致孔剂对HP（MA—VAc—MMA）载体孔结构的影响

以二乙烯苯和双丙烯酸多缩乙二醇酯为交联剂、聚醋酸乙烯酯（ＰＶＡｃ）或它与醋酸丁酯（ＢＡＣ）的混合物为致孔剂、ＢＰＯ为引发剂，用悬浮聚合随后水解的方法制得了部分水解聚（丙烯酸甲酯－醋酸乙烯酯－甲基丙烯酸甲酯）［ＨＰ（ＭＡ－ＶＡｃ－ＭＭＡ）］多孔载体，研究了ＰＶＡｃ及（ＰＶＡｃ＋ＢＡＣ）用量、分子量及混合比对ＨＰ（ＭＡ－ＶＡｃ－ＭＭＡ）孔结构的影响。结果表明，当ＰＶＡｃ的Ｍ＞２．５×１０５，ＰＶＡｃ／ＢＡＣ为２．３，用量为１０～２０％时，可制得孔隙率较高，孔径分布较窄，孔表面积较大的多孔载体。这种载体适用于微生物固定化。     

再生纤维素／聚乙烯醇共混膜的研究

由纤维素铜氨溶液与不同体积比（１－１０％）的聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）水溶液共混制备了一系列再生纤维素共混膜．扫描电镜结果表明ＰＶＡ含量大于８％时，该共混膜产生明显相分离．当ＰＶＡ低于５％时，共混膜相容性较好．膜的结晶度，抗张强度，直角撕裂强度，断裂伸长及耐热性均优于单独用钢氨液制备的再生纤维素膜．此外，用流动速率法和超滤法测定了膜的孔径，渗透性及纯水通量，结果表明共混膜的孔性没有明显变化．本文得出：再生纤维素与５％ＰＶＡ共混能改善力学性能，并且能保持其生物降解性．     

聚丙烯腈原液膜的制备和性能

以溶液聚合的聚丙烯腈原液为铸模液，研究了溶液铸腊法工艺参数：铸膜液温度、凝胶水温度、铸膜液浓度等对膜性能的影响。结果表明，不存在蒸发时间的影响以及不调整原液的组分和浓度是聚俩烯腈原液于其它膜制作技术的显著特点。调节有关制膜工艺参数即可获得特定用途的超滤分离膜。在具有三层结构、平均孔径为５ｎｍ的聚丙烯腈原液干膜上复合了聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）的ＰＶＡ／ＰＡＮ复合膜，分离醇水溶液的渗透汽化（ＰＶ）性能优良。     

先驱体聚合物粘结法制备SiC纳米多孔陶瓷

采用SiC纳米粉体与聚碳硅烷(PCS)为原料低压成型低温烧结制备SiC纳米多孔陶瓷,研究了PCS含量对烧成纳米多孔陶瓷性能的影响。SEM和AFM微观形貌分析表明,PCS裂解产物将SiC纳米颗粒粘结起来,烧成陶瓷内部有大量的纳米孔存在。烧成SiC纳米多孔陶瓷孔径分布呈单峰分布、孔径分布范围窄,随着PCS含量的增大烧成多孔陶瓷强度增大,但孔隙率降低、烧结过程中坯体尺寸线收缩率增大。PCS含量为20wt%时三点弯折强度为36.8MPa,孔隙率为39.5%,平均孔径为49.3 nm。     

水和辛胺对ZnO多孔纳米块体孔道结构的影响

以ZnO纳米颗粒为原料, 分别用水和辛胺水溶液作为造孔剂, 利用溶剂热压方法制备了ZnO多孔纳米块体. 实验结果表明, 当以水作造孔剂时, 随着ZnO纳米粉/水(质量比)比值的减小, ZnO多孔纳米块体的孔径分布变宽, 比表面积和孔隙率增加; 加入辛胺后, ZnO多孔纳米块体的孔径分布变窄, 但比表面积和孔隙率略有减少. 随着辛胺用量的增加, 比表面积和孔隙率又同时呈上升趋势. 对ZnO多孔纳米块体进行的红外吸收测试结果表明, 在制备多孔纳米块体过程中, 水及辛胺基本上都从样品中逸出, 孔道中只有微量残留.     

