脉冲加热-红外吸收光谱法测定钒铝合金中氢

对脉冲加热-红外吸收法测定钒铝合金中氢的分析方法进行了研究。通过实验对分析功率、称样量和校正标样等测试条件进行了讨论。实验表明钒铝合金中的氢易释放,对于AlV85样品中氢,热提取法和熔融法测定结果一致;但AlV50样品中氢,热提取法的结果略高于熔融法,故实验中选用热提取法测定钒铝合金中氢量。热提取法用0.75g金属锡作助熔剂,于4.0kW分析功率条件下测定钛标准样品中氢来确定氢工作曲线的校正系数,在1.5kW分析功率下测定钒铝合金中氢,测定结果与高频感应-热导法(用5g钢标准样品对氢的测定进行校正)结果吻合。对3个钒铝合金中氢量进行了测定,结果的相对标准偏差为2.2%～6.5%(n=8)。     

惰气脉冲熔融热导法测定铌钛合金中氢含量

为准确测定铌钛合金中氢含量,使用LECO-404氢分析仪,采用惰性气氛脉冲加热熔融试样,热导法测定。研究了不同的脱气功率对空白值和试样分析值的影响,选择了脱气功率为4 500 W。通过助熔剂实验,选择了0.50g锡作为铌钛合金中氢释放的助熔剂。验证了钛标准样品的适用性。确定了分析功率为3 500 W,最短积分时间为60s。精密度实验中氢含量测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~5.5%,加标回收率为97.82%~104.5%,可以准确测定铌钛合金中氢含量。研究结果对准确测定铌钛合金中氢含量具有指导意义。     

铝液含氢量测定方法的现状

氢对铝及铝合金性能危害极大,因氢量过高造成的废品约占全部铝铸件废品的一半。一般含氢量应〈0.1～0.15cm~3/100g,用于航空航天工业等重要部件的则要求〈0.05cm~3/100g。显然,为保证铝制品质量,没有可靠的测氢方法是不行的。 目前用于测定铝中含氢量的方法已超过20种。按分析对象它们可分两类:一是用于铝液、二是用于固态     

氢终止金刚石表面的形成机理

为考察金刚石形成氢终止表面的反应机制,采用微波氢等离子体处理以及电阻丝氢气气氛加热处理进行对比研究.利用光发射谱(OES)和漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)分别表征了微波氢等离子体中的活性基团和金刚石表面氢终止浓度.结果表明,微波氢等离子体环境下,随着衬底温度、等离子体密度和能量的增加,温度至700 ℃ (800 W/3 kPa)时,等离子体中出现了明显的CH基团;相应地,金刚石表面氢终止浓度随温度、等离子体密度和能量的增加而增加.采用氢气气氛下电阻丝加热的方法同样形成了氢终止金刚石表面,表明微波等离子体处理金刚石表面形成氢终止主要源于由温度控制的表面化学反应,而非等离子体的物理刻蚀作用.氧终止金刚石表面形成氢终止的机制是表面C=O键在高于500 ℃时分解为CO,相应的悬挂键由氢原子或氢分子占据.     

铝合金熔体中气体的行为研究

分析了铝合金中氢的主要来源. 指出影响铝合金熔体中氢含量的因素有温度、氢压力、合金中Si及夹杂含量, 在一定的温度和氢压力下, 调整合金中Si含量并减少夹杂, 可有效防止合金中氢的过多进入. 要从根本上消除氢对铝合金造成针孔等缺陷, 必须在减少氢含量的基础上, 改变凝固状态下残余氢的存在形态, 稀土是有效的精炼熔剂, 对其固氢的作用机理、产物结构形态等问题尚需进一步深入细致的研究.     

热导法测定航空用铝合金中氢含量

建立热导法测定航空用铝合金中氢的含量。使用数控车床将试样加工成长圆棒,再将其锯切成小圆棒进行分析,讨论了RHEN 602测氢仪的重要参数如分析参数、元素参数、电极炉参数、温度维持程序等,其中坩埚预排气周期为4次,表面氢分析功率为850 W,内部氢分析功率为1 300 W,表面氢和内部氢积分时间分别为120 s和330 s,温度维持采用程序升温。讨论了氢含量测定结果的影响因素,确定坩埚需进行3次以上的空白运行,以减少试样空白对测定结果的影响。载气纯度应大于99.999%,设备稳定3 h以上,试样质量在2~5 g之间,标准样品与试样牌号系列一致且含量高于试样。标准样品验证结果相对偏差为1.39%,航空用2219铝合金板材样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为12.60%(n=10),满足样品检测的重复性技术要求。该法可用于铝合金中氢含量的测定。     

