PVC化学链燃烧过程中二噁英生成研究

制备了负载硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体,并对其与CH₄、CO和H₂的反应特性进行了研究表征。采用管式炉实验系统,对PVC在基于CaSO₄载氧体的化学链燃烧和空气燃烧两种方式下,二噁英的生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,负载了硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体与CH₄、CO和H₂反应均接近完全转化,其中,与CH₄和H₂的反应时间显著短于CO。采用化学链燃烧方式可有效抑制PVC燃烧过程二噁英的生成,其生成量和毒性当量分别由空气燃烧中的34 172.5 pg/g及732.8 pg(I-TEQ)/g降到化学链燃烧的2 270.9 pg/g及290.2 pg(I-TEQ)/g,这主要是因为化学链燃烧过程中燃料与O₂不直接接触,显著减少了大分子碳结构的氧化断裂以及HCl向Cl₂的转化,从而抑制了二噁英的低温从头合成反应和前驱物生成反应。     

天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气实验研究

在一个小型鼓泡流化床反应器上以Ar气为流化介质,对以天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气过程进行了研究。考察了反应温度对合成气组分、气体产率、碳转化率以及气化效率的影响,反应时间对合成气组分的影响;探讨了氧载体存在对生物质气化过程的影响。结果表明,天然铁矿石可以作为生物质化学链气化制合成气反应过程的氧载体,代替富氧空气或高温水蒸气作为生物质气化的气化剂;随着温度的升高,产物气体中CO、H₂的浓度逐渐增加,CO₂、CH₄浓度缓慢降低;随着反应时间的延长,合成气中H₂、CO、CH₄的相对浓度缓慢增加,而CO₂相对浓度逐渐降低;氧载体的存在能显著提高气体产率和碳的转化率及气化效率。扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析表明,当超过850 ℃时,铁矿石氧载体颗粒表面烧结现象明显,但反应前后,颗粒表面的成分及含量基本保持不变。     

生物油部分氧化气化制备合成气研究

以生物油为原料,在常压和空气氛围下进行非催化部分氧化气化实验制备合成气,考察了气化温度、氧油比对合成气形成特性及合成气品质的影响,并对生物油非催化部分氧化气化制备合成气的主要反应过程进行了讨论。结果表明,升高温度可以促进生物油经非催化部分氧化气化制合成气过程中相关转化反应的进行,合适的氧油比有利于合成气的增加。当温度为1 050℃,空气量为0.2 L/min,进料量为72 g/h时,生物油经部分氧化产生的气体中H₂含量最高,CH₄、CO和CO₂很少;H₂/CO和H₂/(CO+CO₂)均达到最大值,分别为4.3和3.2。     

惰性载体对CaSO4载氧体化学链燃烧性能的影响

为提高化学链燃烧中CaSO₄载氧体的机械强度和反应活性,采用机械混合法制备了负载甘油、硅溶胶以及拟薄水铝石惰性载体的CaSO₄载氧体,并对其机械强度、反应特性等进行了实验研究。结果表明,甘油和硅溶胶的加入可显著提高CaSO₄载氧体的机械强度,而拟薄水铝石作用较小。热重还原实验表明,甘油和硅溶胶的加入可加快载氧体与甲烷的反应速率,缩短反应时间。XRD分析表明,惰性载体的加入不会影响CaSO₄向CaS转化,CaSO₄接近完全转化。     

CaO/MgO负载的钙钛矿型氧化物用于甲烷化学链蒸汽重整

甲烷化学链蒸汽重整(Chemical-looping steam methane reforming,CL-SMR)是基于化学链燃烧的概念而提出的一种新颖的技术。在重整反应器中,甲烷与载氧体中的晶格氧发生部分氧化反应生成合成气(H₂/CO物质的量比为2.0),还原后的载氧体进入到水蒸气反应器中,与水蒸气反应恢复晶格氧的同时生成H₂。以钙钛矿型氧化物LaFeO₃为载氧体用于甲烷化学链蒸气重整过程,同时通过碱金属CaO和MgO对LaFeO₃进行负载,以增大载氧体的比表面积、热稳定性和抗积炭能力。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、BET比表面积分析(BET)和X光电子能谱(XPS)对载氧体进行表征。结果表明,三种载氧体均表现出较高的反应活性和合成气选择性,循环后仍能保持钙钛矿的结构。从反应性能、选择性和抗积炭能力等方面综合考虑,LaFeO₃-CaO的效果最好,五次循环后具有很好的再生性。     

