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1.
Dielectric switches that can be converted between high and low dielectric states by thermal stimuli have attracted much interest owing to their many potential applications. Currently one main drawback for practical application lies in the non‐tunability of their switch temperatures (TS). We report here an ionic co‐crystal (Me3NH)4[Ni(NCS)6] that contains a multiply rotatable Me3NH+ ion and a solely rotatable one due to a more spacious supramolecular cage for the former one. This compound undergoes an isostructural order–disorder phase transition and it can function as a frequency‐tuned dielectric switch with highly adjustable TS, which is further revealed by the variable‐temperature structure analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, the distinct arrangements and molecular dynamics of two coexisting Me3NH+ ions confined in different lattice spaces as well as the notable offset effect on the promoting/hindering of dipolar reorientation after dielectric transition provide a rarely observed but fairly good model for understanding and modulating the dipole motion in crystalline environment.  相似文献   

2.
A new perovskite‐like coordination polymer [(CH3)2NH2][Cd(N3)3] is reported which undergoes a reversible ferroelastic phase transition. This transition is due to varied modes of motion of the [(CH3)2NH2]+ guest accompanied by a synergistic deformation of the [Cd(N3)3]? framework. The unusual two‐staged switchable dielectric relaxation reveals the molecular dynamics of the polar cation guest, which are well controlled by the variable confined space of the host framework. As the material switches from the ferroelastic phase to the paraelastic phase, a remarkable increase of the rotational energy barrier is detected. As a result, upon heating at low temperature, this compound shows a notable change from a low to a high dielectric state in the ferroelastic phase. This thermoresponsive host–guest system may serve as a model compound for the development of sensitive thermoresponsive dielectric materials and may be key to understanding and modulating molecular/ionic dynamics of guest molecules in confined space.  相似文献   

3.
《化学:亚洲杂志》2018,13(19):2916-2922
Molecular‐based ionic co‐crystals, which have the merits of low‐cost/easy fabrication processes and flexible structure and functionality, have already exhibited tremendous potential in molecular memory switches and other electric devices. However, dipole (ON/OFF switching) triggering is a huge challenge. Here, we introduce a pendulum‐like dynamic strategy to induce the order–disorder transition of a co‐crystal [C5H7N3Cl]3[Sb2Br9] (compound 1 ). Here, the anion and cation act as a stator and a pendulum‐like rotor (the source of the dielectric switch), respectively. The temperature‐dependent dielectric and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses reveal that 1 undergoes a reversible phase transition, which stems from the order–disorder transition of the cations. The thermal ON/OFF switchable motions make 1 a promising candidate to promote the development of bulk crystals as artificial intelligent dielectric materials. In addition, the pendulum‐like molecular dynamics and distinct arrangements of two coexisting ions with a notable offset effect promotes/hinders dipolar reorientation after dielectric transition and provides a rarely observed but fairly useful and feasible strategy for understanding and modulating the dipole motion in crystalline electrically polarizable materials.  相似文献   

4.
A new class of high‐temperature dipolar polymers based on sulfonylated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SO2‐PPO) was synthesized by post‐polymer functionalization. Owing to the efficient rotation of highly polar methylsulfonyl side groups below the glass transition temperature (Tg≈220 °C), the dipolar polarization of these SO2‐PPOs was enhanced, and thus the dielectric constant was high. Consequently, the discharge energy density reached up to 22 J cm?3. Owing to its high Tg , the SO2‐PPO25 sample also exhibited a low dielectric loss. For example, the dissipation factor (tan δ) was 0.003, and the discharge efficiency at 800 MV m?1 was 92 %. Therefore, these dipolar glass polymers are promising for high‐temperature, high‐energy‐density, and low‐loss electrical energy storage applications.  相似文献   

5.
The title compound, Na+·C9H7N4O5S·2H2O, presents a Z configuration around the imine C=N bond and an E configuration around the C(O)NH2 group, stabilized by two intra­molecular hydrogen bonds. The packing is governed by ionic inter­actions between the Na+ cation and the surrounding O atoms. The ionic unit, Na+ and 2‐oxo‐3‐semicarbazono‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indole‐5‐sulfonate, forms layers extending in the bc plane. The layers are connected by hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecules.  相似文献   