医用多孔壳聚糖膜的制备及性能研究

以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为致孔剂,制备了多孔壳聚糖膜,并用扫描电镜对其表面和断面形貌进行了分析,同时对膜的吸水性、水蒸气透过性、比表面积、力学性能及生物相容性等进行了考察。分析结果表明:以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为致孔剂,制备的多孔壳聚糖膜孔径均匀,吸水性好,孔隙率高,比表面积大,膜的最大吸水率、孔隙率和比表面积分别为196%、71.5%和1.0472 m2.g-1;膜的力学性能好,最大抗拉强度为273.17MN/m2。     

渗透汽化型酯化膜反应器研究聚合物／无机固体酸管式复合膜？…

设计了渗透汽化型管式膜反应器,以乙酸丁酯合成反应为探针,考察了Ｚｒ（ＩＶ）／ＰＶＡ,Ｚｒ（ＩＶ）－ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＡ两类聚合物担载无机固体酸管式复合膜的膜催化反尖性能。探讨了功能膜的组成,结构,反应条件等对膜反应和分离性能的影响以及同步膜分离过程对反应转化的促进作用。实验结果表明,膜催化酯化反应过程主要是依赖与料液接触侧膜表面层的催化活性,膜的催化活性是影响反应速率,特别是初期反应转化速率的主要因素,     

用流铸法制备MCFC隔膜的性能研究

用流色铸法制备了电池隔膜，工艺简单易行，膜的质量有保证且易重复，其平均孔径地径为０．１８ｕｍ，孔隙率６４．４％左右，在２００ｍＡ／ｍ＾２放电时，用此膜组装的ＭＣＦＣ电池的电压高达０．８５４Ｖ，其他电化学性能也达到９０年代初世界水平。     

渗透汽化型酯化膜反应器研究 聚合物/无机固体酸管式复合膜的膜反应性能

设计了渗透汽化型管式膜反应器,以乙酸丁酯合成反应为探针,考察了Ｚｒ（ＩＶ）／ＰＶＡ,Ｚｒ（ＩＶ）－ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＡ两类聚合物担载无机固体酸管式复合膜的膜催化反应性能。探讨了功能膜的组成,结构,反应条件等对膜反应和分离性能的影响以及同步膜分离过程对反应转化的促进作用。实验结果表明,膜催化酯化反应过程主要是依赖与料液接触侧膜表面层的催化活性,膜的催化活性是影响反应速率,特别是初期反应转化速率的主要因素,后期的超平衡转化则依赖于膜分离过程     

聚乙烯醇－g－聚丙烯酸膜用于渗透气化法分离乙醇－水的研究

合成了聚乙烯醇－ｇ－聚丙烯酸接枝聚合物（ＰＶＡ－ｇ－ＰＡＡ），分别用ＫＯＨ、ＮａＯＨ、ＬｉＣｌ的乙醇－水溶液处理ＰＶＡ－ｇ－ＰＡＡ膜。发现离子膜用于乙醇－水的渗透气化分离可以大幅度提高分离系数，特别是用ＫＯＨ处理，分离系数可达４００。     

Effect of membrane parameters on the size and uniformity in preparing agarose beads by premix membrane emulsification

Agarose microbeads were prepared by premix membrane emulsification with Shirasu-Porous Glass (SPG) membrane and Polyethylene (PE) membrane. The effects of membrane parameters, including pore size, pore size distribution, contact angle between membrane surface and the water phase, shape of pore opening and membrane thickness on size and uniformity of agarose beads were investigated in this study. The results showed that pore size distribution and shape of pore opening did not affect the emulsification results apparently within a wide range in premix membrane emulsification, not as the result in general emulsification. The contact angle between the water phase and the membrane surface must be large enough to obtain uniform-sized agarose beads in both direct membrane emulsification and premix membrane emulsification. The results also showed that the membrane pore size and thickness affected the size distribution of emulsion. Thicker membrane resulted in more uniform and smaller emulsion when the number of pass through membrane is controlled. There was a linear relationship between the number average diameter of agarose beads and membranes pores size in premix membrane emulsification. Agarose beads with diameters from 3.06 to 9.02 μm were prepared by controlling membranes pore size. The ratio of the number average diameter of agarose beads to membrane pore diameters was found to be 0.486.     

