虎杖颗粒大小和水分等主要操作参数对微波辅助萃取虎杖(po1ygonum cuspidatum)中白黎芦醇(Res)产率的影响。实验表明：由于甲醇和丙酮具有较高的介电常数和损耗因子，是微波辅助萃取Res的最佳选择。微波辅助萃取温度和时间以及虎杖颗粒大小的影响较显著，其次为虎杖样品水分。微波功率在所实验范围内(300-1200W)基本无影响。最佳的萃取条件为：温度80℃；时间15ｍin；微波功率800－900Ｗ；虎杖颗粒大小为0．45—0．30mm；水分含量约为20％。     

Microwave assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from atmospheric particulate samples

For several years, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was applied to extract organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls, etc., from soils, sediments and standard reference materials. Very few authors applied this methodology for the extraction of PAHs from atmospheric particulate matter. In the present study, MAE of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with hexane/acetone (1:1) from real atmospheric particulate samples was investigated and the effect of microwave energy and irradiation time studied. The yields of extracted compounds obtained by microwave irradiation were compared with those obtained using traditional Soxhlet extraction. MAE was evaluated using spiked real atmospheric particulate samples and two standard reference materials. Analytical determinations of PAHs were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. The best recoveries were achieved with a microwave energy of 400 W and an irradiation time of 20 min.     

Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction of triazines from soils using water and organic solvents as the extractants

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the separation of atrazine, simazine and prometryne from synthetic soil samples, using water and some organic solvents as the extractants, was studied in detail. The effects of the soil matrix, the soil moisture and the pH of the aqueous extraction system on the MAE efficiency were also studied. It was found that the three triazines could be efficiently extracted under the conditions of 100% magnetron power output (600 W), the first grade of pressure (from 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa), 30 ml solvent and 4 min microwave heating with water or organic solvents, except for prometryne with dichloromethane solvent for 1-4 g sandy loam sample. This interesting result was explained by triazines' solubility in water, their sorption properties in soils and the ability of the solvent to absorb microwave energy. Finally, evaluation of the extraction efficiency, as well as the treatment and determination of MAE extracts, suggested that water, as a cheap, safe and environmentally friendly solvent, can be a good alternative to organic solvents, used as the extractants for MAE of triazines from soils.     

Optimisation and comparison of microwave-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil samples using an experimental design approach

Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from soil samples has been accomplished using an experimental design approach. Variables studied have been: percentage of acetone (v/v) in an acetone:n-hexane mixture, solvent volume, extraction time, microwave power and pressure inside the extraction vessel. Five samples of a certified soil (CRM 481) have been extracted under the optimum conditions of the developed method and the results have been compared to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. Good recoveries (>95%) have been obtained for all the PCBs studied. All extracts have been analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and an optimum determination method for the electron impact mass spectrometric (EIMS) has also been developed.     

Optimization and comparison of MAE, ASE and Soxhlet extraction for the determination of HCH isomers in soil samples

The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and Soxhlet extraction of two isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH, from a polluted landfill soil have been optimized following different experimental designs. In the case of microwave-assisted extraction, the following variables were considered: pressure, extraction time, microwave power, percentage of acetone in n-hexane mixture and solvent volume. When ASE extraction was studied the variables were pressure, temperature and extraction time. Finally, the percentage of acetone in n-hexane mixture and the extraction time were the only variables studied for Soxhlet extraction. The concentrations obtained by the three extraction techniques were, within their experimental uncertainties, in good agreement. This fact assures the possibility of using both ASE and MAE techniques in the routine determination of lindane in polluted soils and sediments.     

Optimization and comparison of MAE, ASE and Soxhlet extraction for the determination of HCH isomers in soil samples

The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and Soxhlet extraction of two isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, α-HCH and γ-HCH, from a polluted landfill soil have been optimized following different experimental designs. In the case of microwave-assisted extraction, the following variables were considered: pressure, extraction time, microwave power, percentage of acetone in n-hexane mixture and solvent volume. When ASE extraction was studied the variables were pressure, temperature and extraction time. Finally, the percentage of acetone in n-hexane mixture and the extraction time were the only variables studied for Soxhlet extraction. The concentrations obtained by the three extraction techniques were, within their experimental uncertainties, in good agreement. This fact assures the possibility of using both ASE and MAE techniques in the routine determination of lindane in polluted soils and sediments. Received: 28 January 2000 / Revised: 28 March 2000 / Accepted: 31 March 2000     