6.
The paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition in two isostructural metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [NH4][M(HCOO)3] (M=Mg, Zn) was investigated by in situ variable‐temperature 25Mg, 67Zn, 14N, and 13C solid‐state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy. With decreasing temperature, a disorder–order transition of NH4+ cations causes a change in dielectric properties. It is thought that [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3] exhibits a higher transition temperature than [NH4][Zn(HCOO)3] due to stronger hydrogen‐bonding interactions between NH4+ ions and framework oxygen atoms. 25Mg and 67Zn NMR parameters are very sensitive to temperature‐induced changes in structure, dynamics, and dielectric behavior; stark spectral differences across the paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition are intimately related to subtle changes in the local environment of the metal center. Although 25Mg and 67Zn are challenging nuclei for SSNMR experiments, the highly spherically symmetric metal‐atom environments in [NH4][M(HCOO)3] give rise to relatively narrow spectra that can be acquired in 30–60 min at a low magnetic field of 9.4 T. Complementary 14N and 13C SSNMR experiments were performed to probe the role of NH4+–framework hydrogen bonding in the paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition. This multinuclear SSNMR approach yields new physical insights into the [NH4][M(HCOO)3] system and shows great potential for molecular‐level studies on electric phenomena in a wide variety of MOFs.  相似文献   

7.
We present three Mg–formate frameworks, incorporating three different ammoniums: [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3] ( 1 ), [CH3CH2NH3][Mg(HCOO)3] ( 2 ) and [NH3(CH2)4NH3][Mg2(HCOO)6] ( 3 ). They display structural phase transitions accompanied by prominent dielectric anomalies and anisotropic and negative thermal expansion. The temperature‐dependent structures, covering the whole temperature region in which the phase transitions occur, reveal detailed structural changes, and structure–property relationships are established. Compound 1 is a chiral Mg–formate framework with the NH4+ cations located in the channels. Above 255 K, the NH4+ cation vibrates quickly between two positions of shallow energy minima. Below 255 K, the cations undergo two steps of freezing of their vibrations, caused by the different inner profiles of the channels, producing non‐compensated antipolarization. These lead to significant negative thermal expansion and a relaxor‐like dielectric response. In perovskite 2 , the orthorhombic phase below 374 K possesses ordered CH3CH2NH3+ cations in the cubic cavities of the Mg–formate framework. Above 374 K, the structure becomes trigonal, with trigonally disordered cations, and above 426 K, another phase transition occurs and the cation changes to a two‐fold disordered state. The two transitions are accompanied by prominent dielectric anomalies and negative and positive thermal expansion, contributing to the large regulation of the framework coupled the order–disorder transition of CH3CH2NH3+. For niccolite 3 , the gradually enhanced flipping movement of the middle ethylene of [NH3(CH2)4NH3]2+ in the elongated framework cavity finally leads to the phase transition with a critical temperature of 412 K, and the trigonally disordered cations and relevant framework change, providing the basis for the very strong dielectric dispersion, high dielectric constant (comparable to inorganic oxides), and large negative thermal expansion. The spontaneous polarizations for the low‐temperature polar phases are 1.15, 3.43 and 1.51 μC cm?2 for 1 , 2 and 3 , respectively, as estimated by the shifts of the cations related to the anionic frameworks. Thermal and variable‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction studies confirm the phase transitions, and the materials are all found to be thermally stable up to 470 K.  相似文献   

8.
The molecular relaxation processes and structure of isotactic polystyrene (iPS) films were investigated with real‐time dielectric spectroscopy and simultaneous wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The purpose of this work was to explore the restrictions imposed on molecular mobility in the vicinity of the α relaxation (glass transition) for crystallized iPS. Isothermal cold crystallization at temperatures of Tc = 140 or 170 °C resulted in a sigmoidal increase of crystallinity with crystallization time. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg), determined calorimetrically, exhibited almost no increase during the first stage of crystal growth before impingement of spherulites. After impingement, the calorimetric Tg increased, suggesting that confinement effects occur in the latter stages of crystallization. For well‐crystallized samples, the radius of the cooperativity region decreased substantially as compared with the purely amorphous sample but was always smaller than the layer thickness of the mobile amorphous fraction. Dielectric experiments directly probed changes in the amorphous dipole mobility. The real‐time dielectric data were fitted to a Havriliak–Negami model, and the time dependence of the parameters describing the distribution of relaxation times and dielectric strength was obtained. The central dipolar relaxation time showed little variation before spherulite impingement but increased sharply during the second stage of crystal growth as confinement occurred. Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann analysis demonstrated that the dielectric reference temperature, corresponding to the onset of calorimetric Tg, did not vary for well‐crystallized samples. This observation agreed with a model in which constraints affect primarily the modes having longer relaxation times and thus broaden the glass‐transition relaxation process on the higher temperature side. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 777–789, 2004  相似文献   

