聚集诱导发光现象的理论研究

本文系统介绍了本课题组发展的分子辐射跃迁和无辐射跃迁速率常数的热振动关联函数理论方法的最新进展及其在聚集诱导发光领域的典型应用. 基于第一性原理计算, 定量考察了位阻、温度、聚集等因素对分子体系发光性质的影响. 从微观角度给出了分子聚集诱导发光机理： 分子激发态的无辐射能量衰减通道主要是对应于低频模式的芳香环扭转和高频模式的碳碳伸缩振动. 当位阻增加、温度降低或者分子聚集时, 芳香环的转动受限, 无辐射能量衰减通道被抑制, 导致无辐射跃迁速率常数降低, 而其对辐射跃迁速率常数影响不大, 从而提高分子的荧光量子产率, 荧光增强.     

面向有机光电材料的电子激发态结构与过程的计算方法

共轭聚合物与有机分子材料中的电子激发结构与过程决定了材料的光电功能：根据Kasha规则,低能级激发态的排序决定能否发光;最低激发态至基态的辐射跃迁与无辐射跃迁之间的竞争决定了发光效率,后者主要由非绝热耦合（声子作用）决定;电荷激发态载体的传输由电子分布与振动耦合或杂质和无序的散射弛豫过程决定．本文针对有机功能材料的发光性能,介绍两种理论方法的研究进展,即可用于计算共轭聚合物激发态结构的量子化学密度矩阵重整化群方法和计算发光效率的多模耦合无辐射跃迁速率方法．这些方法被应用于有机功能材料的性能预测和分子设计中．     

蓝光材料Ir(Ⅲ)配合物的磷光效率与光谱的振动关联函数研究

由于发光效率低和稳定性差,蓝色磷光材料一直是发光材料研究领域的瓶颈.为了更深层次地理解蓝色磷光分子结构与发光效率之间的关系,本工作结合密度泛函理论,运用作者新近发展的系间窜越速率的振动关联函数计算方法,定量研究了新型蓝光发射分子fac-tris(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl iridium(fac-Ir(F2ppy)3)的磷光光谱、辐射跃迁和无辐射跃迁速率及其与温度的依赖关系,计算结果很好地解释了实验测量结果.计算表明:(1)相较于未取代的绿光材料fac-Ir(ppy)3,杂原子F的引入增加了T1与S0的能隙,使得光谱蓝移,但没有带来额外的分子结构弛豫的重整能,从而使得该蓝色材料保持了高的发光效率;(2)无辐射跃迁过程所耗散的电子激发态能量主要是通过配体L1中的连接氟化苯环和吡啶环的C(5)—C(46)键、吡啶环内C(43)—C(44)键和C(42)—C(47)键及氟化苯环内的C(3)—C(6)键的伸缩振动,因此,理论研究表明可以通过分子设计来抑制这些振动来进一步提高这类材料的发光效率.     

以噻吩苯基喹啉为主配体的铱(Ⅲ)配合物磷光性能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论和二次响应含时密度泛函理论的方法,研究了以噻吩苯基喹啉为主配体的两种磷光铱(Ⅲ)配合物的磷光性能.其中一个是实验已报道配合物,能发出红色磷光;另一个是将次配体替换为1,3,4-噁二唑衍生物后新设计的配合物.从计算的磷光光谱可看出,新设计的配合物比实验配合物的光谱红移了31 nm,是潜在的深红色磷光材料.进而用定量的方法计算了辐射跃迁速率常数,用定性的方法预测了非辐射跃迁速率常数.预测非辐射跃迁速率常数时不仅考虑了与温度无关的非辐射跃迁,也考虑了与温度有关的非辐射跃迁.结果表明,新设计的铱(Ⅲ)配合物的辐射跃迁速率常数和非辐射跃迁速率常数都比实验配合物的大.     

