聚酰胺／粘土纳米复合材料的掉备,结构表征及性能研究

聚酰胺／粘土纳米复合材料，由于粘土以纳米悄度均匀地分散在聚酰胺基体中以及粘土与基体间强的化学结合，较常规填充增强聚酰胺复合材料具有更高强度，模量，耐热，气体阻隔等性能，是一种性能优异的聚酰胺材料，本文重点综述了混杂材料的制备，结构表征，特殊的界面相互作用，力学性能，结晶行为及结晶动力学等方面的研究，并展望了该材料的应用前景。     

聚酰亚胺/蒙脱石纳米复合材料研究进展

聚酰亚胺／蒙脱石纳米复合材料因填料在聚合物基体中纳米尺度的分散以及与基体间强的化学结合而具有较常规复合材料更优异的力学性能，热性能和汽，液阻隔性能等。本文重点综述了该复合材料的制备，结构，性能及应用等方面的研究。     

聚酰胺/粘土纳米复合材料的制备、结构表征及性能研究

聚酰胺／粘土纳米复合材料，由于粘土以纳米尺度均匀地分散在聚酰胺基体中以及粘土与基体间强的化学结合，较常规填充增强聚酰胺复合材料具有更高强度、模量、耐热、气体阻隔等性能，是一种性能优异的聚酰胺材料。本文重点综述了该混杂材料的制备、结构表征、特殊的界面相互作用、力学性能、结晶行为及结晶动力学等方面的研究，并展望该材料的应用前景。     

聚酰亚胺/蒙脱土纳米复合材料

利用插层法合成的聚酰亚胺／蒙脱土纳米复合材料相比于纯聚酰亚胺有更好的力学性能、热稳定性、气体阻隔性及更低的介电性、吸湿性和热膨胀性。是一种性能优异、具有广泛应用前途的新型有机、无机－纳米复合材料。这是因为粘土在聚酰亚胺基体中以纳米尺度均匀分散并与基体形成了强的化学结合。本文重点综述了该复合材料的制备、结构表征及性能等方面的研究，并展望该材料的应用前景。     

聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料及其聚烯烃纳米复合材料

聚烯烃纳米复合材料为聚烯烃材料带来广阔的性能提升空间,其研究开发工作引起了人们的广泛关注。聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料在制备高性能聚烯烃纳米复合材料方面有重要应用。接枝聚烯烃提高了纳米材料与聚烯烃基体之间的相容性,提供良好的界面作用力,从而有效促进纳米材料在聚烯烃基体中均匀分散、极大提高了聚烯烃纳米复合材料的相关性能。三种途径可以用来制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料:Graft-onto、Graft-from、Graft-through。Graft-onto方法是端基或侧基功能化聚烯烃与纳米材料表面活性基团或碳结构进行接枝反应的过程。由于功能化聚烯烃具有高度反应活性且方便得到,Graft-onto方法占据了制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的主流。Graft-from和Graft-through方法中聚烯烃接枝过程即为烯烃聚合过程,实施较为困难,因而文献报道相对较少。本文对聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的制备及其相应的聚烯烃纳米复合材料的最新研究进展进行了综述,着重讨论了聚烯烃接枝对聚烯烃纳米复合材料性能的影响。所涉及纳米材料包括二氧化硅(零维)、碳纳米管(一维)和石墨烯(二维)。     

纳米材料掺杂液晶复合材料的研究进展

纳米材料与液晶材料是两种性能优异的功能材料,两者形成的复合材料除表现出各组分自身的性质外,由于相互作用会展现出新的特性,因而将二者进行复配成为当下研究热点。可应用于掺杂的纳米粒子分为金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、碳纳米管等。本文论述了纳米材料掺杂液晶复合材料的研究进展,根据掺杂不同的纳米材料,考察了纳米材料在液晶分子中的分散排列,纳米材料对液晶的相转变温度的影响,以及对复合材料光电性能和导电性能的影响等。     

聚合物基无机纳米复合材料的制备方法Ⅱ.直接分散法和同时形成法

聚合物基无机纳米复合材料制备的关键问题是无机纳米粒子在聚合物基体中保持其纳米尺度的分散,本文主要讨论直接分散法、同时形成法制备聚合物基无机纳米材料的基本原理和技术要点。     

在位分散聚合聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/二氧化硅纳米复合材料研究

应用在位分散聚合方法制备了分散相粒径介于１３０ｎｍ左右的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯／二氧化硅ＰＭＭＡ／ＳｉＯ２纳米复合材料，并利用ＳＥＭ，ＤＭＡ，ＴＧＡ等手段研究了该体系的性能．结果表明，经表面处理的ＳｉＯ２无机填料在复合材料基体中分散均匀，界面粘结好．ＳｉＯ２填充粒子的用量对基体的热稳定性，动态力学行为，光学行为以及拉伸强度，弹性模量，断裂伸长率等力学性能都有较大影响     

