CaO加入条件下煤与CaSO_4氧载体化学链燃烧的反应性能研究

以小型流化床为反应器、水蒸气为气化介质,在CaSO4氧载体中加入CaO颗粒进行煤气化—氧载体还原反应实验。实验结果表明,添加CaO改善了煤气化—CaSO4还原反应性能,提高了煤气化—CaSO4还原反应速率和CO2生成速率。但CaO添加剂的催化作用随反应温度的提高而减弱。900℃是较适宜的反应温度,此温度下加入适量CaO(CaO/CaSO4物质的量比1.18),气态硫化物释放得到显著抑制,SO2和H2S降幅分别为63.19%和27.37%;同时,还能控制CO2被吸收固化成CaCO3的比例低于2%。     

氧化钙脱硫可逆反应过程的研究

在热天平和固定床装置上研究了CaO脱除H2S过程中可逆反应的变化规律。实验结果表明，脱硫过程的最佳温度为Ca(OH) 2分解温度（在二氧化碳不存在情况下）；水蒸气和H2是影响CaO脱硫可逆反应的两个重要因素，提高水蒸气体积分数无论热力学和动力学都有利于逆反应的进行，使得脱硫效率降低，提高H2体积分数可抑制逆反应进行，当H2的体积分数达到一定值时，由多个反应构成的逆反应变为单个反应，高温脱硫精度则由反应(CaO + H2S = CaS + H2O)决定。对通过CaS水蒸气反应实现CaS转化或再生也作了讨论。     

CaO对褐煤在超临界水中制取富氢气体的影响

以褐煤在超临界水中制取富氢气体为目的，利用小型高压间歇反应装置，在Ca/C 摩尔比为0～0.60、温度450℃～680℃、压力23MPa～38MPa和停留1min～30min下，考察了小龙潭褐煤的反应特性。研究表明，CaO不仅可以固定气相中的CO2，提高H2的体积分数，而且可以提高碳转化率和气体产率。600℃、28MPa，Ca/C摩尔比为0.42时，气相产物中的CO2趋于完全固定，H2产率比无添加剂时提高2.5倍，H2体积分数为48％，其余为CH4和烃类气体。升高反应温度使CaO的催化作用更为显著, 碳转化率和气体产率（H2、CH4、烃类气体）随着反应温度的升高而逐渐增加，液相收率减少。增大反应压力可以促使煤转化率和气体产率升高，停留时间对反应的影响相对较小。以900℃热解焦为反应原料进行了气化实验，结果表明，在600℃和650℃反应5min后，碳转化率分别为8.6％和12.5％，CaO对气化反应和甲烷化反应起不同程度的催化作用。     

大型电站煤粉炉自身固硫灰渣的微观晶相分析

研究了电站1 025 t/h煤粉炉燃用Ca/S(摩尔比)=2.02的神木煤自身固硫灰渣的晶相组成，XRD分析表明,入炉煤中无定形的非晶相质量分数高达91.2%，CaCO3晶相质量分数为2.1%。满负荷下飞灰中因高温熔融形成的玻璃态非晶相质量分数高达70.5%，煤灰自身固硫产物CaSO4质量分数为3.4%，CaCO3和CaO质量分数为6.9%，使其仍具有进一步固硫的能力。满负荷下炉底渣中钠长石质量分数高达59.2%，非晶相质量分数为25.7%，未发现CaSO4、CaCO3或CaO晶相。当锅炉负荷降低时，飞灰中非晶相质量分数相应降低，炉底渣中非晶相质量分数升高。     

CaO固硫过程中Ca~(2+)在CaSO_4产物层内扩散的研究

应用标记实验技术 ,研究CaO固硫反应过程中产物层扩散控制阶段的反应机理 .利用扫描电镜和反射式光学显微镜 ,对压制烧结并带有Pt标记的CaO样品在固硫反应前后的形貌变化观察 ,结果表明 :经过较长时间的固硫反应后 ,在Pt标记层外表面形成一层覆盖物 ,XRD分析结果证明该覆盖物是CaSO4.利用电化学综合测试仪测量了CaO及CaSO4在高温下的电导率 ,结果表明在 10 0 0℃时CaSO4的电导率达到了 10 -3 数量级 ,说明在高温下CaSO4内Ca2 + 有较高的离子迁移特性 .根据标记实验、电导率测试的结果和CaO掺杂体系的固硫动力学数据的分析认为 :CaO固硫反应在后期的扩散层控制阶段的主要反应是Ca2 + 通过CaSO4产物层扩散至CaSO4外表面与SO2 和O2 进行反应 ,生成CaSO4,而不是SO2 和O2 气体通过CaSO4产物层向内扩散 ,在颗粒内部与CaO发生固硫反应 .     