Evolution of pore size distribution and average pore size of porous ceramic membranes during modification by counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition

The modification of porous ceramic membranes by counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is studied theoretically and experimentally. Numerical simulations of the evolution of the membrane permeance, average pore size and pore size distribution as a function of extent of modification are presented and compared with experimetal data. It is found that the change of the average pore size of the membranes after modification strongly depends on the initial pore size distribution of the membrane, CVD reaction kinetics and characterization method. Experimental data suggest that CVD of zirconia (and yttria) inside porous ceramic membranes by reaction of zirconium (and yttrium) chlorides with steam/air at elevated temperatures proceeds by quasi-zero reaction kinetics with respect to the oxidant, typical of non-stoichiometric supply of the reactants from opposite sides of the membrane. Under such conditions, CVD modification may result in a modest increase of the average pore size of coarse-pore ceramic membranes as suggested by numerical calculations and experimental data.     

HBPE-g-PVDF/PVDF blend nanofiltration membrane: preparation and characterization

Hyperbranched polyester-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (HBPE-g-PVDF) was synthesized and used as additive in preparation of PVDF blend membranes. HBPE-g-PVDF copolymer was characterized with FTIR and TGA techniques. The prepared membranes were also characterized with SEM, AFM and contact angle measurement. The performance of prepared membranes as nanofiltration membrane was studied by pure water flux (PWF), salt rejection, dynamic and static fouling tests. The results showed that hydrophilicity of prepared membranes greatly increased after blending, and their pore size and pore size distribution and so PWF of blend membranes increased.     

Effects of organic solvents on ultrafiltration polyamide membranes for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions

Hydrophilic ultrafiltration membranes made of polyamide with molecular weight cutoff 10 and 50 kDa have been studied for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions by a cross-flow membrane emulsification technique. Isooctane and phosphate buffer were used as disperse and continuous phase, respectively. The permeation of apolar isooctane through the polar hydrophilic membrane was achieved by pretreatment of membranes with a gradient of miscible solvents of decreasing polarity to remove water from the pores and replace it with isooctane. Four different procedures were investigated, based on the solvent mixture percentage and contact time with membranes. After pretreatment, the performance of the membranes in terms of pure isooctane permeate flux and emulsion preparation was evaluated. The influence of organic solvents on polyamide (PA) membranes has been studied by SEM analysis, which showed a clear change in the structure and morphology of the thin selective layers. The effects proved stronger for PA 10 kDa than for 50 kDa. In fact, similar pretreatment procedures caused larger pore size and pore size distribution for PA 10 kDa than for 50 kDa. The properties of emulsions in terms of droplet size distribution reflected the membrane pore sizes obtained after pretreatment. The correlation between pore size and droplet size, for the physicochemical and fluid dynamic conditions used, has been evaluated.     

泡压-滤速法研究聚丙烯微孔膜的孔径及其分布

膜科学与膜技术作为新兴的材料科学分支之一,在国民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用．近年来,高分子微孔膜的研究与应用正引起人们日益增长的关注．采用双轴拉伸方法制备的聚丙烯微孔膜同时具备了良好的力学性能和透过性能［１］,克服了单轴拉伸方法各向异性的缺点,是一...     

Hydraulic and surface characteristics of membranes with parallel cylindrical pores

Pore size distributions and pore densities of track-etched polycarbonate ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with pore sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm (0.01–0.10 μm) were characterized by image analysis of field emission scanning electron micrographs (FESEM) of membranes. Porosity data obtained from image analysis compared well with those derived from manufacturer's specifications, but this may have been coincidental, as pore size and pore density results differed by 20–40% and 25–70%, respectively. The experimentally determined flux through each membrane type varied by up to 30–45% within a batch, and were about 8–46 times higher than the theoretical over the range of membranes. The disparity between theoretical and experimental flux was beyond the bounds of physical variability of the membranes. The membranes with smaller pore size tended to show a greater disparity. Water flux of all membranes increased with increasing temperature, generally in accord with the decreasing viscosity of water. However, unlike the linear increase for the membranes with larger pores (> 50 nm), the membranes with smaller pores (10 and 30 nm) showed exponential increase with temperature. Water flux also increased with a pressure increase from 50 to 300 kPa. Raised pressure appear to enlarge pores resulting in exponential flux enhancement at higher pressure, particularly for membranes with smaller pores (PC10). The pores may have stretched open under pressure to deliver the higher than expected fluxes due to flexibility of polycarbonate films, although FESEM showed no visible evidence of fracturing or tearing of the membranes. The flux results from filtration of aqueous protein solution were a little lower and correlated well with water permeability of the membranes, but remained in discord with the pore size distribution results.     