镧增加铝合金熔体氢含量的实验分析

采用第一滴气泡法和减压凝固法分析测量了一定量的稀土镧加入前后的铝硅合金熔体氢含量和铝硅合金凝固试样剖面的针孔和气孔的变化，发现镧的加入量超过一定量(0．3％)时，铝合金熔体中的氢含量增加，铝合金凝固试样的针孔和气孔增多。可以认为：一定量的稀土镧引起铝合金增氢现象的原因是镧中含有氢。同时，讨论了镧中氢的来源和含量对铝合金中氢的影响。     

介质阻挡放电甲醇脱氢偶联一步合成乙二醇反应中氢气的催化作用

利用原位发射光谱表征和在线色谱分析,研究了甲醇介质阻挡放电脱氢偶联一步合成乙二醇反应中氢气的催化作用,考察了放电频率、甲醇和氢气进料量以及反应压力的影响.结果表明,在介质阻挡放电产生的非平衡等离子体中,H2不但能显著提高甲醇转化率,而且能显著提高乙二醇的选择性.在300°C,0.1 MPa,反应器注入功率为11 W,放电频率为12.0 k Hz,甲醇气体进料量为11.1 m L/min,氢气进料量为80–180 m L/min的条件下,甲醇转化率接近30%,乙二醇选择性大于75%.乙二醇收率与激发态氢原子的Hα谱线强度之间存在同增同减关系.由此推测,氢原子是起催化作用的活性氢物种.活性氢物种的生成途径是:基态氢分子通过与电子碰撞变成激发态,激发态氢分子通过第一激发态氢自动解离为基态氢原子.放电反应条件通过影响氢分子解离来影响氢气的催化作用.氢气在非平衡等离子体中显示的催化作用有可能为开辟新的化学合成途径提供重要机遇.     

用电化学测氢法研究稀土对变形铝及Al-Zn-Mg合金氢含量的影响

铝及铝合金有强烈的吸氢特性,这一直是铝合金冶金中的一大难题。近年来不少冶金工作者证实,在熔融状态下的工业纯铝、Al-Si、Al-Cu合金中添加稀土对氢含量有影响。但至今未见有关室温下稀土对变形铝合金中氢含量影响的报道。本文采用电化学测氢法,准确测定了室温下金属中氢含量和氢行为的特点,研究了室温下工业纯铝和     

脉冲加热浴熔法测定钛及合金中氢的研究

准确测定钛材及钛件中氢浓度,深入研究钛中氢的测定方法,对确保航空产品质量是至关重要的.目前,国内外的测氢手段,都趋于成熟,氢的分离和检测,是可信的.测氢的关键,主要取决于氢的完全、可靠的释放.脉冲加热浴熔法,是释放难熔金属钛及其合金中氢的最常用最可取的方法.炉温高达3000℃以上的脉冲加热方式,给无浴法提取钛合金中氢,创造了有利条件.本文以大量的试验分析数据,介绍了锡浴法和无浴法测定钛及其合金中氢的准确性和适用性,并选择其最佳的测定参数。还讨论了无浴法释放钛合金中氢的可靠性问题和石墨坩埚温控的操作问题.     

顶空气相色谱法测定富氢水中的氢气

建立顶空气相色谱法测定富氢水中氢气的方法。采用顶空的方式将水中的微量氢气转移到气相中,通过分子筛色谱柱分离,用热导检测器测定。分析条件如下:分流比为5∶1,气液体积比为1.2∶1,平衡温度为40℃,平衡时间为15 min。水中氢气的质量浓度在0.080~1.603 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积成良好线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999,方法检出限为0.005 mg/L。样品加标回收率为91.03%~94.25%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.61%~2.32%(n=6)。该法可用于富氢水中氢气的测定。     

脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法测定Ti-Al合金中Ar

本文以标准气体参考物质为依据绘制Ar校准曲线,利用脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法建立准确测定钛铝合金中Ar的方法。程序升温法确定钛铝合金中氩可以在分析功率为2800 W时完全释放。并对比了助熔剂和称样量等分析条件对实验结果的影响,结果表明,采用高纯镍篮,钛铝合金中Ar释放完全。本方法测定值与传统脉冲熔融-热导法测定结果基本一致。     

Analysis of hexachlorocyclohexanes in aquatic samples by one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction (HS-CT-LPME) technique was applied for the one-step sample extraction of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) from aqueous samples with complicate matrices, followed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis with electron capture detector (ECD). Microwave heating was applied to accelerate the evaporation of HCHs into the headspace and an external-cooling system was used to control the temperature in the sampling zone for HS-LPME. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as LPME solvent, sampling position and temperature, microwave power and irradiation time (the same as sampling time), sample pH, and salt addition were thoroughly investigated. From experimental results, the following conditions were selected for the extraction of HCHs from 10-mL water sample (pH 2.0) by using 1-octanol as the LPME solvent, with sampling done at 38 °C for 6 min under 167 W of microwave irradiation. The detections were linear in the concentration of 0.1–10 μg/L for α-HCH and γ-HCH, and 1–100 μg/L for β-HCH and δ-HCH. Detection limits were 0.05, 0.4, 0.03 and 0.1 μg/L for α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH, respectively. Environmental water samples were analyzed with recovery between 86.4% and 102.4% for farm-field water, and between 92.2% and 98.6% for river water. The proposed method proved to serve as a simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, and eco-friendly procedure for the determination of HCHs in aqueous samples.     

