高效毛细管电泳安培检测器的研制

介绍了一种结构简单的毛细管电泳安培检测器。该检测器通过一只内径与毛细管外径相仿的不锈钢针头作分离毛细管与毛细管工作电极的导引管解决了工作电极与分离毛细管的对接 毛细管碳糊电极为工作电极,在内径为５０μｍ毛线管邮几种酚类化合物,结果表明该系统性能优良。     

毛细管电泳化学发光在线检测

评论了毛细管区带电泳化学发光检测联用技术这一新兴的研究领域。化学发光检测具有背景低、热力学范围宽、灵敏度高的优点，适于毛细管电泳柱后微量样品的在线检测。论述了该检测器与毛细管电泳联用的接口和应用状况。     

毛细管电泳与化学发光检测联用方法的研究进展

毛细管电泳由于其超高的分离效率广泛应用于生物医药、环境监测、食品科学以及公共安全等领域。然而,由于毛细管电泳具有进样量较少、检测光程较短等缺点,需要与高灵敏度检测器联用实现低浓度样品的分析。化学发光检测由于其背景信号低而具有超高的灵敏度。毛细管电泳-化学发光检测联用方法将毛细管电泳的高效分离特性与化学发光检测的高灵敏性相结合,成为一种非常重要的分析方法,广泛用于化学分析、药物筛选以及环境监测等领域。该文对近年来毛细管电泳-化学发光检测联用方法的基本原理进行概述,并对其发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

热电极技术在电化学传感器中的应用

热电极技术是使用电流直接或间接加热微电极,通过控制施加电流的时间和大小来调节电极表面的温度。电极加热时可以只提高电极表面温度,而溶液的整体温度并不改变。由于温度对电化学反应速率、物质的扩散和对流均有影响,使用热电极技术可以减少背景噪音、提高检测的灵敏度与重现性。因此,热电极技术因其简单的加热设备、更高的检测灵敏度和更低的电极污染效应,在电化学分析领域引起了普遍关注。本文介绍了热电极技术的发展概况、工作原理、电极设计思路、电极温度的测量与控制、电极种类以及在电化学检测系统、电致化学发光检测系统、流动注射安培检测系统、毛细管电泳/芯片-电化学/电致化学发光检测系统中的相关应用。最后展望了该技术的发展趋势。     

微量乳酸脱氢酶毛细管电泳在线反应电化学检测方法的研究

以乳酸脱氢酶催化乳酸与NAD⁺反应生成丙酮酸与NADH和安培法检测NADH为基础,利用电泳中介微分析(EMMA)技术,研究了超微量乳酸脱氢酶的毛细管电泳在线反应的电化学检测方法,并从理论上对EMMA电泳图中的平台宽度和高度作了初步探讨.结果表明,在EMMA的恒高压和零高压两种模式下,使用直径为150μm和束状碳纤维电极,在+0.8V检测电位下,对LDH活性检测灵敏度分别为1.1nU和0.6nU;所导出的平台高度、宽度与实验条件的关系式对提高毛细管电泳分离效率和检测灵敏度有一定指导意义.     

毛细管电泳-联吡啶钌电化学发光法对血浆中丁卡因与普鲁卡因的同时测定

建立了毛细管电泳-电致化学发光同时测定丁卡因和普鲁卡因的新方法.考察了毛细管电泳流动相和检测池中磷酸盐缓冲液pH和浓度、进样时间和电压、分离电压和检测电位等对丁卡因和普鲁卡因的分离以及联吡啶钌电致化学发光检测的影响.基于循环伏安法考察了丁卡因和普鲁卡因的电化学行为与发光机理.在优化的实验条件下,丁卡因和普鲁卡因的标准曲线分别在6.6 ～265.6 μmol/L和0.7 ～219.0 μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性,检出限(S/N=3)分别为1.9 μmol/L和0.2 μmol/L.对23 μmol/L丁卡因和15 μmol/L普鲁卡因的标准溶液连续测定5次,迁移时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.13%、0.16%,电化学法发光强度的RSD分别为3.7%和4.9%.该方法已成功用于血浆中丁卡因和普鲁卡因的同时检测,平均回收率均为94%,相对标准偏差低于4%.     

一种毛细管电泳-化学发光联用系统的改进及应用

在毛细管电泳 化学发光联用研究工作的基础上 ,提出了一种简单可靠的联用检测接口 ,并对两端电极池作了改进。高电位池的改进 ,解决了支持缓冲液中鲁米诺电解造成的发光信号漂移问题 ;低电位池的改进 ,使发光反应中排出的废液不混入电极缓冲溶液。从而保持化学发光信号的基线稳定 ,避免发光试剂的损耗并延长缓冲溶液的使用时间。整个体系简单易行 ,采用此联用系统和鲁米诺 铁氰化钾间接化学发光法 ,分离了绿原酸和芸香苷。本法的检出限达到 1.4× 10 -5mol/L ,比毛细管电泳 紫外吸收法降低约 2个数量级     