热环合反应速率的量子理论

应用多声子无辐射跃迁理论研究热环合反应, 给出热环合反应速率的一般公式。在高温条件下得出反应速率和活化能公式。所得公式可适用于多个环合点的热环合反应。     

理论研究二米基硼B(Mes)_2位置异构对Ir(Ⅲ)配合物Ir(ppy)_2(acac)的光物理性质的影响

采用DFT/TDDFT方法研究了二米基硼B(Mes)_2基团修饰的一类Ir(ppy)_2(acac)配合物1~3的光物理性质.计算了电子结构,吸收和发射光谱以及自旋轨道耦合矩阵T_1H_(SOC) S_n和辐射跃迁速率(k_r),探讨了取代基位置不同对磷光辐射和非辐射跃迁性质的影响.研究结果表明:向ppy配体的吡啶环引入B(Mes)_2基团,能够加强金属铱(Ir)与配体乙酰丙酮(acac)的相互作用,减小单-三重态能级差?E(S_1-T_1),提高系间窜跃速率和磷光辐射跃迁速率.向ppy配体的苯环引入B(Mes)_2基团则增大了S_0与T_1的结构变形和自旋轨道耦合矩阵 S_0 H_(SOC)T_1 ,使非辐射跃迁速率增加.B(Mes)_2基团位置异构,导致金属d轨道分裂方式不同,其在三个方向的自旋轨道耦合作用不同,辐射跃迁和非辐射跃迁都随之改变.从理论上解释了通过对ppy配体的吡啶环修饰可获得高磷光量子产率的原因.     

一些有机铁硫原子簇配合物紫外光谱浓度效应的研究

在二氯甲烷溶剂中对有机铁硫原子簇配合物进行了紫外光谱(190～400 nm)研究发现,π-π~*跃迁紫外吸收峰的λ_(max)随溶液浓度的增加明显红移,而对含孤立C—S键或C—O键化合物未见明显移动。本文还研究了一些含n-π、π-π共轭化合物的紫外光谱,发现除π-π跃迁λ_(max)随溶液浓度增加红移外,π-π~*跃迁λ_(max)还随溶液浓度增加发生蓝移。     

理论研究二米基硼B(Mes)2位置异构对Ir(III)配合物Ir(ppy)2(acac)的光物理性质的影响

采用DFT/TDDFT方法研究了二米基硼B（Mes）₂基团修饰的一类Ir（ppy）₂（acac）配合物1～3的光物理性质. 计算了电子结构,吸收和发射光谱以及自旋轨道耦合矩阵< T₁^α|H_SOC|S_n >和辐射跃迁速率（k_r）,探讨了取代基位置不同对磷光辐射和非辐射跃迁性质的影响. 研究结果表明：向ppy配体的吡啶环引入B（Mes）₂基团,能够加强金属铱（Ir）与配体乙酰丙酮（acac）的相互作用,减小单-三重态能级差ΔE（S₁-T₁）,提高系间窜跃速率和磷光辐射跃迁速率. 向ppy配体的苯环引入B（Mes）₂基团则增大了S₀与T₁的结构变形和自旋轨道耦合矩阵< S₀|H_SOC|T₁ >,使非辐射跃迁速率增加. B（Mes）₂基团位置异构,导致金属d轨道分裂方式不同,其在三个方向的自旋轨道耦合作用不同,辐射跃迁和非辐射跃迁都随之改变. 从理论上解释了通过对ppy配体的吡啶环修饰可获得高磷光量子产率的原因.     

含不同共轭桥的TCNQ开闭壳层体系NLO性质的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)结合有限场(FF)方法,对不同共轭桥连接的四氰代二甲基苯醌(TCNQ)开壳层和闭壳层电子态的非线性光学(NLO)系数进行计算,并以乙烯桥为例讨论共轭链长度与NLO性质的关系.结果表明:开壳层体系的极化率和二阶超极化率值都大于闭壳层体系,且共轭桥的共轭性越强,体系的极化率和二阶超极化率越大;在自由基体系中,单重态的二阶超极化率随双自由基成分y和自旋多重度的增加而增大.体系的共轭链增长,BLA(BondLength Alternation,共轭分子中相邻单、双键键长差的平均值)逐渐减小,双自由基成分y逐渐增大,体系的二阶超极化率也逐渐增大.     

