海洋中的主要化学污染物及其危害

本文系统阐述了海洋中的主要污染物如重金属无机盐类、有机氯和有机磷类、石油烃类和放射性物质的来源与含量,介绍了这些化学污染物对海洋生态环境已造成和可能造成的危害,论述了由于海洋生态环境遭到破坏对人类的危害.     

海洋中的主要化学污染物及其危害

本文系统阐述了海洋中的主要污染物如重金属无机盐类、有机氯和有机磷类、石油烃类和放射性物质的来源与含量,介绍了这些化学污染物对海洋生态环境已造成和可能造成的危害,论述了由于海洋生态环境遭到破坏对人类的危害。     

微波消解试样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定鱼体中锌、铁、铅、铬、镉和汞的含量

重金属是具有潜在危害的重要污染物,它会被湖泊或海洋中沉积物或悬浮物所吸附,并在生物体内富集,成为持久污染物,对环境造成严重的污染。水体一旦受到严重的重金属污染,生物的食用卫生质量就会受到影响。金属元素含量的测定多采用原子吸收光谱法,其灵敏度高,准确性好,但不能实     

海洋酸化条件下重金属和金属纳米颗粒的环境行为及其对海洋生物的影响

工业革命以来,海洋吸收人类排放的CO_2,导致地球表层海水碳酸盐浓度和pH持续下降,使得全球海洋出现酸化现象.海洋酸化(ocean acidification,OA)除直接威胁海洋生态系统的稳定外,还通过改变海洋污染物的环境行为间接改变其对海洋生物的毒性效应.本文以重金属和金属纳米颗粒(metallic nanoparticles,MNPs)等环境污染物作为主要的研究对象,通过对OA的成因进行深入分析,重点研究OA改变重金属的存在形态和影响金属纳米颗粒的溶解、悬浮、迁移等一系列过程的主要机理,探明这些重金属和MNPs的关键环境过程的改变对海洋生物个体的影响,并对其造成的毒性差异进行了重点分析.最后对OA与共存污染物毒性效应进一步需开展的研究工作进行了重点展望.     

含硫物相对NO还原过程的影响

NOx是煤烯烧过程中产生的主要气体污染物,对生态环境造成严重破坏.NOx的排放浓度与炉内燃烧工况密切相关.     

《水污染防治法》大修 有毒有害水污染物拟公布

正不久前,环保部就《水污染防治法(修订草案)》(以下简称草案)征求意见。据了解,这是1984年《水污染防治法》颁布以来第3次大修,距上次重修已有8年。草案强调"防在前,治在后",增加了八方面的预防性规定。草案提出,国务院环保主管部门要根据水污染物对公众健康和生态环境的危害和影响程度,公布有毒有害水污染物名录,实行风险管理。此外,草案还提出,对因同一排污方排放的污染物使     

煤中氟化物分布与赋存特性研究

氟是煤中微量有害元素之一 ,烟煤中含量一般为 1 0 0～ 30 0 μｇ ｇ[1 ] 。煤在燃烧时 ,煤中的氟化物将发生分解 ,大部分以ＨＦ、ＳｉＦ4等气态污染物形式排入大气 ,不仅严重腐蚀锅炉和烟气净化设备 ,而且造成大气氟污染和生态环境的破坏[2～ 4] 。燃煤污染物中 ,氟化物对动、植物的危害严重 ,给农牧业造成了重大的经济损失[4,5] 。我国是世界上唯一以煤为主要能源的大国 ,煤的主要利用形式是燃烧。燃煤引起的氟排放是大气氟污染的主要污染源。我国已将煤烟型大气氟污染列入气体检测对象 ,并制定了排放标准。因此 ,对煤中氟的赋存特性、燃…     