二维毛细管区带电泳/胶束电动毛细管色谱分离尿样中的药物及其对映体

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)/胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)二维毛细管电泳分离平台,CZE毛细管和MEKC毛细管通过一段带微孔的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)套管固定。样品在CZE毛细管中分离后进入MEKC毛细管进一步分离,在二维转换过程中采用动态pH连接-胶束扫集法避免第一维分离区带在接口处扩散。将该方法成功用于鼠尿样品中4种药物及其对映体的分离,各组分的理论塔板数为(2.8～4.3)×104/m,检出限为0.015～0.052 mg/L,实际样品中峰面积和迁移时间的相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为1.7%～3.8%和1.3%～4.6%。方法重现性好、灵敏度和分离度高、峰容量大,适用于尿样中多种药物组分及其对映体的同时分离检测。     

毛细管电泳-高频电导法快速测定牡丹皮中的丹皮酚

毛细管电泳—电化学检测的装置简便、价廉、灵敏度高,其中非接触式检测(电极不与溶液直接接触)避免了分离电场对检测的干扰和电极中毒,可广泛用于荷电成分的检测。本文采用本课题组建立的毛细管电泳—非接触高频电导法分析了牡丹皮中的丹皮酚,结果令人满意。     

毛细管电泳-间接化学发光法检测染发剂中苯二酚异构体和苯酚

根据某些酚类化合物在碱性条件下具有能猝灭鲁米诺-铁氰化钾体系化学发光信号的特性,建立了毛细管电泳-间接化学发光分离检测苯二酚异构体和苯酚的新方法.电泳缓冲溶液选用7.5 mmol/L Na2B4O7-2.5 mmol/L Na2HPO4.在优化的化学发光和电泳条件下,对苯二酚、间苯二酚、邻苯二酚和苯酚在10 min内可直接实现分离,其检出限(S/N=3)分别为2.9×10-8 mol/L、3.7×10-7 mol/L、8.4×10-8 mol/L和4.4×10-6 mol/L;相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%～4.8%(n=5).通过对不同染发剂实际样品进行分离分析研究,证明该方法可以用于实际染发剂样品的分析测定,结果令人满意.     

Coupling of a large-size capillary column with an electrospray mass spectrometer. A reliable and sensitive sheath flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface

The concept of interfacing a large-size column for capillary electrophoresis (CE) to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for robust and automatic CE-MS operation is reported. Both standard ionspray interface and microionspray interface have been modified to operate in a sheath flow pattern to overcome the common stability problem in CE-MS coupling. To make the interface sensitive, a step-down stainless steel tube with smaller inner diameter and tapered tip was incorporated onto a larger tube embracing the CE column via cold soldering. The devices were evaluated for quantitative analysis of nucleotides at femtomole level and stable analytical performance in peptide profiling.     

New sheathless interface for coupling capillary electrophoresis to electrospray mass spectrometry evaluated by the analysis of fatty acids and prostaglandins.

A new interface for capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) is presented. High voltage is applied at the outlet of the separation capillary by a stainless steel tube, a so called liner, through which the capillary is led. A compensating current between the liquid and the liner is maintained by a natural liquid film, which is built up at the outer surface of the capillary end. Operable potential ranges for differently treated capillary ends have been examined. The liner has been evaluated for the analysis of fatty acids and prostaglandins, all run with the ESI in the negative ionization mode. This simple stainless steel liner should fill the gap, which has prevented CE-MS from being the successful tool, which it has the potential for, namely fast and unattended measurements of analytes in the nM range in complex mixtures.     

Automated microgradient system for capillary electrochromatography

A microprocessor controlled gradient elution system suitable for capillary electrochromatography has been developed and tested. It is based on a liquid handling device described previously which is capable of liquid transport with both low and high fluid dispersion. The low dispersion region formed by stainless steel needle 250 microm I.D. serves for sample injection, while the high dispersion region, created by steep extension of tube diameter, is used for continuous mobile phase gradient generation. A homologous series of seven alkylphenones was electrochromatographically separated on a monolithic polyacrylic column under gradient conditions. An S-shaped acetonitrile gradient (30-70%) was applied. A high reproducibility of retention times (RSD about 0.1%) was obtained, indicating accuracy of automated gradient operations.     

Simple interface for capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A simple interface has been developed to couple capillary electrophoresis (CE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for metal speciation. A concentric glass nebulizer with elongated tip is used as the CE-ICP interface. The CE capillary is the central tube of the nebulizer. A platinum wire is wrapped across the exit end of the CE capillary to provide electrical connection to the CE power supply. No sheath flow of buffer solution is needed. A simple cooling system has also been developed. A peristaltic pump circulates water through a plastic tube that encloses the section of the CE capillary between the CE instrument and the ICP spectrometer. Characteristics of the CE-ICP interface, e.g., elution time, nebulization and transport efficiency and peak broadening, versus carrier gas flow-rate have been studied. Comparisons to a previous design with the Pt electrode inserted into the end of the CE capillary are made where appropriate. The reproducibility (RSD) in ICP emission intensity of the system is <4%. Detection limits of Cr and Cu are approximately 5 ng/ml.     

