复阻抗法分析聚吡咯材料的湿敏特性

通过延长聚合时间到96 h合成了一种对湿度敏感的聚吡咯材料. 采用红外(IR)光谱, X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的方法对合成的材料进行了表征. 测量了基于该材料的湿敏元件的湿度特性, 并且得到了在20 Hz-100 kHz频率范围内的复阻抗谱图. 基于测量结果讨论了该材料制备的湿敏元件的湿度敏感机制. 通过对复阻抗谱的分析研究了该湿敏元件的工作机理并且分析了参与导电的粒子.     

功能高分子湿敏材料的研究

用无素分析方法和红外光谱表征季铵盐型功能高分子湿敏材料。用该材料制成的湿敏元件具有优良的湿敏特性，响应时间＜１０ｓ，恢复时间＜１５ｓ，但是耐水性不良。     

SmFe_(1-y)Sr_yO_3的制备及其气敏性能

用sol-gel法制备SmFe_(1-y)Sr_yO_3(y=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6)粉体.XRD图谱表明SmFe_(1-y)Sr_yO_3为正交钙钛矿结构,粉体的晶胞体积和晶粒尺寸均随Sr~(2+)含量的增大而增大.用SmFe_(1-y)Sr_yO_3纳米粉体制备成气敏元件,测试了其对乙醇气体的气敏特性.结果表明,在同等条件下,以SmFe_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)O_3元件对乙醇的气敏性能最优,在工作温度为240℃时对体积分数为1×10~(-4)的乙醇的灵敏度达到26.14,是SmFeO_3元件的10.80倍.SmFe_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)O_3元件同时还表现出较好的选择性、响应-恢复特性与稳定性,工作温度为240℃时的响应时间和恢复时间分别为28s和83s.     

掺盐MEBA-co-KH570共聚物的湿敏性能

采用甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯的溴代丁烷季铵盐和硅烷偶联剂KH570的共聚物作为感湿聚合物,并向该聚合物中掺杂LiCl、CaCl2、FeCl33种不同的盐类,制备了高分子电阻型湿敏元件,系统研究了聚合物浓度、无机盐的种类和浓度对元件湿敏性能的影响。结果表明,在33%～95%RH湿度范围内,元件显示出较高的灵敏度(b为-0.043 8～-0.038 8)和较好的线性(R为-0.994 8～-0.981 6),且阻抗随聚合物浓度的增加而下降,但响应变慢;掺杂LiCl和CaCl2可使元件阻抗变小,掺杂FeCl3却使元件阻抗增大;在1×10-2mol/L的最佳LiCl掺杂浓度下,元件具有最好的灵敏度(b=-0.044 6)和最短的脱湿时间(20 s)。     

不同氧化程度氧化石墨烯的制备及湿敏性能研究

基于氧化石墨烯具有多种含氧官能团和极大的比表面积,研究了不同氧化程度氧化石墨烯的湿敏性能。采用改进的Hummers法制备不同氧化程度的氧化石墨,经过超声分散制备氧化石墨烯水相分散液后,制成氧化石墨烯薄膜湿敏元件。采用X射线衍射、原子力显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱对实验样品的结构和谱学特性进行表征。结果表明:石墨经氧化后,底面间距增大为0.9 nm左右;随氧化剂用量的增加,氧化石墨中石墨的衍射峰逐渐消失,石墨相微晶尺寸逐渐减小,O/C原子比逐渐增大,氧化程度逐渐升高;氧化石墨烯在水相分散液中可达单层分散,单层氧化石墨烯厚度约为1.3 nm;氧化石墨烯表面接有-OH、C-O-C、C=O和COOH官能团,且官能团含量随氧化程度的升高而增大;氧化石墨烯薄膜元件在室温下对湿度的响应时间约3 s,灵敏度达99%;在11.3%-93.6%相对湿度范围内,元件的电阻随湿度升高显著减小,较高氧化程度的氧化石墨烯薄膜的电阻对数与相对湿度呈线性变化;氧化程度越高,元件灵敏度越高,响应时间越短。     

纳米晶LaCoxFe1-xO3的合成、表征及湿敏特性

采用PEG溶胶-凝胶法合成了纳米晶LaCoxFe1-xO3, 并用DTA-TGA、XRD以及SEM对样品进行表征. 结果表明, 所有样品的原粉在600 ℃焙烧下都形成了稳定的钙钛矿纳米晶, Co含量对形成纳米晶的固相反应和纳米晶的平均粒子尺寸都有明显的影响. 此外, 还研究了纳米晶LaCoxFe1-xO3的湿敏特性, 发现在所有的样品中, LaCo0.3Fe0.7O3表现出比其它样品好的湿敏特性, 但是此材料只在相对湿度(RH)大于54%时对湿度的变化有较高的灵敏度, 掺杂适量的Na2CO3可以改善此材料的湿敏特性, 使它在全程湿度范围(RH 11%-95%)内对湿度变化都有很好的响应.     