加压氧化气氛下CaO固硫反应和动力学研究

在加压氧化气氛下研究CaO和SO2 的反应并对该过程进行动力学研究。结果表明 :低温时CaO和SO2 反应的直接产物是CaSO3 ;产物中的CaSO4 是CaSO3 氧化和歧化反应的双重结果。在更高温度 (6 5 0℃ )下发生的是CaO的直接硫酸化反应 ;压力相同时 ,升高温度反应速率和转化率增加 ,但存在一最佳的温度为 85 0℃左右。同一温度下 ,随压力的增加 ,CaO的转化率显著增加。包含可变有效扩散系数的未反应核模型 (EUSCModel)能较好地描述加压下CaO的固硫反应过程。在该模型中 ,用于决定反应速率控制步骤的Thiele模数定义为转化率的函数。Thiele模数和转化率的关系表明整个固硫反应过程是动力学和扩散的共同效应 ;计算得出动力学控制和扩散控制下的表观活化能分别为 43 87kJ·mol-1和 5 6 79kJ·mol-1。     

CaO固硫反应机理研究的新进展

CaO固硫反应的机理研究一直是高温钙基固硫的难点，最近研究认为CaO固硫反应分为两个阶段：前期为表面化学反应阶段，后期为产物层扩散控制阶段。前期反应生成的CaSO4不仅堵塞了CaO颗粒之间的微孔，也逐渐包覆了CaO颗粒，致使后阶段固硫反应转化率明显降低。传统上认为是SO2和O2通过CaSO4产物层向内扩散与CaO进行反应，依此机理提出了核收缩模型和等效粒子模型。新的研究结果认为，固硫反应后期的产物层扩散控制阶段，主要发生的反应是Ca2+通过产物层CaSO4扩散至表面与SO2和O2进行反应，而与传统的机理不同。本文主要介绍了两种实验技术在CaO固硫机理研究中的应用，并在实验现象基础上，对固硫机理提出了新认识。最后对在CaO中添加了不同添加剂能明显提高固硫率的试验数据作了新的机理解释。     

生物质气催化合成甲醇的研究

在高压微型反应装置上进行了生物质气合成甲醇的研究。利用组成为H2/CO/CO2 /N2(体积比)=52.5/21.5/22.8/3.2 的富CO2原料气考察了不同温度、压力和空速条件时甲醇的时空产率和质量分数。结果表明，在所考察的范围内，甲醇的产率和质量分数在260 ℃达到最大。产率和质量分数随反应压力升高而增大，空速增加使产率增大，甲醇的质量分数降低。当p=4 MPa，t=260 ℃，WHSV=5 280 h-1时, 甲醇的时空产率为0.79 g·（mL·h）－１,质量分数为96.2%,与工业合成气相比，分别下降25.8％和1.64％。     

CaSO4氧载体煤基合成气化学链燃烧模拟研究

相对于金属氧载体, CaSO₄作为氧载体用于化学链燃烧,具有成本低、来源广泛和氧传递容量大等诸多优点,但是气相SO₂以及各种固相硫沉积物对CaSO₄用于化学链燃烧过程造成很大的障碍。基于热力学模拟,对CaSO₄氧载体与以合成气为燃料的化学链燃烧进行了模拟研究,结果表明就CaSO₄与合成气的反应而言,在燃料反应器中, 100℃～400℃的低温反应条件下,主要发生的是合成气中CO和H₂的甲烷化反应以及硫酸盐热化学还原反应,反应产物主要是H₂S和CaCO₃;在400℃～915℃,主要发生的是CO和H₂与CaSO₄的还原反应,还原产物是CaS和CO₂;当反应温度高于915℃时,诸多副反应开始发生,反应物相除了CaS和CO₂外,CaO等副产物开始出现;而在空气反应器中,在CaS的整个氧化过程中,CaS再生形成CaSO₄的反应都是主要的,但是当空气过量系数Ф_AR<0.8时,CaSO₄与CaS的固相反应以及CaS氧化形成CaO的两个副反应也同时起作用。在燃料反应器中,最优的反应条件是反应温度915℃、常压并严格控制CaSO₄ 的加入量并确保CaSO₄氧载体过量系数Ф_FR~1;而在空气反应器中,提供充足的空气量对于CaS的氧化非常重要,空气过量系数Ф_AR ≥1不仅能确保CaS的充分氧化,而且还能避免CaS氧化过程中SO₂的排放和CaO的产生。     