Fraction collection in capillary electrophoresis for various stand-alone mass spectrometers

A procedure for collecting fractions during capillary electrophoresis for their analysis using various stand-alone instruments is described. The results of a systematic study of the optimization and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to the analysis of the seed extract of the Japanese Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica) are presented. The off-line coupling of CE to the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for the proteins mixture was applied. The cathode end of the capillary was placed inside a stainless steel needle using a coaxial liquid-sheath-flow configuration. The optimization of experimental parameters resulted in an efficient methodology for MS analysis of fractions. Several components contained in the extract of S. japonica were identified, some not previously known. It was demonstrated that low sensitivity, which is a real problem in off-line CE–MS analysis, could be tolerated because of a more flexible optimization of the CE separation conditions and the choice of independent stand-alone instruments for analysis of separated fractions. The estimated limit of detection for CE-RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS was 50 μM of polyphenols and for CE-ICP-MS, 1–100 μg/l.     

Design, optimisation, and evaluation of a sheath flow interface for automated capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry

A sheath-flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) system utilizing a fully integrated large-bore stainless-steel emitter electrode tapered at the end for micro-ionspray operation has been developed and evaluated. A separation capillary with an outer diameter of up to 360 microm was inserted into the electrode thus forming a void volume of less than 15 nL between the capillary end and the electrospray ionisation (ESI) tip. The sheath liquid, usually methanol-water (80:20) with 0.1% formic acid for positive ion mode or methanol for negative ion mode, was delivered at 0.5-1.0 microL/min. Unlike previously reported CE-MS interfaces, the CE-MS probe was incorporated directly onto an Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX orthogonal-spray Turbo "V" ion source for ease of use and automatic operation. This integration enables fast and facile coupling and replacement of the separation capillary without interrupting the ion source configuration, and the sheath liquid supply. The reusable electrospray electrode was precisely fabricated and aligned with the length of the nebulizing gas tube for improved reproducibility. Automation was achieved through software control of both CE and tandem MS (MS/MS) for unattended batch sample analysis. The system was evaluated for attomole- to low femtomole-level profiling of model peptides and protein mixtures, bisphosphates, as well as antiviral nucleosidic drugs in cellular extracts.     

Highly robust stainless steel tips as microelectrospray emitters

Tapered stainless steel spray tips for sheathless microelectrospray ionization (microESI) have been developed. The fabrication procedure for the tapered stainless steel tips was optimized using an electropolishing technique followed by removal of the burr. Using the tip as the microESI emitter, a stable ESI spray was obtained at a flow rate of 20 nL/min. The sensitivity of the microESI system was almost two orders greater than that of the conventional ion spray system. The tip was highly stable, and was successfully used for over 1000 h. Moreover, these stainless steel tips were suitable for use with sheathless capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) and capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for routine analysis in proteomic and pharmaceutical applications.     

Measurement of sugars using the laser spray technique with a gold capillary

A gold (Au) capillary has higher thermal conductivity than a stainless steel capillary and can withstand capillary over-heating induced by high CO(2) laser irradiation (over 2.5 W) better than a stainless steel capillary. For this study, a laser spray using an Au capillary was applied for the detection of sugars. The signal of cationized compounds [M+Na](+) can be detected with higher sensitivity than with conventional laser sprays using high laser power (over 2.7 W). Using 3.5 W of laser power, the signal intensity is 15 times higher than the maximum value with stainless steel (2.3 W) in a 10(-5) M maltose aqueous solution. It is considered that almost all the water molecules evaporate by laser irradiation, which is impossible to achieve using a stainless steel capillary.     

21世纪毛细管电泳技术及应用发展趋势

在21世纪，毛细管电泳技术面临着新的挑战和机遇，在其检测手段，仪器的小型化和集成化，以及分离模式上都存在着极大的发展空间，文中针对这三方面的发展趋势和毛细管电泳的应用进行了讨论。     

多孔不锈钢基二氧化锰薄膜电极的制备及电容特性

用电化学方法制备了一种多孔不锈钢基二氧化锰薄膜电极。 在不锈钢基体上以聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚（Triton X-100）在水溶液中形成的液晶作掩膜,通过电化学腐蚀制备了多孔基体电极,用恒电位方法在基体上沉积二氧化锰薄膜。 用扫描电子显微镜对二氧化锰薄膜电极形貌进行了考察,循环伏安法和充放电曲线法测试了二氧化锰薄膜电极的电容。 结果表明,腐蚀后的不锈钢基体呈现多孔特征,孔分布无规律,孔径大小从几十纳米到几百纳米不等,沉积的二氧化锰呈颗粒状,直径为80~90 nm。 扫描速率为20 mV/s,沉积电量0.4 C/cm2时,循环伏安法测得的二氧化锰薄膜电极的质量比电容达400 F/g;沉积电量4~5 C/cm2时,面积比电容达到320 ×10-3 F/cm2,此时的质量比电容仍保持在200 F/g左右。 实验结果表明,多孔不锈钢基二氧化锰薄膜电极在超级电容器领域有潜在的应用前景。