聚酰亚胺/纳米MgO复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用直接分散法将纳米MgO颗粒均匀分散在聚酰胺酸溶液中,经旋涂、热亚胺化制得聚酰亚胺/纳米MgO复合材料.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、热重分析(TGA)和纳米划痕等测试技术对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明,平均粒径约为20 nm的纳米MgO颗粒均匀地分散在聚酰亚胺基体中,有机无机两组分相容性良好;复合材料在可见光区具有优良的光学透明性,在近紫外光区随着纳米MgO含量的增加呈现出了显著的紫外屏蔽性能;纳米MgO的加入能大幅提高复合薄膜的抗划伤性能,在100μN的划痕力下,划痕深度由纯聚酰亚胺的57.4 nm降至10 nm左右,且划痕的宽度也明显减小;尽管复合材料的热稳定性能较纯聚酰亚胺略有下降,但在300℃以下仍具有较好的热稳定性.     

聚合物接枝纳米颗粒及其相容性共混物流变学

聚合物接枝纳米颗粒(Polymer grafted nanoparticles,PGNPs)是一类重要的聚合物改性填料。由于表面聚合物链的存在,在一定条件下,PGNPs可以均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,形成"完全相容性"聚合物纳米复合材料。近年来,PGNPs填充聚合物体系的结构-性能关系研究已成为高分子学科的研究热点。本文主要概述了PGNPs的制备及其填充聚合物体系的结构-性能关系。从PGNPs的设计制备、PGNPs在聚合物基体中的分散行为、PGNPs纳米复合体系流变行为和纳米复合材料力学性能4个方面介绍了该领域已经取得的研究进展和现状,并展望该领域今后的发展前景和研究方向。     

Fracture surface morphology and phase relationships of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) systems. I. Low-molecular-weight polystyrene in poly(methyl methacrylate)

Samples of low-molecular-weight polystyrene (PS) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared by first dissolving PS in methyl methacrylate monomer and then polymerizing the monomer. Forty-three specimens of varying number-average molecular weight (2100–49,000) and composition (5–40 wt %) of PS were prepared, and the surface morphology and phase relationships studied by scanning electron microscopy. Four distinct types of phase relationships were observed: (i) a single phase consisting of PS dissolved in PMMA; (ii) PS dispersed in PMMA; (iii) PMMA dispersed in PS; and (iv) regions of PS dispersed in PMMA coexisting with regions of PMMA dispersed in PS. Values of the size and population density of the dispersed particles are reported. Finally, the size and distribution of the dispersed particles and the various types of phase relationships are discussed in terms of the ternary polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate)/methyl methacrylate phase diagram.     

交联核壳结构PBA/PS和PBA/PMMA纳米微球的制备与应用

考察了聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚苯乙烯(PBA/PS)以及聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PBA/PMMA)交联核壳结构纳米高分子微球的制备方法,并对其在尼龙复合材料中的应用进行了初步研究.结果表明,通过交联剂的引入使粒子核层和壳层内部均形成了高度交联的结构,可以限制亲水性较小的聚苯乙烯(PS)壳层向粒子内部迁移的趋势;制备出的微球平均粒径为40~50 nm,粒径分布很窄.采用饥饿态加料方式加入第二单体不仅可以使微球具有较高的产率和凝胶率,而且可以使其具有更理想的核壳结构和更窄的粒径分布.此外,将合成出的PBA/PMMA核壳粒子对尼龙6基体进行复合的结果表明,由于该微球表面与尼龙6基体之间具有较强的界面相互作用且微球具有较大的形变能力,可以在基体中形成良好的分散,在保持材料强度的同时有效地提高了其刚性和韧性.     

Production of micron-sized, monodispersed, multilayered composite polymer particles by multistep seeded dispersion polymerization

 Micron-sized, monodispersed, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS)/PMMA/PS multilayered composite particles were successfully produced by three-step seeded dispersion polymerizations in methanol/water media. The first seeded dispersion polymerization was carried out with 2-μm-sized, monodispersed PMMA particles.     

Synthesis of submicron-sized peanut-shaped poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene particles by seeded soap-free emulsion polymerization

Submicron-sized peanut-shaped poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene(PMMA/PS) particles were successfully synthesized by seeded soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene on the spherical crosslinked PMMA seed particles.The obtained peanut-shaped particles showed a novel internal morphology:PS phase formed one domain which linked to the other domain having PMMA core encased by PS shell.     

