用量子化学参数研究烯烃聚合物定量构效关系

以密度泛函理论(DFT)方法所得的烯烃聚合物结构单元的物性参数如总能量E_t、内能E_in、等容比热C_V、熵S、四极矩Q_ii、偶极矩 µ、平均极化率α及原子最大负电荷q^－等8个量子化学参数, 用逐步回归法分别建立了这些参数与摩尔体积V_{298 K}, 摩尔等张体积P_s、摩尔吸收常数色散分量F_d、摩尔折射率R_LL、摩尔抗磁磁化率χ、摩尔粘度温度函数H_vsum、摩尔Rao函数U_R及摩尔Hartmann函数U_H的结构-性能定量关系 (QSPR) 模型, 其测试集的决定系数R²分别是: V_{298 K} 为0.989, P_s为0.982, F_d为0.975, R_LL为0.997, χ为0.988, H_vsum为0.914, U_R为0.988及U_H为0.972. 结果表明, 用这些量子化学参数所建立的聚合物QSPR模型能用于聚合物性能的预测.     

不同温度下水溶液中树胶醛糖与HCl相互作用的体积性质

采用密度法研究了在278.15—318.15 K(间隔10 K)下树胶醛糖+HCl+水三元溶液的密度、树胶醛糖在盐酸(0.2—2.1087 mol/kg)中的表观摩尔体积VΦ,A、标准表观摩尔体积VΦ,A0和树胶醛糖与HCl的体积相互作用参数. 研究结果表明, 树胶醛糖在盐酸中的VΦ,A和VΦ,A0均随HCl浓度的增加而线性增大. 在一定温度下, 树胶醛糖从纯水到盐酸水溶液的标准转移表观摩尔体积均为正值, 且随盐酸浓度的增加而增大. 在所测温度范围内, 树胶醛糖在盐酸中的VΦ,A0随温度T的变化关系可表示为VΦ,A0=b0+b1(T-273.15)0.84. 树胶醛糖与HCl对体积相互作用参数VEN大于零, 但数值很小且对温度变化不甚敏感.     

胶体泡沫(CGA)排液动力学研究

分别对三种表面活性剂, 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HTAB)以及吐温80 (Tween 80)形成的胶体泡沫(CGA)的排液过程动力学进行了研究. 讨论了表面活性剂种类和浓度, 体系温度等对CGA排液过程的影响. 运用非线性最小二乘法拟合, 推出了表征CGA排液过程的动力学模型: V_t＝V_maxtⁿ/(Kⁿ＋tⁿ), 式中, V_t表示时间t时的排液量(mL), t表示排液时间(s), V_max表示CGA最大排液量(mL)的模型参数, K为模型参数, 表征CGA排液过程的半衰期t_1/2, n为排液曲线反曲特征指数. 通过该模型计算出了表征CGA排液过程的速率常数k_d和半衰期t_1/2等参数. 并通过lnk_d～T^－1的线性关系, 证明了该模型符合Arrhenius方程. 最后, 通过对CGA排液速率随时间的变化分析, 解析了CGA排液过程的“两段论”机理.     

梯度式升温脱水制备LiBF4及其表征

用水溶液法以硼酸、氢氟酸和碳酸锂为原料制备出LiBF₄水溶液, 经浓缩、结晶、梯度式升温脱水得到锂离子电池电解质盐LiBF₄, 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外图谱、热分析对其进行了表征. 研究结果表明: 梯度式升温脱水避免了传统的迅速升温导致的部分水合物熔融包裹在晶体表面而妨碍内部晶体脱水, 自制LiBF₄与商品LiBF₄的XRD图谱吻合, 并与粉末衍射文件(PDF)卡片00-040-1431符合, 确认为无水LiBF₄, 属六方晶系, 空间群为P3₁2₁; LiBF₄红外谱图分析中, 1050 cm^－1处的吸收峰分裂为两个分别处于1055和1038 cm^－1的吸收峰, 属于T₂振动模式的ν₃ (as)振动, 在650 cm^－1处出现中等强度吸收峰, 属T₂振动模式的δ₃ (s)振动; LiBF₄的TG-DTG图谱中314.31 K处有一微弱分解峰, 在516.48 K处出现强分解峰, 失重率为72.33%, 其分解过程可视为LiBF₄分解为LiF和BF₃.     