还原温度对氧化石墨官能团、结构及湿敏性能的影响

基于氧化石墨具有多种官能团,研究了还原温度对氧化石墨结构及湿敏性能的影响。在不同温度下,对改进Hummers法制备的高氧化程度氧化石墨薄膜进行了还原,制备了不同温度条件下还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件。采用FTIR、XRD和Raman对实验样品的官能团及结构变化属性进行表征分析。结果表明:石墨被氧化后,碳原子结构层上接入-OH、环氧基、C=O和COOH官能团,底面间距增大至0.908 4 nm;利用热还原法制备石墨烯的过程中,随着还原温度的升高,氧化石墨官能团逐渐热解,石墨化区域逐渐恢复但其相对尺寸减小,缺陷增多,氧化石墨的底面间距沿c轴方向由0.908 4 nm逐渐减小到0.450 1nm;且不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜的电阻从10.32 MΩ减小至41.1Ω。在11.3%~93.6%相对湿度范围内,不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件的电阻随湿度升高而显著减小;氧化石墨还原程度越高,响应时间越长,脱附时间越短;150℃还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件具有最佳的湿敏性能。     

还原温度对氧化石墨官能团、结构及湿敏性能的影响

基于氧化石墨具有多种官能团,研究了还原温度对氧化石墨结构及湿敏性能的影响。在不同温度下,对改进Hummers法制备的高氧化程度氧化石墨薄膜进行了还原,制备了不同温度条件下还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件。采用FTIR、XRD和Raman对实验样品的官能团及结构变化属性进行表征分析。结果表明：石墨被氧化后,碳原子结构层上接入-OH、环氧基、C=O和COOH官能团,底面间距增大至0.9084nm;利用热还原法制备石墨烯的过程中,随着还原温度的升高,氧化石墨官能团逐渐热解,石墨化区域逐渐恢复但其相对尺寸减小,缺陷增多,氧化石墨的底面间距沿c轴方向由0.9084nm逐渐减小到0.4501nm;且不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜的电阻从10.32MΩ减小至41.1Ω。在11.3%~93.6%相对湿度范围内,不同温度还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件的电阻随湿度升高而显著减小;氧化石墨还原程度越高,响应时间越长,脱附时间越短;150℃还原的氧化石墨薄膜湿敏元件具有最佳的湿敏性能。     

介孔SnO2的结构表征及其湿敏性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十二胺为模板剂, 采用双模板法及均相沉淀法, 分别制备了介孔结构的SnO2. BET测试结果表明, 双模板法制备的介孔SnO2平均孔径、孔容和比表面积分别为4.9 nm、0.213 m3·g-1和172.9 m2·g-1, 而均相沉淀法合成产物孔径分布的离散程度较大, 孔容和比表面积降至双模板法的66.0%和21.8%. 以叉指电极为工作电极集电体, 利用交流阻抗技术测定了所得SnO2的湿敏性能. 结果表明, 与均相沉淀法制备的SnO2 相比, 双模板法制得SnO2的双电层电荷传递阻抗、双电层电容及Warburg扩散系数随湿度变化的幅度更明显, 表明其具有较好的湿敏性能. 对介孔结构特征与湿敏性能相关性研究表明, 具有较大孔容和比表面的介孔SnO2可改善材料的感湿性能.     

PdO,Au, CdO修饰SnO2纳米纤维的制备及其气敏特性

采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO₂纳米纤维,并分别用PdO、Au、CdO对该纳米纤维材料进行表面修饰.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDX)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)比表面积测试对材料进行表征.修饰前后, SnO₂纳米纤维都是由约15 nm的纳米颗粒构成的直径约为200 nm的多级结构材料.采用静态测试系统对纯SnO₂及不同物质修饰的SnO₂的气敏特性进行测试,结果表明,未修饰的SnO₂纳米纤维气敏元件对甲醛具有较好的响应.修饰后的SnO₂材料的气敏特性都有明显的改善. CdO修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛的响应值最高,且响应恢复时间短,选择性好. Au修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛响应的最佳工作温度从300 ℃降到了200 ℃.经PdO修饰后, SnO₂纳米纤维对甲苯的响应值变得最高.初步分析了经过修饰的SnO₂气敏材料的敏感机理.     