Microwave-assisted headspace controlled temperature liquid-phase microextraction of chlorophenols from aqueous samples for gas chromatography-electron capture detection

A modified headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) method was studied for the extraction of chlorophenols (CPs) from aqueous samples with complicated matrices, before gas chromatographic (GC) analysis with electron capture detection (ECD). Microwave heating was applied to accelerate the evaporation of CPs into the headspace, and an external-cooling system was used to control the sampling temperature. Conditions influencing extraction efficiency, such as the LPME-solvent, the sampling position of LPME, the sampling temperature, microwave power, and irradiation time (the same as sampling time), sample pH, and salt addition were thoroughly optimized. Experimental results indicated that the extraction of CPs from a 10mL aquatic sample (pH 1.0) was achieved with the best efficiency through the use of 1-octanol as solvent, microwave irradiation of 167W, and sampling at 45 degrees C for 10min. The detections were linear in the concentration of 5.0-100microg/L for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and 0.5-10microg/L for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Detection limits were found to be 0.7, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.08microg/L for 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4,6-TeCP, and PCP, respectively. A landfill leachate sample was analyzed with recovery between 83 and 102%. The present method was proven to serve as a simple, sensitive, and rapid procedure for CP analysis in an aqueous sample.     

提高碘量法测定天然气中硫化氢效率的方法

碘量法是测定管道输送天然气中硫化氢的一种经典方法,而管道输送天然气中硫化氢含量较低,按照GB/T11060.1–2010方法测定,取样量较大,取样时间长,影响工作效率。针对此问题,从两方面对碘量法进行改进:减小天然气取样量进行试验,并与国标规定取样量时的实验结果进行比对,确定最佳取样量;增大取样流量进行试验,并与国标规定取样流量时的实验结果进行比对,确定最佳取样流量。对硫化氢质量浓度为7.2~14.3,14.3~28.7 mg/m~3的天然气样品进行试验测定,结果表明,将天然气取样量减少为20 L,取样时间分别由200,100 min缩短为40 min;将天然气取样流量设定为750 m L/min,取样时间分别由200,100 min缩短为133,67 min。减少取样量或者提高取样流量,均能缩短管输天然气的取样时间,提高检测效率。     

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and derivatization of sulfonamides in river water, honey, milk, and animal plasma

The ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-based MADLLME) and derivatization was applied for the pretreatment of six sulfonamides (SAs) prior to the determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By adding methanol (disperser), fluorescamine solution (derivatization reagent) and ionic liquid (extraction solvent) into sample, extraction, derivatization, and preconcentration were continuously performed. Several experimental parameters, such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, the type and volume of disperser, amount of derivatization reagent, microwave power, microwave irradiation time, pH of sample solution, and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. When the microwave power was 240 W, the analytes could be derivatized and extracted simultaneously within 90 s. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of river water, honey, milk, and pig plasma samples, and the recoveries of analytes obtained were in the range of 95.0-110.8, 95.4-106.3, 95.0-108.3, and 95.7-107.7, respectively. The relative standard deviations varied between 1.5% and 7.3% (n=5). The results showed that the proposed method was a rapid, convenient and feasible method for the determination of SAs in liquid samples.     

热抽取法测定钴块中氢含量

研究了钴块中氢含量的测定方法。采用石英坩埚加载样品,热抽取法进行测定。不加任何助熔剂,分析功率为100%,匹配的分析时间为110 s,比较水平设定为0.1%。在选定的参数下,样品能在完全熔融状态下释放出全部氢。方法加标回收率为80%~119%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于15%(n=6),检出限为0.5μg/g。热抽取法的精密度优于熔融法的精密度,满足微量气体分析的要求。     

惰气熔融-红外光谱法测定7LiF中的氧含量

7LiF是制备熔盐堆冷却剂7LiF-BeF2熔盐的基础原材料,其杂质含量的多少与熔盐纯度及应用性能直接相关。采用惰气熔融-红外吸收法,建立了熔盐堆用7LiF中杂质氧含量测定的新方法。考察了不同助熔剂和加热功率等条件对7LiF中氧含量的影响,找到了较好的 7LiF中氧含量测定方法。在分析功率为2200W,用银舟做助熔剂,称样量为0.1 g的条件下对7LiF试样进行了测定,氧的相对标准偏差为2.9%;加标回收率为103-110%。结果表明,本测定方法易操作,速度快,能满足7LiF生产过程中的质量控制要求,为第四代先进核能反应堆用7LiF规模化制备提供了有力的技术支持。