变温下荧光猝灭和加强理论公式合理性的比较

通过荧光和紫外方法研究盐酸左氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星、加替沙星和沃氟沙星四种喹诺酮类药物与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的作用, 在不同温度下对荧光加强和猝灭理论公式的等价性和精细差异进行了比较, 结果表明: 在不同温度下两种理论公式尽管在求取解离常数上所得结果都可视为有效, 但猝灭方程的双倒数图反而不及荧光加强方程的双倒数图与体现动态、静态猝灭机理的猝灭曲线一致. 对于能量转移效率E, 我们首次定义: 按自由荧光体白蛋白的荧光强度F₀和加入药物至荧光不再变化时的荧光强度F值计算F/F₀, 进而将F/F₀代入E＝１－F/F₀计算能量转移效率E. 它标示出每个体系发生能量转移的最大限度, 向体系中再添加药物, 已不能发生进一步的猝灭, 这一新定义的引入, 使得能量转移效率E这一量值有可能推广到估算白蛋白运载药物能力的最大限度.     

周边含己氧基的三代光致变色液晶树枝状大分子的光化学

报道了新化合物含108个己氧基端基的三代(G3)碳硅烷光致变色液晶树状大分子在溶液中的反-顺光异构化反应速率常数k_p, 光回复异构化正/逆反应速率常数k_t和k_c, 热回复异构化反应速率常数k_H, 光回复异构化反应平衡常数k_t/k_c, 活化能E, 异构转化率A/A₀及组分比A'/A₀. G3的光致变色反应速率常数的数量级为10^－1 s^－1, 而侧链含偶氮基元的光致变色聚硅氧烷的光致变色反应速率常数的数量级为10^－8 s^－1, 因此G3的光响应速率比后者快10⁷倍.     

DNA与金属锇配合物相互作用的表面电化学研究

采用自己建立的DNA表面电化学研究微量方法, 研究了单双链DNA与两种锇配合物(联吡啶锇和二氯菲咯啉锇)的相互作用. 研究发现, 两种锇配合物都是通过静电作用与DNA结合, 其作用方式不受溶液离子强度的影响. 并计算得到了联吡啶锇和二氯菲咯啉锇与dsDNA和ssDNA相互作用的多个热力学和动力学参数, 如结合常数K_3＋或K_2＋, 结合常数比K_3＋/K_2＋, 离子强度为零时的极限比 , 结合自由能ΔG_b, 解离速度常数k, 结合位点数s.     

一种新型四氮杂取代三环冠醚的晶体结构及其配合物的合成与表征

合成了一种新型的四氮杂取代的三环结构冠醚4,13-二氧-1,7,10,16-四氮杂三环[14.2.1.1^7,10]二十烷(L7), 低温条件下在乙醚中培养出其单晶, 用X射线衍射法测定了晶体结构. 该晶体属单斜晶系, 空间群P2₁/n, 晶胞参数a＝0.8984(7) nm, b＝1.0805(9) nm, c＝1.1040(9) nm; Z＝2, β＝111.707(13)°; V＝0.9958(14) nm³, D_c＝1.189 g/cm³, μ＝0.092 mm^－1, F(000)＝392, R₁＝0.0649, wR₂＝0.1714. 制备了配体L7与金属盐的配合物, 分析结果表明, 配体L7与金属离子形成1∶1型的配合物.     

金纳米粒子自球形向棒状的转变和生长的光化学法研究

在含有HAuCl₄和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTMAC)的DMF-H₂O-丙酮介质中, 以CTMAC形成的胶束为模板, 丙酮为光敏剂, 光化学还原法制备了不同长径比的棒状金纳米粒子. 通过改变DMF∶H₂O (V/V)的比例来改变溶液的极性, 增加胶束聚集数, 实现了自球形胶束向棒状的转变, 从而得到以金纳米棒占优势的金胶体溶液. 研究了HAuCl₄和CTMAC的浓度以及照射时间对金纳米棒生长的影响, 在最佳实验条件下, 获得了直径在20～22 nm, 长为0.5～3 μm的金纳米棒, 讨论了光化学反应和金纳米粒子在形成的棒状胶束中的自组装生长机理.     