9.
In acetate buffer media (pH 4.5–5.4) thiosulfate ion (S2O32?) reduces the bridged superoxo complex, [(NH3)4CoIII(μ‐NH2,μ‐O2)CoIII(NH3)4]4+ ( 1 ) to its corresponding μ‐peroxo product, [(NH3)4CoIII(μ‐NH2,μ‐O2)CoIII(NH3)4]3+ ( 2 ) and along a parallel reaction path, simultaneously S2O32? reacts with 1 to produce the substituted μ‐thiosulfato‐μ‐superoxo complex, [(NH3)4CoIII(μ‐S2O3,μ‐O2)CoIII(NH3)4]3+ ( 3 ). The formation of μ‐thiosulfato‐μ‐superoxo complex ( 3 ) appears as a precipitate which on being subjected to FTIR shows absorption peaks that support the presence of Co(III)‐bound S‐coordinated S2O32? group. In reaction media, 3 readily dissolves to further react with S2O32? to produce μ‐thiosulfato‐μ‐peroxo product, [(NH3)4CoIII(μ‐S2O3,μ‐O2)CoIII(NH3)4]2+ ( 4 ). The observed rate (k0) increases with an increase in [TThio] ([TThio] is the analytical concentration of S2O32?) and temperature (T), but it decreases with an increase in [H+] and the ionic strength (I). Analysis of the log At versus time data (A is the absorbance of 1 at time t) reveals that overall the reaction follows a biphasic consecutive reaction path with rate constants k1 and k2 and the change of absorbance is equal to {a1 exp(–k1t) + a2 exp(–k2t)}, where k1 > k2.  相似文献   

10.
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, with the formula ABX3 (A=organic cation, B=metal cation, and X=halide; for example, CH3NH3PbI3), have diverse and intriguing physical properties, such as semiconduction, phase transitions, and optical properties. Herein, a new ABX3‐type semiconducting perovskite‐like hybrid, (hexamethyleneimine)PbBr3 ( 1 ), consisting of one‐dimensional inorganic frameworks and cyclic organic cations, is reported. Notably, the inorganic moiety of 1 adopts a perovskite‐like architecture and forms infinite columns composed of face‐sharing PbBr6 octahedra. Strikingly, the organic cation exhibits a highly flexible molecular configuration, which triggers an above‐room‐temperature phase transition, at Tc=338.8 K; this is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), specific heat capacity (Cp), and dielectric measurements. Further structural analysis reveals that the phase transition originates from the molecular configurational distortion of the organic cations coupled with small‐angle reorientation of the PbBr6 octahedra inside the inorganic components. Moreover, temperature‐dependent conductivity and UV/Vis absorption measurements reveal that 1 also displays semiconducting behavior below Tc. It is believed that this work will pave a potential way to design multifeatured perovskite hybrids by utilizing cyclic organic amines.  相似文献   

11.
Solvothermal reactions of the calix[4]arene tetraacetic acid (H4CTA) with zinc nitrate in the presence of α,ω‐diaminoalkanes afford two‐dimensional metallopolycapsular networks of the formula {[Me2NH2]2[G@(Zn2(CTA)2)] ? (DMF)2 ? (H2O)4}n (G=+NH3–(CH2)n–NH3+, n=2, 3, 4; DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide). These metallopolycapsular networks are built up of metallocapsules that consist of two CTA and two ZnII ions. Short alkanediyldiammonium (+NH3–(CH2)n–NH3+, n=2, 3, 4) guest ions are accommodated in each capsule of the metallopolycapsular network through a variety of supramolecular interactions. The thermal behaviours and the solid‐state photoluminescent properties of these complexes were also investigated.  相似文献   

12.
The phase‐transition behaviors, crystal structures, and dielectric properties of four kinds of simple 1:1 organic salts of (C12H25NH3+)(benzenesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(pyridine sulfonates) were examined from the viewpoint of intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions and dynamic conformational transformation in molecular assemblies. Crystals of (C12H25NH3+)(benzenesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(3‐pyridinesulfonate) were isostructural and solid–solid and solid–liquid‐crystal smectic A (SmA) phase transitions were observed. These two crystals formed rodlike cation–anion assemblies. However, the two salts, (C12H25NH3+)(2‐pyridinesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(4‐pyridinesulfonate), formed largely bent L ‐shaped cation–anion conformations. Interesting conformational transformations from rodlike to L ‐shaped assemblies were observed in (C12H25NH3+)(2‐pyridinesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(3‐pyridinesulfonate).  相似文献   

