合金化对VH2解氢性能的影响

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理的平面波超软赝势方法, 研究了C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb合金化对VH₂的电子结构和解氢性能的影响. 计算结果显示C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb合金化VH₂后晶体模型的负合金形成热减少, 费米能级E_f处的电子浓度N(E_f)增加, 表明体系结构稳定性减弱, 解氢能力增强|V-H之间重叠集居数和电子密度计算也表明V-H之间相互作用减弱, 解氢能力增强|同时Mulliken集居数计算结果还显示掺杂以后解氢能力增强与V-d轨道Mulliken集居数减少, V-s轨道Mulliken集居数增加有关.     

钒氢化物电子结构的量子化学研究

利用电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法计算了钒基固溶体中钒氢反应前后钒及其氢化物(VHx, x=0, 1, 2)、假定原子簇模型VHx*(x=1, 2)和VHx′(x=0, 1)的电子结构. 结果表明：钒与氢气反应生成VH时, 化学效应和结构效应都使V 3d和H 1s轨道向低能量方向移动, 氢化物VH中V 3d和H 1s轨道重叠最多, V－H之间的相互作用较强。VH再与氢气反应生成VH₂时, 结构效应使V 3d和H 1s轨道都向高能量方向移动, 氢化物VH₂中V 3d和H 1s轨道重叠最少, V和H之间的相互作用较弱。氢化物VH和VH₂中不仅存在离子性相互作用, 而且还存在共价性相互作用. 结构效应导致VH₂中V－H键的共价性减弱, 从而导致VH₂中V和H之间的相互作用减弱. 氢化物VH的费米能级比VH₂的低, 说明VH更稳定.     

Ti,V, Nb掺杂MgH2储氢体系的放氢性能及微观机理

采用基于密度泛函理论的赝势平面波方法, 计算了过渡金属元素Ti, V, Nb掺杂MgH₂储氢体系的几何构型、能量与电子结构. 结果显示: Ti, V, Nb掺杂原子较Mg表现出更强的“亲氢性”, 掺杂原子在吸引周围H原子同时却削弱了体系中的H—Mg键强|掺杂体系相结构稳定性降低, 放氢性能提高, 且体系放氢能力按MgH₂-Ti, MgH₂-V, MgH₂-Nb顺序依次增强|放氢过程中, 掺杂原子与周围H原子所形成的氢化物团簇对改善体系放氢性能表现出主要的催化活性|掺杂元素改善MgH₂体系放氢性能的微观机理在于掺杂体系在费米能级附近能隙的变窄、低能级区成键电子数的减少以及H—Mg间相互作用的减弱.     

双桥硫配合物Cp_2M_2S_4(M=Fe,Ru)的电子结构及反应性

本文应用EHMO法研究了三个Cp_2M_2S_4(M=Fe,Ru)类配合物的电子结构,根据计算所得的分子轨道能级,轨道特征和Mulliken重叠集居等数据,对其成键性质进行了分析。这类配合物的反应性研究结果表明:在配合物的骨架构型重排η~1-S_2(?)η~2-S_2的可逆氧化还原反应过程中,桥配基是反应的活性位置。     

放热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能影响的理论研究

利用电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法计算了放热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能的影响。研究结果表明:在钒氢化物V₆₃H₆₄中加入放热型金属后，钒原子的净电荷都减少，而氢原子的净电荷既有增加又有减少，加入Ti、Ca以后，H原子的净电荷减少，而加入Mg、Zr以后，H原子的净电荷增加。研究还表明放热型金属合金化以后，V4s轨道电子态密度峰发生分裂，与H1s和H2s轨道电子态密度重叠程度增大，V-H之间相互作用增强;差分电荷密度还表明M-H之间也有较强的相互作用。Mg合金化导致氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄的费米能增加，氢化物稳定性减弱;Ca、Ti、Zr合金化导致氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄的费米能减少，氢化物更稳定。     

TiC、TiC1-x、(Ti1-xNbx)C电子结构的计算

采用离散变分x_α法（DV-X_α法）对TiC理想晶体、空位和掺杂缺陷结构中的电子结构进行了计算．通过选取分子簇模型,模拟了理想晶体、空位和掺杂缺陷情况．采用多重散射离散变分X_α法,通过自治迭代来求解局域密度泛函方程,得到了各个分子簇模型的电子结构．分析计算结果发现,在理想TiC结构的态密度图中,费米能级位于两峰之间．但在费米能级处的电子态密度不为零,这提供了TiC导电性的来源．在空位模型中,发现电子态密度在费米能级处有较大的值,说明空位的存在有利于提高TiC的导电能力．对于Nb掺杂后的电子结构,在费米能级处存在一个电子态密度峰,因而也有利于提高其导电性．在计算的过程中考虑到了分子簇模型边界条件带来的电行转移效应对电子结构的影响,通过提供适当的环境势,得到了较精确的计算结果．与已有的计算结果进行了对比,有较好的一致性．     