神木煤灰自身固硫的微观特性分析

当管式炉温由800 ℃升高到1 200 ℃时，神木煤灰的自身固硫率由63.5%降低到6.4%。晶相组成、孔隙结构和表面形态分析表明，800 ℃煤灰自身固硫渣样中CaSO4的质量分数高达18%，CaCO3和CaO的质量分数高达22.4%。渣样表面呈蓬松的棉絮状结构，颗粒内部有许多均匀密布的细小孔隙。1 200 ℃渣样中的CaSO4已全部分解，并且不存在任何CaCO3或CaO晶相，渣样表面由许多结构密实、表面光滑的块状颗粒组成，带有明显的烧结胀大和高温熔融的痕迹。1 200 ℃渣样的比表面积、孔容积和平均孔径等比800 ℃时急剧减小。     

Sulphur capturing by an inertinite rich high ash bituminous coal during conversion in a pilot packed bed reactor

Sulphur is liberated from the coal structure and released in various forms during coal thermal processing. The possibility of sulphur capture, through injection of SO₂ into a packed coal bed in a pilot packed bed reactor operated under controlled conditions, was investigated. Results showed that SO₂ injection into a packed coal bed leads to sulphur capturing mainly in the coal mineral matter. Mineralogical analysis (XRD) of the ash samples obtained from the experiments indicates that the sulphur-capture products that are formed include FeS, CaS and small amounts of organically associated sulphur. Troilite (FeS) was observed in the SO₂ treated samples, while no troilite was observed in the reference samples. Calcite and dolomite are transformed into CaO and other calcium-containing compounds in the pyrolyses zone, with some CaS being formed in the gasification zone via the reaction between SO₂ and CaO in the presence of CO from the gasification reactions. CaO formed at the high temperatures in the combustion and ash zone is transformed into CaSO₄ upon reaction with SO₂ as an oxidizing atmosphere prevails in this zone. The existence of these compounds is dependent on the extent of oxidising or reducing conditions during the process, with CaS favoured under reducing conditions and CaSO₄ favoured under oxidising conditions.     

CaO固硫过程中Ca~(2+)在CaSO_4产物层内扩散的研究

应用标记实验技术，研究CaO固硫反应过程中产物层扩散控制阶段的反应机理 。利用扫描电镜和反射式光学显微镜，对压制烧结并带有Pt标记的CaO样品在固硫 反应前后的形貌变化观察，结果表明：经过较长时间的固硫反应后，在Pt标记层外 表面形成一层覆盖物，XRD分析结果证明该覆盖物是CaSO_4。利用电化学综合测试 仪测量了CaO及CaSO_4在高温下的电导率，结果表明在1000 ℃时CaSO_4的电导率达 到了10~(-3)数量级，说明在高温下CaSO_4内Ca~(2+)有较高的离子迁移特性。根据 标记实验、电导率测试的结果和CaO掺杂体系的固硫动力学数据的分析认为：CaO固 硫反应在后期的扩散层控制阶段的主要反应是Ca~(2+)通过CaSO_4产物层扩散至 CaSO_4外表面与SO_2和O_2进行反应，生成CaSO_4，而不是SO_2和O_2气体通过 CaSO_4产物层向内扩散，在颗粒内部与CaO发生固硫反应。     

Peculiarities of Interactions in the CaCO3/CaO-SO2/SO3-Air System A review

The reactions occurring between CaCO3/CaO and SO2/SO3 in oxidizing atmospheres are discussed. Calcination and sulphation were carried out in a thermobalance under conditions relevant to atmospheric fluidized bed combustion. It is suggested that the quality of limestones as potential SO2 sorbents can be assessed on the basis of tests carried out in a TG apparatus adapted for use with corrosive gases. Limestone calcined under different conditions including the treatment with NaCl leads to changes in surface texture. Sulphated samples were examined in a SEM by energy dispersive X-ray and backscattered electron imaging. Two sulphur-bearing solids (CaSO4 and CaS) were identified. The sulphation rate and extent are determined by the product layer diffusion. The amount of CaS present at the end of the process depends on the particle size of the sorbent. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The thermal behaviour of compounds in the Ca-S-O system

Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis up to ca. 1400C of the thermal stability of CaSO₃, CaS, CaSO₄ and physical mixture of CaS and CaSO₄ (molar ratio = 13) both in air and nitrogen atmosphere has allowed overlapping reactions to be defined. The thermal decomposition of CaSO₃ in air does not result in CaO and SO₂ either, but after disproportionation reaction they are formed via the system: 3CaSO₄ + CaS 4CaO + 4SO₂. The oxidation reactions of CaSO₃ and CaS should also be taken into account. The data from the X-ray diffraction analysis of the stable solid intermediates and from the polythermal X-ray diffraction studies provide supporting evidence for the proposed reaction mechanisms.The author thanks Prof. Dr. D. Knöfel of the Universität Gesamthochschule in Siegen and Prof. Dr. W. H. Hoffmann of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster for making the facilities of their laboratories available to her. This work was performed under a UN-Fellowship.     

Effect of CaCl2 on the desulphurization by CaO of a carbon-saturated Fe-Si-S alloy

The desulphurization of a carbon-saturated Fe-Si-S alloy by CaO and CaO-7.5% CaCl₂ slags at 1300 °C, and by CaO-10% CaF₂ and CaO-7.5% CaCl₂ slags at 1450 °C were investigated. The results indicated that the addition of 7.5% CaCl₂ to CaO improved the desulphurization of the carbon-saturated Fe-Si-S alloy at 1300 °C by forming a liquid reaction surface. X-ray diffraction studies on the reaction surface of CaO showed that solid CaS formed on the lime surface. This solid reaction product reduces the transfer of sulfur to the CaO surface. At 1450 °C, CaO-10% CaF₂ and CaO-7.5% CaCl₂ slags contain both liquid and solid phases. X-ray diffraction studies showed that a smaller amount of solid CaS formed on the reaction surface of the CaO-7.5% CaCl₂ slag than on the CaO-10% CaF₂ slag. The formation of a smaller amount of solid CaS and the presence of a liquid phase at the metal-slag interface enhanced the desulphurization with CaO-7.5% CaCl₂ at 1450 °C.     

稻秆的烘焙预处理及其固体产物的气化反应性能

稻秆资源分散、水分含量高且密度低、热值低,烘焙预处理技术能够降低收集运输的物流成本,获得的固体产物能量密度高、可磨性好,适于气流床气化。在固定床热解装置上通N₂保护,稻秆分别经过200℃、250℃、300℃烘焙30min,得到的固体产物在热重分析仪中与CO₂进行非等温气化实验,升温速率20℃/min,终温1200℃。实验结果表明,稻秆烘焙产物以固体剩余物和不凝结气体为主,还有少量可凝结液体(水分和焦油)。气体产物中CO₂所占比例超过80%,其次为CO和微量CH₄。预处理温度越高,固体剩余物越少、气体产物越多,可凝结性液体变化不大。稻秆烘焙过程的能量产率为40%~60%,随温度升高经历了急剧下降和缓慢降低两个阶段。固体剩余物的可磨性相比原始稻秆有了很大的提高,易于制细粉用于气流床气化。烘焙温度升高,所得固体产物气化反应性提高。根据Coats-Redfern法确定烘焙稻秆焦-CO₂气化反应机理符合二维扩散模型,求得反应活化能73kJ/mol~88kJ/mol。     

The thermal behavior of triethylenediammonium salts

(trienH₂)[CoCl₄], which contains tetrahedral chlorocobaltate(II) anions, decomposes under argon in two stages via a stepwise deprotonation of the cation. The decomposition starts at 310°C with the liberation of HCl, followed at 400°C by the simultaneous release of a further mole of HCl and triene and/or its cracking products. The second decomposition stage is strongly influenced by the atmosphere. In the lower temperature region (<400°C), increasing oxygen contents of the carrier gas lead to decreasing mass losses. Therefore, the solid residues contain various amounts of C,N-containing products as well as coke. The thermal decomposition of the iron(III) compound, which contains μ-oxalato-bridged FeCl₄ units, begins with the dehydratation followed by the decay of the complex anion to produce CO, CO₂, and HCl. Instead of a binuclear, monooxobridged chloroferrate(III) complex, a [FeCl₄]^? — containing compound is proposed as one of the final products. The third decomposition stage, partially overlaying the preceding one, is the degradation of the organic cation as found for the cobalt compound. The results of thein situ-TA-MS measurements are compared with those obtained from usual TA techniques as well as from the residue characterization by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and chemical analysis.