13.
A newly synthesized one‐dimensional (1D) hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) rhodium(II)–η5‐semiquinone complex, [Cp*Rh(η5p‐HSQ‐Me4)]PF6 ([ 1 ]PF6; Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; HSQ=semiquinone) exhibits a paraelectric–antiferroelectric second‐order phase transition at 237.1 K. Neutron and X‐ray crystal structure analyses reveal that the H‐bonded proton is disordered over two sites in the room‐temperature (RT) phase. The phase transition would arise from this proton disorder together with rotation or libration of the Cp* ring and PF6? ion. The relative permittivity εb′ along the H‐bonded chains reaches relatively high values (ca., 130) in the RT phase. The temperature dependence of 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra demonstrates that the proton is dynamically disordered in the RT phase and that the proton exchange has already occurred in the low‐temperature (LT) phase. Rate constants for the proton exchange are estimated to be 10?4–10?6 s in the temperature range of 240–270 K. DFT calculations predict that the protonation/deprotonation of [ 1 ]+ leads to interesting hapticity changes of the semiquinone ligand accompanied by reduction/oxidation by the π‐bonded rhodium fragment, producing the stable η6‐hydroquinone complex, [Cp*Rh3+6p‐H2Q‐Me4)]2+ ([ 2 ]2+), and η4‐benzoquinone complex, [Cp*Rh+4p‐BQ‐Me4)] ([ 3 ]), respectively. Possible mechanisms leading to the dielectric response are discussed on the basis of the migration of the protonic solitons comprising of [ 2 ]2+ and [ 3 ], which would be generated in the H‐bonded chain.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Fragmentation of the γ‐aminobutyric acid molecule (GABA, NH2(CH2)3COOH) following collisions with slow O6+ ions (v≈0.3 a.u.) was studied in the gas phase by a combined experimental and theoretical approach. In the experiments, a multicoincidence detection method was used to deduce the charge state of the GABA molecule before fragmentation. This is essential to unambiguously unravel the different fragmentation pathways. It was found that the molecular cations resulting from the collisions hardly survive the interaction and that the main dissociation channels correspond to formation of NH2CH2+, HCNH+, CH2CH2+, and COOH+ fragments. State‐of‐the‐art quantum chemistry calculations allow different fragmentation mechanisms to be proposed from analysis of the relevant minima and transition states on the computed potential‐energy surface. For example, the weak contribution at [M?18]+, where M is the mass of the parent ion, can be interpreted as resulting from H2O loss that follows molecular folding of the long carbon chain of the amino acid.  相似文献   

16.
本文用精密自动绝热量热仪测定了2-甲基-2-丁醇在80~305 K温区的热容,从热容曲线(Cp-T) 发现三个固-固相变和一个固-液相变, 其相变温度分别为T = 146.355, 149.929, 214.395, 262.706 K。从实验热容数据用最小二乘法得到以下四个温区的热容拟合方程。在80~140K温区, Cp,m = 39.208 + 8.0724X - 1.9583X2 + 10.06X3 + 1.799X4 - 7.2778X5 + 1.4919X6, 折合温度X = (T –110) / 30; 在 155 ~ 210 K温区, Cp,m = 70.701 + 10.631X + 12.767X2 + 0.3583X3 - 22.272X4 - 0.417X5 + 12.055X6, X = (T –182.5) /27.5; 在220 ~ 250 K温区, Cp,m = 99.176 + 7.7199X - 26.138X2 + 28.949X3 + 0.7599X4 - 25.823X5 + 21.131X6, X = (T – 235)/15; 在 270~305 K温区, Cp,m =121.73 + 16.53 X- 1.0732X2 - 34.937X3 - 19.865X4 + 24.324X5 + 18.544X6, X = (T –287.5)/17.5。从实验热容计算出相变焓分别为0.9392, 1.541, 0.6646, 2.239 kJ×mol-1; 相变熵分别为6.417, 10.28, 3.100, 8.527 J×K-1×mol-1。根据热力学函数关系式计算出80~305 K温区每隔5 K的热力学函数值 [HT –H298.15]和 [ST –S298.15]。  相似文献   