A resistive-type humidity sensor using composite films prepared from poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) and dispersed organic silicon sol

A composite material of dispersed organic silicon sol and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) (poly-AMPS) was used to make humidity sensor without protective film or complicated chemical procedures. The organic silicon sol was dispersed well in the poly-AMPS without using dispersion agent. Parameters that may affect the water-resistive but humidity-sensitive characteristic of composite material, the adding amount of organic silicon sol solution and the film of thermal treatment time, were investigated. The microstructure of the material was analyzed, and the humidity sensing and electrical properties of the sensor were measured. The sensor well responded to humidity with a relatively good linearity, though it depended on the applied frequency. The temperature influence between 15 and 35 °C was within −0.17 % relative humidity (RH)/°C in the range of 30–90% RH. The activation energy was maximum around 40% RH. The sensor showed the hysteresis within 5.9%, fast response time, long-term stability (75 days at least) and satisfactory resistance to high humidity atmosphere (97% RH) and chemical environment (20% C₂H₅OH vapor). Analyzing the structure and complex impedance plots of organic silicon sol/poly-AMPS was used to explain improvement in humidity sensing properties in comparison with nano-sized SiO₂ powder/poly-AMPS films.     

Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanocoil Composite for High-performance Humidity Sensor

Designing a humidity sensor with high performance to quick and accurate detect relative humidity (RH) is important in various applications. Consideration must be given to both the high response and the quick reversibility. Here, based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensing platform, we utilized commercial graphene oxide as a sensing material, and added commercial carbon nanocoil to block the stacking of graphene oxide layers. The fabricated novel sensor possessed super high response (4618 Hz/97 % RH) and quick reversibility (2 s). This work not only expands the application of commercial carbon materials, but also achieves the development of high-performance humidity sensor with commercial potential.     

Electrical and humidity characterization of m-NA doped Au/PVA nanocomposites

The Meta-Nitroaniline (m-NA) doped (by varying weight percentage (wt. %)) gold/polyvinyl alcohol (Au/PVA) nanocomposites were synthesized using gold salt and hydrazine hydrate (HH) by in situ process. The composite was coated on ceramic rods having two end electrodes by drop casting method for studying their electrical behavior at different relative humidity (RH) levels, ranging from 4 to 95% RH at room temperature. The optimized wt. % was used to prepare coatings of various thicknesses (20-40 μm) of the films. As the humidity decreases, the resistance increases. The low humidity sensing characteristic can be tailored by varying wt. % of m-NA and thicknesses of the nanocomposite films. The resistive-humidity sensor shows two regions of sensitivity having highest sensitivity for lower RH. The sensor response and recovery time is about 6-10 s and 52 s respectively. The dynamic range of variation of the resistance allows a promising use of the films as a humidity sensor. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy at 60% RH.     

Polypyrrole/poly(methylmethacrylate) blend as selective sensor for acetone in lacquer

A film of α-naphthalene sulfonate-doped polypyrrole/poly(methylmethacrylate), PPy/α-NS⁻/PMMA, obtained from solution mixing was successfully used as sensing material for acetone vapor in lacquer with a high degree of selectivity based on electrical conductivity over acetic acid and a high degree of stability over the humidity change. Compared with pure PPy/α-NS⁻, the selectivity ratio of acetone/acetic acid response of PPy/α-NS⁻/PMMA blend with a PMMA/PPy weight ratio of 3.0 was ca. 3.9 times higher. The film was found to be insensitive to moisture unless the relative humidity (RH) was lower than 20% RH in which the selectivity ratio of acetone/acetic acid response was enhanced. The time required to reach the equilibrium for acetone exposure was found to increase slightly with increasing humidity.     

Polyantimonic acid-based materials evaluated as moisture sensors at ambient temperature

Humidity sensors are in high demand for many applications, such as environmental monitoring and air and food quality control. Despite many inorganic and organic materials exhibit moisture sensing properties, the electrical response of many existing sensors is not stable along the time. Polyantimonic acid (PAA) is characterized by elevated proton conductivity and by high thermal stability: consequently, it is seen as promising proton conductor for usage in humidity sensing devices. In this work, for the first time, PAA-based bulk solid membranes were produced and tested as potential materials for relative humidity (RH) detection and their moisture sensitivity was evaluated. Two different amounts of binder were used for moulding the solid sensors: the ones with 10% of binder were designated as 90PAA, while the ones with 20% were named 80PAA. The structures of the solid samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, adsorption–desorption curves via Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The electrical behaviour was examined at ambient temperature by electrical impedance spectroscopy in the entire relative humidity (RH) interval (0–100%) and in the frequency range of 40 Hz up to 60 MHz. Electrical response of the materials was correlated with the structural features of the membranes. Both 90PAA and 80PAA sensors showed total resistance 3 × 10⁵ and 3.5 × 10⁵ Ω at 10% RH, respectively. A linear decrease of the resistance on RH was observed in the range 30–90% RH for both sensors. The electrical response of the evaluated PAA-based sensors displays good repeatability and reproducibility: the ones with lower binder content showed higher moisture sensitivity as well as very good time stability over 1 year.