Ce-Fe-Zr-O/MgO整体型氧载体用于化学链部分氧化甲烷制合成气

以MgO为载体,采用球磨法制备了Ce-Fe-Zr-O/MgO粉末状氧载体,进而采用挤压成型法制备了整体型氧载体。研究了两种氧载体化学链部分氧化甲烷制合成气的性能,并通过XRD、H₂-TPR对氧载体进行表征。结果表明,粉末状氧载体中的储氧组分以Ce-Fe-Zr-O固溶体形式存在,而整体型氧载体的制备过程会导致Zr、Fe游离氧化物的形成。粉末状氧载体和整体型氧载体上均存在表面晶格氧和体相晶格氧,其中,体相晶格氧具有高选择性氧化甲烷的性能,可以将甲烷转化成CO和H₂。粉末状氧载体与甲烷反应活性较高,但其存在高含量的表面氧,易导致甲烷的完全氧化。整体型氧载体上体相晶格氧占据优势,可将甲烷选择性氧化为CO和H₂。氧化还原循环实验表明,粉末状氧载体在还原反应发生短时间内容易引起甲烷裂解导致产物气中的H₂/CO物质的量比显著大于2.0,同时产生大量积炭,制约了其循环性能。而整体型氧载体经10次循环实验后,全程反应过程中合成气H₂/CO物质的量比一直维持在2.0附近,显示了较高的循环稳定性能。     

CeO2/Co3O4氧载体的制备及其甲烷化学链燃烧性能研究

制备了系列甲烷化学链燃烧用CeO₂/Co₃O₄复合氧载体,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、甲烷程序升温和恒温反应对氧载体进行了表征与评价。研究了不同CeO₂的负载量对复合氧载体的结构、氧化还原性、产物选择性的影响。结果表明,氧化铈的添加不仅降低了氧载体的初始反应温度,还延长了有效反应时间,但铈添加量过高会降低产物CO₂选择性,使甲烷向部分氧化进行。CeO₂(30%)/Co₃O₄氧载体在650 ℃经20次循环后甲烷转化率和CO₂选择性均未明显降低,表现出较高的活性和化学链循环稳定性。     

提纯烟气脱硫渣载氧体煤化学链燃烧性能研究

基于电厂烟气脱硫渣，采用多步酸洗工艺加以提纯并制备获得CaSO₄载氧体。在高温固定床反应器上研究了还原反应温度、载氧体过量系数Φ、多次还原氧化循环等因素对提纯脱硫渣载氧体与煤化学链燃烧特性和气相硫演化规律的影响。结果表明，提纯脱硫渣载氧体有较高的反应活性，能够促进煤的充分转化；综合考虑碳的转化以及气相硫释放的抑制，最优反应工况中还原反应温度确定为900℃、载氧体过量系数Φ=1.0为最佳。经过五次还原氧化循环实验发现，随着循环次数的增加，CaSO₄副反应的进行及气相硫的不断释放，导致提纯脱硫渣载氧体循环反应活性略有降低，反应稳定性受到了一定的影响。     

Mn/Ce-ZrO2催化剂低温NH3-SCR脱硝性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了三种具有不同载体的锰基NH₃低温选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)催化剂Mn/Ce-ZrO₂、Mn/P₂₅和Mn/Al₂O₃。研究了三种催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性及抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能,并采用XRD、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,在无H₂O和SO₂存在的情况下,三种催化剂的低温SCR催化活性均比较高。相对来说,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂在低温段(100~160℃)活性更高,Mn/P₂₅在高温段(160~220℃)活性更高,这与两种催化剂的氧化还原性质有关。H₂-TPR表征表明,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂更容易发生氧化还原反应,而Mn/P₂₅还原峰对应的温度较高、面积较大。三种催化剂均有很高的低温抗水性能。另外,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能最好,而Mn/P₂₅的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能最差。Mn/Ce-ZrO₂具有较好的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能是由于其具有较多的表面酸位点,且表面生成的硫铵盐不稳定。     