LiBH4-X（X=O,F和Cl）体系解氢性能的第一原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一原理方法,计算了LiBH4-X(X=O,F和Cl)体系的晶体与电子结构及解氢性能.生成热和H原子解离能的计算结果表明:O原子掺杂优先占据LiBH4间隙位,F置换氢原子位,而Cl则取代BH4单元;O,F和Cl掺杂的LiBH4体系结构稳定性发生变化,其中O提高体系解氢效果明显,而F和Cl掺杂受H原子区域环境的影响.态密度、Mulliken电子占据数和电子密度的分析结果表明:B—H之间较强的共价键是LiBH4结构稳定、解氢困难的电子结构根源,O,F和Cl对LiBH4解氢能力影响主要是掺杂改变了H的s态与B的sp态的杂化特性、以及BH4单元与Li的成键作用.     

吸热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能的影响

利用电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法计算了吸热型金属合金化对钒基贮氢材料性能的影响。研究表明：在V₆₃H₆₄中加入吸热型金属Cr、Mn、Ni后，随着原子序数的增加，V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄中H的净电荷依次逐渐增加，V的净电荷逐渐减小；氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄中V-H之间的离子性相互作用逐渐减弱，共价性相互作用逐渐增强；V-H之间的相互作用主要是V-4s和H-1s、H-2s轨道之间的相互作用。研究还表明材料放氢的平衡压力与其费米能有很好的线性关系，加入吸热型金属后，导致氢化物V₅₁M₁₂H₆₄中费米能增加，氢化物更不稳定，从而改善材料的吸放氢性能。     

Sn1-xSbxO2固溶体电极的形成能与电子结构

为研究Sb掺杂对Ti/SnO2电极稳定性与导电性的影响, 采用基于密度泛函理论的平面波赝势方法对金红石型SnO2及不同比例Sb掺杂SnO2体系进行了第一性原理计算, 用广义梯度近似方法优化了Sn1-xSbxO2固溶体电极的晶体结构, 计算了掺杂前后体系的电子结构以及不同掺杂比例时的形成能. 结果表明: Sb替代Sn后, 晶格常数与晶胞体积均增加, 但掺杂形成能随掺杂量变化不大, 在掺杂量为0.083时掺杂形成能达到最低值5.08 eV,稳定性最好. 掺杂Sb后, 在费米能级至最低导带处存在Sb 5s电子态分布, 产生施主能级; 同时Sb掺杂后, 在导带底形成的可填充电子数也从未掺杂的4增加到了掺杂后的19, 导电性明显增强, 且在掺杂量为0.063时导电性最强. 本文的计算结果为钛基Sn1-xSbxO2氧化物电极的开发与应用提供了理论依据.     

Sn_(1-x)Sb_xO_2固溶体电极的形成能与电子结构

为研究Sb掺杂对Ti/snO_2电极稳定性与导电性的影响,采用基于密度泛函理论的平面波赝势方法对金红石型SnO_2及不同比例Sb掺杂SnO_2体系进行了第一性原理计算,用广义梯度近似方法优化了Sn_(1-x)Sb_xO_2固溶体电极的晶体结构,计算了掺杂前后体系的电子结构以及不同掺杂比例时的形成能.结果表明:Sb替代Sn后,晶格常数与晶胞体积均增加,但掺杂形成能随掺杂量变化不大,在掺杂量为0.083时掺杂形成能达到最低值5.08 eV,稳定性最好.掺杂Sb后,在费米能级至最低导带处存在Sb 5s电子态分布,产生施主能级;同时Sb掺杂后,在导带底形成的可填充电子数也从未掺杂的4增加到了掺杂后的19,导电性明显增强,且在掺杂量为0.063时导电性最强.本文的计算结果为钛基Sn_(1-x)Sb_xO_2氧化物电极的开发与应用提供了理论依据.     