腺嘌呤激发态失活通道的动力学模拟

采用半经典动力学方法模拟了1nπ*态9H-腺嘌呤的无辐射失活过程,模拟发现了一条新的失活通道,即N7-C8断键,释放的键能转化为分子动能.C8-H的强烈振动会导致无辐射跃迁,从而使分子返回基态.     

The energy gap law for triplet states in Pt-containing conjugated polymers and monomers

The energy gap law established for aromatic hydrocarbons and rare earth ions relates the nonradiative decay rate to the energy gap of a transition through a multiphonon emission process. We show that this energy gap law can be applied to the phosphoresce of a series of conjugated polymers and monomers for which the radiative decay rate has been enhanced through incorporation of a heavy metal. We find that the nonradiative decay rate from the triplet state T(1) increases exponentially with decreasing T(1)-S(0) gap for the polymers and monomers at 300 and 20 K. Comparison of the nonradiative decay of polymers with that of their corresponding monomers highlights the role of electron-lattice coupling.     

Photophysics of isolated molecules: para-substituted benzenes

Fluorescence quantum yield and decay times of p-fluorotoluene and p-fluorobenzotrifluoride in the gas phase at low pressures are reported. The variation in rate constant for radiative and non-radiative decay with increasing vibrational energy in the singlet manifold is discussed in relation to results for benzene and to current theories of non-radiative decay of aromatic molecules.     

Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of fluorobenzene cations in selected levels of their B̃ and C̃ states determined by photoelectron-photon coincidence spectroscopy

Fluorescence quantum yields and cascade-free lifetimes of eleven fluorobenzene cations with selected energies within their B? and C? states have been determined. This was accomplished by measurement of coincidences between energy selected photoelectrons and undispersed emitted photons following ionisation with He(Iα) photons. The wavelength region of the photons emitted on formation of same of these cations in the C? states is the same as from their B? states. It is concluded that the C??B? radiationless step and fast vibrational redistribution precedes the B?→Ã, X? radiative relaxation. The radiative and non-radiative rate constants were derived directly from the measured values. The non-radiative decay rate, corresponding to the internal conversion process, is found to increase exponentially as a function of the internal excess energy within the B? and C? states and shows that there are no initial state memory effects. The nature of the accepting modes is discussed in view of the results on some of the deuterated species.     

AB-initio Cl calculation of radiative and non-radiative decay of formaldehyde (1A2) with application to its photochemical decomposition

A method is described for an ab-initio Cl calculation of the decay of H₂CO(¹A₂). The normal modes 4, 5 and 6 turn out to be about equally important for inducing the radiative transition, while the non-radiative decay is an example of the resonance case. So the experimentally determined exponential decay must be due to a coupling with the dissociative continuum.     

Absorption and emission characteristics of Er3+ ions in alkali chloroborophosphate glasses

Alkali chloroborophosphate glasses containing 1 mol% of Er3+ ions were studied experimentally using the absorption and emission spectroscopy. The energy level scheme for the 4f11 (Er3+) electronic configuration was deduced from the observed band energies of the absorption spectra in terms of a parametrized Hamiltonian using the various free-ion spectroscopic parameters. Oscillator strengths (f) measured from the absorption spectra have been analyzed using the Judd-Ofelt theory to evaluate the three intensity parameters omegalambda (lambda = 2, 4 and 6). Reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated f values has been found. Electric and magnetic dipole transition probabilities, fluorescence branching ratios, integrated emission cross sections and radiative lifetimes were calculated for all the excited states of Er3+ ions. The non-radiative (WNR) relaxation rates from the excited levels to the next lower levels have been calculated and the relationship between the energy gap and non-radiative relaxation rate has been established. These results were used to predict the possible potential laser transitions in Er-doped alkali chloroborophosphate glasses.     