Fe2O3/Al2O3氧载体用于甲烷化学链燃烧：负载量与制备方法的影响

以不同方法制备了系列Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、CH₄-TPR、O₂-TPD和BET等分析技术对氧载体进行了表征。研究了不同Fe₂O₃负载量氧载体的甲烷化学链燃烧性能,考察了不同制备方法对Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体结构、反应性和产物选择性的影响。结果表明,Fe₂O₃负载量对氧载体活性及产物中CO₂选择性的影响较大,负载量较低时氧载体活性较低且引起甲烷部分氧化产物CO含量增加。制备方法亦对氧载体与甲烷的反应活性有所影响,整体上共沉淀法制备的质量分数60％Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体具有较高的氧化活性和化学链循环稳定性。其在反应温度850℃、反应时间15 min、30次循环后甲烷转化率及产物中CO₂选择性均未见明显降低。     

Cycle performance of Cu-based oxygen carrier based on a chemical-looping combustion process

The cycle life of oxygen carrier(OC) is crucial to the practical applications of chemical looping combustion(CLC). Cycle performance of Cu/SiO_2 prepared with a mechanical mixing method was evaluated based on a CLC process characterized with an added methane steam reforming step. The Cu/SiO_2 exhibited high redox reactivity in the initial cycles, while the performance degraded with cycle number. Through characterization of the degraded Cu/SiO_2, the performance degradation was mainly caused by the secondary particles' fragmentation and the fine particles' local agglomeration, which worsened the distribution and diffusion of the reactive gases in the packed bed. A regeneration method of the degraded OC based on re-granulation has been proposed, and its mechanism has been illustrated. With this method, the performance of the degraded OC through 420 redox cycles was recovered to a level close to the initial one.     

Chemical looping combustion of high-sulfur coal with NiFe2O4-combined oxygen carrier

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) of coal has gained increasing attention as a novel combustion technology for its attractive advantage in the inherent separation of CO₂. In relative to the single metal oxide-based oxygen carrier (OC), combined OC owned superiority for CLC of coal. In this research, combined NiFe₂O₄ OC was synthesized using sol–gel combustion synthesis method, and its reaction with a typical Chinese high-sulfur coal as Liuzhi (LZ) coal was performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). And then, systematic investigation was carried out to explore the evolution of sulfur species and minerals involved in coal and their interaction with the reduced NiFe₂O₄ OC through different means, including fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic simulation. TG–FTIR analysis of LZ reaction with NiFe₂O₄ indicated that two reaction stages were experienced at 350–550 and 800–900 °C, respectively, far different from LZ pyrolysis, and SO₂ occurred mainly related to oxidization of H₂S with NiFe₂O₄ over 550 °C. Meanwhile, lattice oxygen transfer rates of NiFe₂O₄ involved at the two reaction stages were higher than that of directly mixed NiO with Fe₂O₃ OC and thus more beneficial for LZ coal conversion. Both experimental means and thermodynamic simulation of the solid-reduced residues of NiFe₂O₄ with LZ coal indicated that the main-reduced counterparts of NiFe₂O₄ were Ni and Fe₃O₄. In addition, though good regeneration of the reduced NiFe₂O₄ was reached, the side products Ni₃S₂ and Ni₂SiO₄ should be noted as well for its detrimental effect on the reactivity of NiFe₂O₄ OC.     

Industrial wastewater treatment wastes used as oxygen carriers in energy generation processes

The paper contains the results of a study on a promising combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC). The main advantage of CLC is the production of a highly concentrated CO₂ stream without any energy penalty for its separation, together with NO_x emissions reduction. The objective of this work was to examine novel oxygen carrier (OC) materials for their practical applications with gaseous fuel/air. We report a simple, economical and environmentally friendly method for the large-scale synthesis of OCs from wastes. The reactivity tests for OCs made from wastewater from a coking plant were performed in a thermogravimetric analyser. For selected temperatures, reduction–oxidation cycles were performed. The effect of temperature on the reaction rates, the effect of waste treatment and the oxygen transport capacity were determined. The waste material demonstrated good thermal stability and maintained its redox behaviour over cycling. ICP-OES and XRD data revealed these materials that contained beneficial amounts of Fe species and silicon oxide, which improved stability. The study showed that these waste materials are excellent examples of raw materials that can enable a decrease in OC production costs with the additional benefit of the practical management of post-wastewater sediments from coke oven wastewater plants.