A theoretical study of the influence of dopants on the dehydrogenation properties of VH_2

Using the plane wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method based on the first-principles density functional theory(DFT),the influence on the electronic structure and dehydrogenation properties of VH2 doped with Zr,Cu and Zn has been studied.The results show that the negative heat of formation increases and the valence electron number at the Fermi level EF,N(EF) decreases in the Zr-doped model,indicating the higher stability of VH2 after Zr alloying.On the other hand,the negative heat of formation of VH2 decrease...     

Selective oxidation of alcohols over Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript>-supported silver catalysts

Silver-containing catalysts supported on ceramic silicon nitrides and modified with Zr or Al are considered. The catalytic activities of the catalysts in the dehydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol into acetaldehyde are compared. The introduction of oxygen into the reaction mixture decreases the temperature of 100% ethanol conversion to 270°C and increases the acetaldehyde selectivity to 95% for all of the catalysts. According to temperature-programmed reduction data, the simultaneous presence of Fe and Ag on the catalyst surface enhances the activity of the supported catalysts. It is hypothesized that the Ag/Fe interface plays the key role in the formation of active sites on the catalyst surface.     

A band dispersion mechanism for Pt alloy compositional tuning of linear bound CO stretching frequencies

The C-O stretching frequency (nu(CO)) of atop CO/Pt in PtRu alloys is compositionally tuned in proportion to the Pt mole percent. The application of a Blyholder-Bagus type mechanism (i.e., increased back-donation from the metal d-band to the hybridized 2pi CO molecular orbitals (MOs)) to compositional tuning has been paradoxical because (1) a Pt-C bond contraction, expected with increased back-donation as the Pt mole percent is reduced, is not observed (i.e., calculated Pt-C bond is either elongated or insensitive to alloying and the binding energies of CO/Pt decrease with alloying) and (2) the lowering d-band center and increased d-band vacancies upon alloying (suggesting less back-donation to the higher energy metal hybridized 2pi CO MOs) must be reconciled with the alloy-induced red shift of the nu(CO). A library of spin-optimized Pt and Pt alloy clusters was the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations of CO binding energies, nu(CO) values, shifts, and broadening of 5sigma/2pi CO MO upon hybridization with the alloy orbitals and a DFT derived Mulliken electron population analysis. The DFT results, combined with FEFF8 local density of states (LDOS) calculations, validate a 5sigma donation-2pi back-donation mechanism, reconciling the direction of alloy compositional tuning with the lowering of the d-band center and increased vacancies. Although the d-band center decreases in energy with alloying, an asymmetric increase in the dispersion of the d-band is accompanied by an upshift of the metal cluster HOMO level. Concomitantly, the hybridization and renormalization of the CO 5sigma/2pi states results in a broadening of the 5sigma/2pi manifold with additional lower energy states closer to the upshifted (with respect to the pure Pt cluster) HOMO of the alloy cluster. The dispersion toward higher energies of the alloy d-density of states results in more 5sigma/2pi CO filled states (i.e., enhanced 2pi-back-donation). Finally, Mulliken and FEFF8 electron population analysis shows that the increase of the average d-band vacancies upon alloying and additional 2pi back-donation are not mutually exclusive. The d-electron density of the CO-adsorbed Pt atom increases with alloying while the average d-electron density throughout the cluster is reduced. The localized electron density is manifested as an electrostatic wall effect, preventing the Pt-C bond contractions expected with increased back-donation to the 2pi CO MOs.     

Si-C bond strength in cage-like methylsilsesquioxanes and methyl-bearing metalosilsesquioxanes estimated from DFT calculations

The strength of the Si-C bond in cage-like methylsilsesquioxanes and methyl-bearing coppersilsesquioxanes was estimated from the Mulliken bond populations calculated using the B3LYP density functional method. The estimation was performed using a linear relation between Mulliken bond populations and the calculated Si-C bond strengths in a series of silanes, which is in good agreement with the published data. The introduction of Cu atoms into the silsesquioxane cage leads to a decrease in the Si-C bond strength, which can be a reason for a considerable decrease in the thermal stability of metalorganosilsesquioxanes compared to their siloxane analogs.     