Theoretical Insights into the Substituent Effects on the Fluorescence of Boron Complexes of 2-(Benzothiazol-2-yl)phenols: a Quantum Mechanics Study

The performance of organic fluorescent materials can be improved by chemical substitutions with auxochrome groups such as amino to increase solubility, alter emitting color, or modify film quality. The complex 6,6-difluoro-6-bora-5-oxa-11-thia-6 a-aza-benzo[a]fluorine(BOBTP) and its derivatives, which possess excellent luminescent property at room temperature, were theoretically simulated by density functional theory. The geometries of the ground state and the first excited state of BOBTPs complexes were investigated and their bond parameters were obtained. Further, these bond parameters are compared with each other, and the computational wavelengths of maximum absorption and emission of studied complexes match up with the experimental values. It was found that amino substituent bonding to appropriate positions of BOBTP can reduce the reorganization energy significantly, which is ascribed to electron-donating effect of the amino group. The reorganization energy also plays an important role in the fluorescence quantum yield of all the BOBTPs. In particular, the radiative decay of complexes 3 and 4 is dominant due to the smaller reorganization energies, so their fluorescence quantum yield is almost 1, on the contrary the non-radiative decay and intersystem crossing rate of both the 1 and 2 can not be ignored for the larger reorganization energies, and the corresponding fluorescence quantum yields were calculated when the radiative decay rate(kr) and nonradiative decay rate(k(nr)) were taken into account.     

Physicochemical studies of green phosphorescent light-emitting materials from cyclometalated heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes

A series of novel imidazole ligands were synthesized and characterized. Phosphorescence studies of series of heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes reveal that these complexes possess dominantly (3)MLCT and (3)π-π* excited states and the solvent shifts of these complexes are interpreted by Richardt-Dimroth and Marcus solvent functions. The results consistent with prior assignments on the absorption band to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state associated with chelating ligand. Emission kinetic studies exploited that the radiative transition (k(r)), increases with increasing λ(em) and linear correlation exists between ln(k(nr)) and energy gap. Electronic transition theory is applied to study the effect of E(g) and ΔQ(e) on non-radiative transition (k(nr)). With a larger ΔQ(e), favouring vibrational overlap and leading to a larger value for k(nr).     

Radiative and nonradiative lifetimes in excited states of Ar,Kr and Xe atoms in a neon matrix

Synchrotron radiation with its intense continuum and its excellent time structure has been exploited for time resolved luminescence spectroscopy in the solid state. By selective excitation of n = 1, n′ = 2 exciton states of Xe, Kr and Ar atoms in a neon matrix we were able to identify the emitting states involved. Lifetimes within the cascade of radiative and radiationless relaxation between excited states as well as the radiative lifetimes for transitions to the ground state have been derived from the decay curves. Energy positions and radiative lifetimes of the emitting states correspond quite well with those of the free atoms. Radiative and radiationless relaxation processes take place within the manifold of excited states of the guest atoms. The rate constants for radiationless decay confirm an energy gap law. The order of the radiationless processes reaches in some cases extremely high values. Selection rules for spin and angular momentum are essential to understand the observed radiationless transition rates.     

Radiative and non-radiative decay processes of the excited state of the colored form of photochromic furylfulgide

The time evolution of the luminescence of the colored form of a furylfulgide dispersed at various concentrations in a poly(methyl methacrylate) film was measured as a function of the luminescence photon energy. The observed decay time of the luminescence is about 1–2 ns and one order of magnitude shorter than the radiative lifetime (14 ns) estimated from the absorption intensity. The decay time is independent of temperature below 77 K. These results suggest that the non-radiative tunneling process from the excited state to the ground state is responsible for the decay.