纳米SiO_2填充PMMA/PS复合物共连续范围的研究

采用流变法、抽提法以及扫描电镜3种表征方法研究了亲水性纳米二氧化硅粒子SiO2填充对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/聚苯乙烯(PS)不相容体系共连续范围的影响.对于未填充PMMA/PS体系,3种方法测得的共连续范围基本一致.而对于粒子填充体系,SEM与溶剂抽提法均表明随着粒子含量的增加,体系的共连续范围变宽,这是由于亲水性SiO2粒子选择性填充在极性PMMA相中,导致PMMA相的熔体粘度和弹性均有大幅提高,从而减缓了破坏共连续结构的纤维断裂或回缩等松弛过程.与SEM法和溶剂抽提法相反,流变法测得的共连续范围随粒子含量增加明显变窄,这主要是因为加入SiO2粒子后,PMMA/PS体系的弹性模量和黏度大大提高(加入7vol%的SiO2后分别增加近50倍和5倍),导致填充试样在装样和设定间距之后需要更长的松弛时间才能开始流变测试.试样在测试前长时间处于高温熔体状态时,其共连续结构很容易在界面张力的驱动下发生粗化和破碎,所以得到的共连续反而变窄.SEM和溶剂抽提法比流变法更适合用来判断粒子填充PMMA/PS体系特别是其高填充体系的共连续范围.     

Effect of colloidal stabilizer on the shape of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite particles prepared in aqueous medium by the solvent evaporation method

Effects of the kind and concentration of stabilizers on the nonspherical shape of polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite particles prepared by release of toluene from PS/PMMA/toluene droplets dispersed in stabilizer aqueous solution were examined. In the case of poly(vinyl alcohol), the surfaces of the obtained particles always had a single dimple. In the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the shapes of the composite particles changed from the dimple, via acorn, to spherical with increasing SDS concentration. It was clarified that the dimple and acorn shapes of the PS/PMMA composite particles were caused by contraction of the PS phase after hardening of the PMMA phase in excentered core-shell and hemisphere morphologies, respectively, which were formed by phase separation during toluene evaporation.     

THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ba-CROSSLINKED POLYMER ANTI-RADIATION MATERIALS

Crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene with barium dimethacrylate [Ba(MA)_2] as crosslinking agent have been synthesized. The relationship between X-ray absorbability and the content of Ba(MA)_2 in polymers was investigated. TGA and DSC results indicated that the crosslinked polymers containing barium dimethacrylate have a much better heat stability than pure PMMA or PS. The mechanical properties of the polymers containing barium are improved in comparison with the pure PMMA.     

Preparation of hemispherical particles by cleavage of micrometer-sized,spherical poly(methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene composite particle with Janus structure: effect of molecular weight

Micrometer-sized, hemispherical polymer particles were prepared as a result of cleavage of spherical Janus poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) composite particle by treating particles with acetone/water solutions. The original PMMA/PS composite particles were prepared by the slow evaporation of toluene from homogeneous PMMA/PS/toluene droplets dispersed in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate in advance. Appropriate molecular weights of PMMA and PS were necessary for occurrence of the cleavage of the Janus composite particle, resulting in PMMA and PS hemispherical particles. The cleavage depended on the composition of the acetone/water solution, which was explained by selective solvent absorption into the polymer phases. The results strongly support the cleavage mechanism of Janus composite polymer particles that had been proposed earlier.     

悬浮-乳液复合聚合聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合粒子的颗粒特性和成粒机理

采用在苯乙烯 (St)悬浮聚合过程中滴加甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)乳液聚合组分的悬浮 乳液复合聚合方法 ,制备大粒径聚苯乙烯 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PS PMMA)复合粒子 .研究聚合物粒径分布和颗粒形态的变化发现 ,在St悬浮反应中期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分后 ,聚合体系逐渐由悬浮粒子与乳胶粒子并存向形成单峰分布复合粒子转变 ,最终形成核 壳结构完整的大粒径PS PMMA复合粒子 ;在St悬浮反应初期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分 ,St与MMA一起分散成更小液滴 ,反应后期凝并成非核 壳结构复合粒子 ;在St悬浮反应后期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分 ,PMMA乳胶粒子与PS悬浮粒子基本独立存在 .根据以上结果 ,提出了St MMA悬浮 乳液复合聚合的成粒机理 .     

Preparation of micron-sized, monodispersed, “onion-like” multilayered poly(methyl methacrylate)/polysterene composite particles by reconstruction of morphology with the solvent-absorbing /releasing method

Micron-sized, monodispersed, “onion-like” multilayered poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) (1/1, w/w) composite particles were prepared by the solvent-absorbing/releasing method (SARM). The viscosity within toluene-swollen composite particles, the release rate of toluene therefrom, the PMMA/PS ratio, and the kind of solvent had great influences on the reconstruction of the morphology of the PMMA/PS composite particles by the SARM. From these results, the conditions for the preparation of the multilayered composite particles by the SARM are clarified. Received: 28 September 2000 Accepted: 27 October 2000