Efficient fabrication of ZrO2-doped TiO2 hollow nanospheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity of rhodamine B degradation

ZrO(2)-doped TiO(2) hollow nanospheres with anatase phase are efficiently fabricated via functionalized negatively charged polystyrene (PS) spheres without any surfactant or polyelectrolyte. The resulting Ti(1-)(x)Zr(x)O(2) (hereafter denoted as TZ) hollow nanospheres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nitrogen sorption, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis). The Zr(4+) incorporation decreases the anatase crystallite size, increases the specific surface area, and changes the pore size distribution. Furthermore, it induces enrichment of electron charge density around Ti(4+) ions and blueshift of absorption edges. The TZ hollow nanospheres doped with moderate ZrO(2) (molar ratio, Ti:Zr=10:1) exhibit better photocatalytic activity than the other samples for the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution, which is correlated with the effect of Zr(4+) doping on the physicochemical properties in terms of surface structures, phase structures, and the electronic structures.     

改性SiO2对铁基催化剂H2、CO吸附及加氢性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶方法通过掺杂修饰剂M（M=Mn、Zn、Zr、Sr）制备出改性SiO₂载体,再用浸渍法将Fe元素负载于该载体上制成系列催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气物理吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段表征了催化剂的织构性质、晶相组成和电子性质。利用程序升温手段研究了催化剂的H₂还原吸附性质和CO加氢性能。借助动力学分析方法研究了催化剂与H之间的相互作用。结果表明,少量掺杂的修饰剂对催化剂的Fe物相组成以及表面Fe物种电子状态基本没有影响,但降低了催化剂的比表面积以及活性相分散度,削弱了对H₂的吸附能力,降低催化剂的H₂脱附活化能。Zn、Zr的掺杂抑制了催化剂的还原,而Mn、Sr的掺杂却促进催化剂的还原。Mn、Zn、Zr的掺杂抑制催化剂表面CO的解离吸附,Sr则促进CO的解离吸附,Mn、Zn、Zr、Sr均促进低温区间C-C耦合和加氢反应,其中,Mn、Zr促进加氢的作用更显著。     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)催化剂制备及其催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇的性能

采用共沉淀法合成了Cu:Zn:Al:Zr:Y原子比分别为2:1:1:0:0、2:1:0.8:0.2:0、2:1:0.8:0:0.2和2:1:0.8:0.1:0.1的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)类水滑石化合物.将前驱体材料在空气中500°C焙烧后得到复合金属氧化物,并将其用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)分析、N2吸附、氧化亚氮(N2O)反应吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和H2/CO2程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对所制备的样品进行表征.结果表明,Zr和Y的引入使得催化剂BET比表面积大幅增加,金属铜的比表面积和分散度均按以下顺序依次增加:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/ZrCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y,然而,强碱位数目占总碱位数目的比例的变化顺序为:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr.活性评价结果揭示CO2转化率取决于金属铜的比表面积,甲醇选择性则随强碱位比例的增加而线性增加.因而,Zr和Y的引入有利于甲醇的合成,Cu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y催化剂上的甲醇收率最高.     

Sr掺杂对CaO(100)表面吸附甲醇影响的分子模拟

借助分子模拟手段,研究了锶掺杂对氧化钙表面甲醇吸附行为的影响。构建了甲醇在CaO(100)和CaO(100)-Sr表面吸附的模型,计算了甲醇在氧化钙表面的吸附能和解离活化能,分析了甲醇在氧化钙表面成键的态密度以及锶掺杂前后甲醇在氧化钙表面电荷布局和差分电荷密度,评估了锶掺杂量对氧化钙表面甲醇吸附性能的影响。结果表明,锶掺杂能够显著强化氧化钙对甲醇的吸附性能,降低甲醇的解离活化能,且吸附性能随锶掺杂量的增加而增强;甲醇在氧化钙表面吸附时活化,锶掺杂后活化程度增加。     

Al、Co和Mn掺杂对LiNiO2结构的影响

本文采用XRD和EXAFS研究Al、Co和Mn原子掺杂对LiNiO₂材料结构的影响。XRD结果表明掺杂材料具有与LiNiO₂相同的晶体结构，都属于R3m点群，但是晶胞略微缩小，LiNiO₂的层状结构得到改善,阳离子有序度增强。从EXAFS数据拟合结果可以看出，引入掺杂原子Al、Co和Mn减弱了Jahn-Teller畸变，使得NiO₆八面对称性提高。掺杂Al和Co使得第一壳层Ni-O配位键长减小，掺杂Mn原子影响不明显。Al、Co和Mn掺杂使第二壳层Ni-Ni配位键长减小，Co和Mn掺杂使得第二壳层局域有序度提高，而Al的引入使得第二壳层局域有序度降低。