用于降解印染废水中有机污染物的光催化剂的研究进展

纺织工业印染废水的大量排放是造成水体污染物增多的主要因素之一,对人体健康和生态环境的良性循环造成严重威胁。目前,采用的物理吸附法、化学氧化法以及生物分解法等废水处理技术成本高昂、治污不彻底且容易产生二次污染,加快研发经济高效的处理技术对降低水资源消耗、保护环境意义重大。光催化降解法是催化剂受光辐照后在反应体系中产生活性自由基,自由基进一步与有机污染物反应,使其完全降解。由于该方法经济高效,不易造成二次污染,符合绿色环保的发展要求,已成为污染物降解的研究热点。本文主要综述了近10年光催化技术在降解有机污染物领域的具体方法与研究进展,指出无机半导体、金属有机框架和有机小分子材料作为光催化剂存在的弊端,而多孔共轭聚合物兼具优异的光催化降解和吸附性能,具有很好的发展前景。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定动物源食品中群勃龙、勃地酮和黄体酮残留量

类固醇激素是在畜牧业养殖中经常使用的一类激素,滥用同化激素会对人及动物健康、社会和生态环境造成直接和潜在的危害.     

引言

新型污染物（emerging pollutants）是指对生态环境具有潜在危害但环境监测部门尚未开展常规监测的污染物。与传统的污染物相比,新型污染物组成复杂,如短链氯化石蜡具有近万种同类物(congeners),复杂环境介质中微量/痕量新型污染物的准确定性和定量仍是具有很大挑战的技术难题。多种色谱技术,尤其是色谱与质谱的联用技术是新型污染物检测的有效手段。
我国环境科学工作者在新型污染物检测技术开发方面取得了很大进展,达到了国际先进水平。为反映我国新型污染物检测技术研发成果,推动新型污染物相关研究,我们邀请了相关科研机构、高校以及环境监测部门的专家撰稿,在"新型污染物色谱分析专栏"集中报道新型污染物检测技术的最新研究成果。本专栏论文不仅有药品及个人护理用品（PPCPs）、全氟化合物、短链氯化石蜡等国内外高关注的新型污染物色谱分析新方法,而且还有目前社会各界普遍关心的雾霾有害成分解析技术与方法。相信本专栏所报道的新技术和新方法对读者会有所帮助和启发。     

有机污染物分子的STM研究

本文结合本研究室的部分工作,简要介绍了近年来运用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)对吸附在金属及非金属表面的有机污染物分子的结构、界面行为及反应动力学过程研究中所取得的代表性结果,展示了该技术在污染物降解研究中的重要作用及发展前景。     

Determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Porewater by SPMD

The mobility and bioavailability of organic pollutants associated with sediment depend on the concentrations of these compounds in the porewater^[1]. To assessment and impact the effect of these kinds of organic pollutants on the benthic ecosystem, and the effect of these contaminates were released as a second pollution source, it is in important to know the accurate concentrations of these organic pollutants in sediment porewater^[2]. However, the available methods are not effective^[1]. In 1990,the Semi-permeable Membrane Devices (SPMD)^[3] have being used to passively sample bioavailable aqueous organic pollutants, such as PCBs,OCPs and other organic pollutants.     

An Allochroic Molecular Cage Switch for Sensing and Capturing Organic Pollutants

The adsorption method is considered to be one of the most promising organic pollutants emission reduction strategies. The design and synthesis of high-performance porous adsorbents are one of the most important but challenging works. In this work, we constructed a new class of porous molecular cage switches by a simple reaction using phenolphthalein as the raw material. The molecular cage switches displayed interesting on-off behavior towards organic guests, which is highly responding to organic pollutants with rapid color change and is also able to adsorb these organic pollutants through an open-to-close pathway. This molecular cage switch also has excellent regenerative cycling properties and water resistance, which is expected to be employed in the handling of organic pollutants in the future.     

Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water Using Superwetting Materials

The frequent occurrence of water pollution accidents and the leakage of organic pollutants have caused severe environmental and ecological crisis. It is thus highly imperative to find efficient materials to solve the problem. Inspired by the lotus leaf, superwetting materials are receiving increasing attention in the field of removal of organic pollutants from water. Various superwetting materials have been successfully generated and integrated into devices for removal of organic pollutants from water. On the basis of our previous work in the field, we summarized in this account the progress of removal of (1) floating and underwater insoluble, (2) emulsified insoluble, and (3) both insoluble and soluble organic pollutants from water using superwetting materials including superhydrophobic & superoleophilic materials, superhydrophilic & underwater superoleophobic materials, and materials with controllable wettability. The superwetting materials are in the forms of 2D porous materials, 3D porous materials and particles, etc. Finally, the current state and future challenges in this field are discussed. We hope this account could shed light on the design of novel superwetting materials for efficient removal of organic pollutants from water.     