     

Humidity effect on the monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles coated chemiresistor sensor for VOCs analysis

Two gold-thiolate monolayer-protected nanoparticles were synthesized and used as interfacial layers on chemiresistor sensors for the analysis of violate organic compounds (VOCs). Toluene, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate were chosen as the target vapors. Both the resistance and capacitance were measured as the function of analyte concentrations. The effect of humidity on the sensor sensitivity to VOCs was investigated. The sensitivity decreases with humidity increasing, depending on the hydrophobicity of the target compounds. Less effect was observed on the higher hydrophobic compounds. While the relative humidity (RH) increased from 0 to 60%, the sensitivity to acetone decreased by 39 and 37%, respectively on the Au-octanethiol (C₈Au) and Au-2-phenylethanethiol (BC₂Au) coated sensors, while the sensitivity to toluene decreased by 12 and 14%, respectively. These results show that the sensors coated with hydrophobic compounds protected-metal nanoparticles can be employed in high humidity for hydrophobic compounds analysis. The resistance responses to VOCs are rapid, reversible, and linear, while the capacitance response is not sensitive and consequently not applicable for VOCs analysis. The response mechanism was also discussed based on the sensor response to water vapor. The capacitance response is not sensitive to the film swelling in dry environment.     

Humidity adsorption kinetics of a trypsin gel film

This study focuses on the humidity adsorption kinetics of an isopropanol-induced and pH-triggered bovine pancreatic trypsin gel (BPTG). The BPTG was adsorbed on a gold coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) substrate with a thickness of 376 nm. The morphology of the film was characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). QCM was used to investigate the humidity sensing properties of the BPTG film. The response of the humidity sensor was explained using the Langmuir model. The average values of adsorption and desorption rates between 11% RH (relative humidity) and 97% RH were calculated as 2482.5 M(-1) s(-1) and 0.02 s(-1), respectively. The equilibrium constant and average Gibbs Free Energy of humidity adsorption and desorption cycles were obtained as 133,000 and -11.8 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Humidity sensors using in situ synthesized sodium polystyrenesulfonate/ZnO nanocomposites

Thin film humidity sensors have been prepared using in situ synthesized inorganic/organic nanocomposites of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) and ZnO. Its humidity sensing characteristics and the sensing mechanism have been investigated by measuring the complex impedance spectra of the sensor at different humidities. The logarithm of the impedance of sensor based on composite film changes linearly by four-orders of magnitude over almost whole humidity range (11-97% RH). Furthermore, the sensor exhibits a quick response (absorption: 2 s, desorption: 2 s) and small hysteresis (less than 2% RH). The composite film shows better sensing properties than NaPSS film, such as better linearity, quicker response. Explanation to the improvement is attempted by taking into account of the composition and structure of the nanocomposites.     

Ultra-thin CoAl layered double hydroxide nanosheets for the construction of highly sensitive and selective QCM humidity sensor

To achieve real-time monitoring of humidity in various applications, we prepared facile and ultra-thin CoAl layered double hydroxide (CoAl LDH) nanosheets to engineer quartz crystal microbalances (QCM). The characteristics of CoAl LDH were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Telle (BET), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential. Due to their large specific surface area and abundant hydroxyl groups, CoAl LDH nanosheets exhibit good humidity sensing performance. In a range of 11.3% and 97.6% relative humidity (RH), the sensor behaved an ultrahigh sensitivity (127.8 Hz/%RH), fast response (9.1 s) and recovery time (3.1 s), low hysteresis (3.1%RH), good linearity (R² = 0.9993), stability and selectivity. Besides, the sensor can recover the initial response frequency after being wetted by deionized water, revealing superior self-recovery ability under high humidity. Based on in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the adsorption mechanism of CoAl LDH toward water molecules was explored. The QCM sensor can distinguish different respiratory states of people and wetting degree of fingers, as well as monitor the humidity in vegetable packaging, suggesting excellent properties and a promising application in humidity sensing.     

Humidity sensing characteristics of Sn doped Zinc oxide based quartz crystal microbalance sensors

The electrical, optical and humidity sensor properties of nanostructured ZnO samples were investigated. The structural properties of Sn doped ZnO samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the all samples have a hexagonal crystal structure. The electrical conductivity of the samples indicates that undoped and Sn doped ZnO samples exhibit the semiconducting behavior. The optical absorption method was used to determine the optical band gaps of the samples. The optical band gap and activation energy values of the ZnO samples were changed with Sn doping. The ZnO based on quartz crystal microbalance humidity sensors were prepared and sensing properties of the sensors were changed with Sn doping. The response time required to reach 70 % is about 13–16 s, while the recovery time from 70 to 30 % RH is about 13–15 s. The fast response of the sensors is due to easy diffusion of water molecules between ZnO nanopowders. The prepared sensors have a high reproducibility and sensitivity for humidity sensing applications.