Microwave-assisted extraction of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens

In this paper, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens were studied by HPLC-photodiode array detection. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as concentration of extraction solvent, ratio of liquid to material, microwave power, extraction temperature, and extraction time on the extraction efficiencies of oxymatrine were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions were 60% ethanol, a 20:1 (v/v) ratio of liquid to material and extraction for 10 min at 50 °C under 500 W microwave irradiation. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of oxymatrine was 14.37 mg/g. The crude extract obtained could be used as either a component of some complex traditional medicines or for further isolation and purification of bioactive compounds. The results, which indicated that MAE is a very useful tool for the extraction of important phytochemicals from plant materials, should prove helpful for the full utilization of Sophora flavescens.     

Study on the PEG‐based microwave‐assisted extraction of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves

A method for PEG‐based microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves has been successfully developed. The extraction efficiency of total flavonoid content was evaluated by the chromatographic peak areas of quercetin and kaempferol, which are two bioactive components typically found in persimmon leaves. The best combination of extraction parameters was obtained with response surface methodology. A microwave power of 525 W, liquid to solid ratio of 17:1 mL/g, and PEG aqueous solution concentration of 60% w/w were identified as the optimum parameters. Extraction dynamics analysis indicated that the quercetin, kaempferol, and total flavonoid contents were rising with increasing extraction time up to 20–25 min, from which point onwards they all decreased. Under the optimum conditions, quercetin, kaempferol, and total flavonoid contents obtained from the sample were 1.20 ± 0.05, 0.64 ± 0.11, and 16.90 ± 0.06 mg/g, respectively. Compared with ethanol‐based MAE, and ethanol‐based and PEG‐based ultrasonic‐assisted extractions, PEG‐based MAE had higher efficiency for the extraction of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves. Overall, PEG‐based MAE represents an efficient choice for the extraction of bioactive substances from traditional Chinese medicines.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of hydrocarbons in marine sediments: comparison with the Soxhlet extraction method

Microwave energy was applied to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear aliphatic hydrocarbons (LAHs) from marine sediments. The influence of experimental conditions, such as different extracting solvents and mixtures, microwave power, irradiation time and number of samples extracted per run has been tested using real marine sediment samples; volume of the solvent, sample quantity and matrix effects were also evaluated. The yield of extracted compounds obtained by microwave irradiation was compared with that obtained using the traditional Soxhlet extraction. The best results were achieved with a mixture of acetone and hexane (1:1), and recoveries ranged from 92 to 106%. The extraction time is dependent on the irradiation power and the number of samples extracted per run, so when the irradiation power was set to 500 W, the extraction times varied from 6 min for 1 sample to 18 min for 8 samples. Analytical determinations were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet-visible photodiode-array detector for PAHs and gas chromatography (GC) using a FID detector for LAHs. To test the accuracy of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique, optimized methodology was applied to the analysis of standard reference material (SRM 1941), obtaining acceptable results.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolics from Canarium album L. and identification of the main phenolic compound

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied in the extraction of phenolics from Canarium album L. Effects of various conditions including the solvent, solvent to material ratio, microwave power and irradiation time on extraction yield of phenolics were investigated. In terms of the optimal conditions of MAE, it was concluded that 70% (v/v) of ethanol was the proper extraction solvent, the solvent to material ratio was 10 : 1 (mL : g), and the microwave power and irradiation time were 600 W and 15 s, respectively. Compared with normal stirring extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, the MAE of phenolics from C. album L. was more time efficient and gave a high extraction rate. More than 1.2% extraction yield was achieved with MAE, and the purity of the phenolics in the extract product was up to 25%. In addition, by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrometry and electrospray ionised mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), the main phenolic compound in the extract product was identified as gallic acid.     

微波辅助萃取鬼箭羽叶中芦丁和槲皮素

建立了鬼箭羽中主要有效成分芦丁和槲皮素的MAE-HPLC定量分析方法, 该方法具有测定准确、操作简便和分析速度快等优点. 此外, 利用扫描电镜观察了鬼箭羽叶经微波辅助萃取后植物结构的变化, 初步证明了微波辅助萃取鬼箭羽叶的萃取机理符合细胞破壁学说.