     

水泥生料的燃烧固硫特性及其微观反应机理研究

采用SC-132定硫仪对水泥生料的燃烧固硫特性进行了评价，利用XRD、SEM对煅烧样品进行矿相组成分析及矿物形态分析，讨论了水泥生料高温固硫的微观反应机理。结果表明，高温段固硫物相的热稳定性是影响水泥生料固硫效率的决定因素。水泥生料在较宽温度范围内具有85%以上的固硫效率。850 ℃时已有CaSO4形成， 1 050 ℃时CaSO4开始分解。1050℃～1250℃生成耐高温的硫硅酸钙、硫铝酸钙等复合矿物。1300℃时铁铝酸盐固熔体等将硫酸盐的表面包裹，抑制其高温分解，使水泥生料在1300℃时仍有较高的固硫效率。     

Structural, electrochemical and oxygen atom transfer properties of a molybdenum selenoether complex [Mo2O4(OC3H6SeC3H6O)2] and its thioether analogue [Mo2O4(OC3H6SC3H6O)2

The first crystallographically characterized molybdenum(vi) selenoether complex [Mo(2)O(4)(OC(3)H(6)SeC(3)H(6)O)(2)] and its thioether analogue [Mo(2)O(4)(OC(3)H(6)SC(3)H(6)O)(2)] were synthesised. Their structural, electrochemical and oxygen atom transfer properties are compared. This is relevant for the molybdenum cofactors of the DMSO reductase family where the coordination of the active site metal occurs through O (serine/aspartate), S (cysteine) or Se (selenocysteine). Both structures are almost identical except for those parameters that are directly derived from the different sizes of the varied ligand atoms (Se and S). No trans influence was observed. The metal centered redox process (Mo(V)<-->Mo(VI)) is at slightly lower voltage for the sulfur than for the selenium complex. The selenium compound catalyses the oxygen atom transfer from DMSO to PPh(3) by a different mechanism and at a higher rate than the sulfur compound, which is an indication that cysteine and selenocysteine might be used for a purpose in the different molybdenum and tungsten cofactors.     

Effective direct chemical looping coal combustion with bi-metallic Fe–Cu oxygen carriers studied using TG-MS techniques

This paper contains the results of research on a promising combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC). The noteworthy advantage of CLC is that a concentrated CO₂ stream can be obtained after water condensation without any energy penalty for CO₂ separation. The objective of this work was to prepare novel bi-metallic Fe–Cu oxygen carriers and to evaluate the performance of these carriers for the CLC process with hard coal/air. One-cycle CLC tests were conducted with supported Fe–Cu oxygen carriers in thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) utilizing hard coal as a fuel. The effects of the oxygen carrier chemical composition, particle size, and steam addition on the reaction rates were determined. The fractional reduction, fractional oxidation, and the reaction rates were calculated from the TG data. Notably, the support had a considerable effect on the reaction performance. Moreover, bi-metallic Fe–Cu oxygen carriers exhibited significantly improved reactivity compared with monometallic Fe oxygen carriers. Furthermore, the addition of a second reactive metal oxide stabilized the oxygen carrier structure. The oxidation reaction was significantly faster than the reduction reaction for all supported Fe–Cu oxygen carriers. The TG data indicated that these oxygen carriers had stable performances up to 900 °C and may be effectively used for direct coal CLC reactions.     

铜基载氧体与可燃固体废弃物化学链燃烧特性研究

采用机械混合法制备了铜基载氧体,利用两段式管式炉反应平台和磁悬浮热重分析仪分别研究了铜基载氧体与石墨、可燃固体废弃物典型组分及可燃固体废弃物热解气模型物CH₄的化学链燃烧特性。结果表明,机械混合法制备的Cu80Si950载氧体强度高,具有良好的转化率和循环稳定性,是实现可燃固体废弃物化学链燃烧的一种比较理想的载氧体。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和颗粒强度测定仪对各个反应阶段载氧体进行分析。结果表明,Cu80Si950载氧体参与反应后表面结构发生巨大改变,机械强度骤降。多次循环之后载氧体结构趋于规则均匀化,形成类似球棒形状的大孔隙率结构,强度保持不变,使得载氧体在长时间使用过程中反应性能得以维持。     

基于水泥修饰的赤铁矿载氧体污泥化学链燃烧特性研究

采用水泥修饰赤铁矿来提高载氧体的反应活性。实验在1kW_th串行流化床上进行,研究了添加水泥对污泥化学链燃烧特性的影响,考察其长期运行的物化性能。结果表明,在实验工况下,赤铁矿添加水泥后,出口的未燃气体浓度明显下降。燃料反应器温度低于870℃时,水泥的添加使污泥的碳转化率和燃烧效率显著升高。在10h长期运行后,一部分污泥灰沉积在载氧体表面。虽然在反应过程中部分的Fe₂O₃被深度还原,但在长期运行中未出现流化问题和烧结现象。