纳米Fe3O4/PVDF磁性复合膜的原位制备及表征

通过膜相渗透原位化学沉积法制备了聚合物基Fe3O4/聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）磁性纳米复合膜，研究了复合膜制备的适宜条件，采用红外光谱（FT-IR）、差热分析（DSC）、X射线衍射、扫描电镜（SEM）等手段对复合膜的组成、结构进行了表征和分析，通过气体渗透法测定了复合膜的孔径随制备条件的变化情况. FT-IR和XRD图谱结果表明，在基膜中原位生成Fe3O4后不影响基膜PVDF的分子结构；复合膜中的Fe3O4粒子尺寸为68 nm左右，复合膜的磁化率达0.044 cm3•g－1；复合膜的磁化率、平均孔径、最大孔径及孔径分布范围随反应条件的改变而有明显变化.     

Physico-chemical characterization of nanofiltration membranes.

This study presents a methodology for an in-depth characterization of six representative commercial nanofiltration membranes. Laboratory-made polyethersulfone membranes are included for reference. Besides the physical characterization [molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), surface charge, roughness and hydrophobicity], the membranes are also studied for their chemical composition [attenuated total reflectance Fourier spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)] and porosity [positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS)]. The chemical characterization indicates that all membranes are composed of at least two different layers. The presence of an additional third layer is proved and studied for membranes with a polyamide top layer. PAS experiments, in combination with FIB (focused ion beam) images, show that these membranes also have a thinner and a less porous skin layer (upper part of the top layer). In the skin layer, two different pore sizes are observed for all commercial membranes: a pore size of 1.25-1.55 angstroms as well as a pore size of 3.20-3.95 angstroms (both depending on the membrane type). Thus, the pore size distribution in nanofiltration membranes is bimodal, in contrast to the generally accepted log-normal distribution. Although the pore sizes are rather similar for all commercial membranes, their pore volume fraction and hence their porosity differ significantly.     

The sepiolite membrane for ultrafiltration

Novel inorganic membranes were prepared from clay (sepiolite) suspensions, which were formed by dispersing clay particles in water either by applying ultrasonic wave or by magnetic stirring. Films can be formed easily from such suspensions due to fibrous nature of sepiolite. Thus, this offers a method much simpler than the conventional sol–gel method. The membranes were further tested for ultrafiltration of polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide solutes of different molecular weights. It was found that the correlation between the separation and the Einstein–Stokes radius of solute fits the log-normal distribution very well. The mean pore size of 23–26 nm and the standard deviation of 1.91–2.04 were obtained from the above correlation. It was also found that the mean pore size and the pore size distribution did not depend very much on the membrane preparation method.     

Permporometry characterization of microporous ceramic membranes

An evaluation of nano-order pore size of membranes was carried out using permporometry, the basic principle of which is based on capillary condensation of vapor and the blocking effect of permeation of a non-condensable gas. A computer-controlled apparatus was constructed, where liquid was injected by a syringe pump and nitrogen was used as a carrier, and was applied to the evaluation of the pore size of ceramic membranes prepared from a silica–zirconia composite. The pore size distribution, based on the Kelvin equation (Kelvin diameter), was evaluated over a range of 0.5–30 nm, using water as a condensable vapor. Vapors used in the present study were water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, carbon tetrachloride, and hexane. For the case of relatively large pore sizes (larger than 1 nm, based on water vapor), pore size distribution obtained by water vapor agreed very well with those by carbon tetrachloride and hexane. However, pore sizes measured using alcohols were found to be smaller than those determined by water vapor. For the case of pore sizes smaller than 1 nm, the adsorption layer before capillary condensation appears to play an important role.