17.
The reactions of enantiomerically pure (1R, 2S)‐(+)‐cis‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol, (1S, 2R)‐(‐)‐cis‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol, and racemic trans‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol with trimethylaluminum, ‐gallium, and ‐indium produce the intramolecularly stabilized, enantiomerically pure dimethylmetal‐1‐amino‐2‐indanolates (1R, 2S)‐(+)‐cis‐Me2AlO‐2‐C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 1 ), (1S, 2R)‐(‐)‐cis‐Me2AlO‐2C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 2 ), (1R, 2S)‐(+)‐cis‐Me2GaO‐2‐C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 3 ), (1R, 2S)‐(+)‐cis‐Me2InO‐2‐C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 4 ), (1S, 2R)‐(‐)‐cis‐Me2InO‐2‐C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 5 ), and racemic (+/‐)‐trans‐Me2InO‐2‐C*HC7H6‐1‐C*HNH2 ( 6 ). The compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 27Al NMR and mass spectra as well as 1 and 3 to 6 by determination of their crystal and molecular structures. The dynamic dissociation/association behavior of the coordinative metal‐nitrogen bond was studied by low temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy.  相似文献   

18.
Chloro‐N′,N′‐dimethylformamidinium‐(dimethylcyanamide)trichloroberyllate, [Me2NC(Cl)NH2]+[BeCl3(NCNMe2)]? Chloro‐N′,N′‐dimethylformamidinium‐(dimethylcyanamide)trichloroberyllate, [Me2NC(Cl)NH2]+[BeCl3(NCNMe2)]? was prepared from BeCl2 with two equivalents of dimethylcyanamide in CH2Cl2 suspension. The compound was characterized by X‐ray crystallography and by IR spectroscopy. Space group , Z = 2, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 620.7(1), b = 744.9(2), c = 1520.3(3) pm, α = 96.87(2)°, β = 100.41(2)°, γ = 100.17(2)°, R1 = 0.0443. Cations and anions form N–H…Cl hydrogen bridges along [010].  相似文献   

19.
The crystal structure of the title novel one‐dimensional ABX3‐type organic–inorganic hybrid complex {(C10H16N)[CdCl3]}n, (I), consists of benzyltrimethylammonium (Me3BzN+) cations and one‐dimensional anionic {[Cd(μ‐Cl)3]} chains. Each CdII centre is hexacoordinated by bridging chloride ligands, giving a slightly distorted octahedral Cd(μ‐Cl)6 arrangement. The octahedra are linked by two opposite shared faces, giving rise to an almost perfectly linear anionic {[Cd(μ‐Cl)3]} chain in the a‐axis direction. Me3BzN+ cations located in the inter‐chain spaces balance the charge. Noncovalent static attracting forces (Coulombic and van der Waals forces) and nonclassical C—H...Cl hydrogen‐bond interactions stabilize the crystal structure.  相似文献   

20.
The reaction of 4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)ethanesulfonate ( L ) with Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ gave a series of analogous neutral trinuclear complexes with the formula [M3(μ‐ L )6(H2O)6] ( 1 – 5 ). These compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The magnetic properties of compounds 2 – 5 were studied. Complexes 2 – 4 show weak antiferromagnetic superexchange, with J values of ?0.33 ( 2 ), ?9.56 ( 3 ), and ?4.50 cm?1 ( 4 ) (exchange Hamiltonian H=?2 J (S1S2+S2S3)). Compound 5 shows two additional crystallographic phases ( 5 b and 5 c ) that can be obtained by dehydration and/or thermal treatment. These three phases exhibit distinct magnetic behavior. The Fe2+ centers in 5 are in high‐spin (HS) configuration at room temperature, with the central one exhibiting a non‐cooperative gradual spin transition below 250 K with T1/2=150 K. In 5 b , the central Fe2+ stays in its low‐spin (LS) state at room temperature, and cooperative spin transition occurs at higher temperatures and with the appearance of memory effect (T1/2↑=357 K and T1/2↓=343 K). In the case of 5 c , all iron centers remain in their HS configuration down to very low temperatures, with weak antiferromagnetic coupling (J=?1.16 cm?1). Compound 5 b exhibits spin transition with memory effect at the highest temperature reported, which matches the remarkable features of coordination polymers.  相似文献   

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