Organic pollutants adsorbed on microplastics: Analytical methodologies and occurrence in oceans

The massive use of plastics in several products has generated microplastic debris worldwide. Besides their negative effect on marine organisms by ingestion, microplastics are a contamination vector due to their capacity to transport organic pollutants around our planet. To evaluate the magnitude of this issue, it is necessary to know what kinds of contaminants are adsorbed on microplastics, as well as their concentrations. In order to assess the adsorption and desorption of pollutants from microplastics, effective and reliable extraction procedures are required. In this overview, literature reports, in which extraction, separation and determination methods have been applied to analyse the organic pollutants adsorbed on microplastics, are revised and discussed. Furthermore, the worldwide occurrence of organic compounds found on microplastics in oceans is reviewed and the results obtained from different geographical areas and their global distribution trends are compared. Priority organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorinated benzenes, perfluoroalkyl substances or bisphenol analogues, have been widely found on microplastic samples. Future research that focuses on different kinds of emerging pollutants is required.     

氢解还原法进行环境污染控制

化学氢解法具有脱卤、脱氮、脱硫、脱芳构化等作用,目前的研究表明该方法对环境中的许多重要污染物都具有还原去除效果,包括卤代化合物、硝基芳香化合物、有机硫化合物、多环芳烃等有机污染物,以及硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、重金属等无机污染物。为此,本文综述了氢解还原方法降解各类污染物的研究现状,分别介绍了上述各种污染物氢解还原的脱除机理以及影响因素的作用机制,基于绿色化学的要求分析了氢解还原方法的技术优势,从提高氢解效率和节能的角度提出了今后的研究方向。     

基于色谱-质谱联用的新型有机污染物分析方法与技术

新型有机污染物是目前国内外关注的热点。在发现和分析新型有机污染物方面色谱-质谱联用技术发挥着至关重要的作用。本文对5类新型有机污染物(全氟化合物、药物、饮用水消毒副产物、农药转化产物和新农药、溴化阻燃剂)的主要色谱-质谱联用技术进行了介绍和评价,并对色谱-质谱联用的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Trends in the monitoring of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in protected areas

Protected Areas (PAs) are locations for conservation, internationally recognized for their natural, ecological, and/or cultural values. Human presence in PAs is generally limited to minimal or banned exploitation of natural resources. However, different threats to PAs are evident as a result of short and long-range transport of organic pollutants of legacy and emerging concern. There has been a shift of interest in legacy pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to emerging compounds, resulting in a need for improved monitoring strategies in PAs. Here, we highlight the main advances in environmental analytical chemistry for legacy and emerging pollution monitoring in PAs. Trends in sampling, sample preparation and instrumental determination of multiclass organic pollutants in biotic and abiotic matrices are presented and discussed. Here, we considered the most relevant and recent literature regarding organic pollutants in PAs from terrestrial to aquatic landscapes collected within 2015 to the present time frame.     

Analysis of unknown organic pollutants in sewage by solid-phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A rapid, simple, and reliable method of solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is developed for the analysis of a wide range of polarity of unknown organic pollutants in sewage. Wastewater samples are extracted by passing them through disposable C(18) cartridges, and the extracts are then analyzed by GC-MS. Different SPE parameters for ten organic compounds in the list of priority pollutants suggested by the China Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are studied, and their breakthrough volumes are determined. Extraction recoveries for the tested compounds are greater than 60%, except the recovery of 1,2-dichloroethane is 48%. The relative standard deviations are less than 7.8% (n = 3). The developed approach is successfully applied for the identification of organic components in a sewage sample. Over 220 organic pollutants are identified, with 5 of these present in the list of priority pollutants suggested by the U.S. EPA and 4 from the list by the China EPA.     

TiO2光催化氧化去除有机污染物的研究进展

本文综述了近年来TiO2光催化降解有机污染物的研究进展，讨论了各类 有机污染物光催化氧化反应的特点、影响反应速率的因素及光催化体系的改进。