非离子型可聚合聚氨酯/苯乙烯的超浓乳液聚合

研究了以非离子型可聚合聚氨酯(PUAG)和苯乙烯(St)为混合单体的超浓乳液聚合, 并且考察了n(NCO)/n(OH)摩尔比、复合乳化剂体系质量浓度[E]、不同乳化剂的种类、引发剂质量浓度[I]、单体体积分数(或分散相体积分数, 也称内相比Φ)、聚合温度等因素对聚合稳定性、动力学的影响. 同时结合光相关光谱(PCS)测定了聚合物乳胶粒子大小和粒径分布, 用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了粒子形态, 结果表明: 当n(NCO)/n(OH)＝2∶1, T＝328 K, Φ＝80.39%, [I]＝0.8% g/g (PUAG-St), [E]＝0.22 g/mL H₂O, m(MS-1)/m(CA)＝2∶1, PVA＝0.01 g/mL H₂O时, 超浓乳液不仅有较好的聚合稳定性和较快的聚合速率, 而且粒径小分布均匀. 同时, 在此条件下的表观动力学表达式和表观活化能分别确定为R_p＝k[I]^0.50[E]^0.73[M]^0.54和 E_a＝29.7 kJ/mol. 热失重分析(TGA)进一步表明: 调节PUAG的含量可以达到对聚苯乙烯的改性, 提高聚苯乙烯的热稳定性.     

Volumetric properties of glucose in aqueous HCl solutions at temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K

Densities have been measured for Glucose + HCl +Water at 10-degree intervals from 278.15 to 318.15 K. The apparent molar volumes (V _Φ,G) and standard partial molar volumes (V _Φ,G ⁰ ) for Glucose in aqueous solution of 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, 1.1, 1.6, 2.1 mol·kg⁻¹ HCl have been calculated as well as volumetric interaction parameters (V _EG) for Glucose — HCl in water and standard partial molar expansion coefficients (∂V _Φ,G ⁰ / ∂T)_p. Results show that (1) the apparent molar volume for Glucose in aqueous HCl solutions increases lineally with increasing molality of Glucose and HCl; (2) V _Φ,G/0 for Glucose in aqueous HCl solutions increases lineally with increasing molality of HCl; (3) the volumetric interaction parameters for Glucose — HCl pair in water are small positive and vary slightly with temperature; (4) the relation between V _Φ,G ⁰ and temperature exists as V _Φ,G ⁰ = a ₀ + a ₁(T − 273.15 K)^2/3; (5) values of (∂V _Φ,G ⁰ / ∂T)_p are positive and increase as temperatures rise, and at given temperatures decrease slightly with increasing molalities of HCl, indicating that the hydration of glucose decreases with increasing temperature and molality of HCl. These phenomena are interpreted successfully by the structure interaction model. Translated from Acta Chimica Sinica, 2006, 64(16): 1635–1641 (in Chinese)     

Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Aqueous Nicotinamide at Different Temperatures

Specific heat capacities and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous nicotinamide have been determined from 25.0 to 55.0°C using microdifferential scanning calorimetry in the molality range of 0.07433 to 1.50124 mol-kg^–1. Densities and apparent molar volumes have also been determined for aqueous nicotinamide from 10.30 to 34.98°C using a digital densimeter in the molality range 0.07804–2.02435 mol-kg^–1. The results of these measurements have been used to calculate the following partial molar quantities and temperature derivatives for aqueous nicotinamide as a function of temperature: C _p,2,m ^o, (C _p,2,m ^o/T)_p, (²C_p,2,m ^o/T ²)_p, V _2,m ^o, ( V _2,m ^o/T)_p, and (² V _2,m ²/T ²)_p. The results are discussed in terms of the changes in the packing of nicotinamide molecules in the crystal, interactions in the aqueous form, and its structure-promoting ability with rise in temperature.     

Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Aqueous 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol at Different Temperatures

Specific heats and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroiso- proanol (HFIP) have been determined at temperatures from 20.0 to 45.0°C using micro differential scanning calorimetry in the molality range of 0.06741 to 1.24053 mol-kg^{– 1}. Densities and apparent molar volumes have also been determined for aqueous HFIP at temperatures from 10.3 to 30.0°C using digital densimetry in the molality range of 0.04009 to 0.67427 mol-kg^{– 1}. The results of these measurements have been used to calculate the following partial molar quantities and temperature derivatives for aqueous HFIP as a function of temperature: C_p,2,m°, (C_p,2,m°/T)_p, (²C_p,2,m°/T²)_p, V_2,m° and (V_2,m°/T)_p. The contribution of the — F atom to the partial molar heat capacity and volume has been calculated. The results have been explained in terms of structural changes in water in aqueous HFIP solution. The results obtained in this work contain essential information needed for the development of an equation of state for this system, when used in combination with other thermodynamic properties of aqueous HFIP.     

Volumetric Properties for the Electrolyte (NaCl,NaBr and NaI) Monosaccharide (D‐Mannose and D‐Ribose)‐Water Systems at 298.15 K

Densities have been measured for the electrolyte (NaCl, NaBr and NaI)‐monosaccharide (D ‐mannose and D‐ribose)‐water solutions at 298.15 K. These data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volumes of the saccharides (V_Φ,S) and electrolytes (V_Φ,E) in the studied solutions. Infinite dilution apparent molar volumes, V_Φ,S⁰ and V_Φ,E⁰, have been evaluated, together with the standard transfer volumes of the saccharides (Δ_tV_S⁰) from water to aqueous electrolyte solutions and those of the electrolytes (Δ_tV_E⁰) from water to aqueous saccharide solutions. It was shown that both the Δ_tV_S⁰ and Δ_tV_E⁰ values are positive and increase with increasing molalities of sodium halides and saccharides, respectively. Overall, the Δ_tV_S⁰ and Δ_tV_E⁰ values have the order of NaCl > NaBr > NaI except for NaI‐ribose and NaI‐ribose. Volumetric interaction parameters for the electrolyte‐monosaccharide pairs in water were obtained and interpreted by the stereochemistry of the monosaccharide molecules and the structural interaction model.     

298.15和308.15 K温度条件下甘氨酰甘氨酸在电解质溶液中的热力学性质的研究: 体积性质

利用精密数字密度计测定了298.15和308.15 K甘氨酰甘氨酸在KCl-水和NaCl-水混合溶剂中的密度, 计算了甘氨酰甘氨酸的表观摩尔体积V_Φ和极限偏摩尔体积V_Φ^?, 得到了其由纯水溶剂转移至混合溶剂中的迁移偏摩尔体积Δ_trsV_Φ^?和理论水化数N_h. 正的迁移偏摩尔体积说明在本文所研究的浓度范围内盐溶液可以提高球形蛋白的结构稳定性. 结果表明, 温度对迁移偏摩尔体积的影响很小; 溶液中离子与甘氨酰甘氨酸带电中心间的相互作用占主导地位. 利用共球交盖模型对结果进行了讨论.     

298.15 K甘氨酰二肽在乙酸钠水溶液中的体积性质

测定了298.15 K三种甘氨酰二肽(甘氨酰甘氨酸、甘氨酰-L-缬氨酸和甘氨酰-L-亮氨酸)在0.5, 1.0, 1.5和2.0 mol•kg－1乙酸钠水溶液中的密度, 计算了这些肽在乙酸钠水溶液中的表观摩尔体积, 标准偏摩尔体积, 标准偏摩尔转移体积, 理论水化数和体积相互作用参数. 结果表明: 甘氨酰二肽的标准偏摩尔体积和标准偏摩尔转移体积均随乙酸钠浓度的增加而增大, 溶液中离子与肽带电基团/甘氨酰基团(CH2CONH)之间的相互作用大于离子与肽的非极性基团间的相互作用, 乙酸钠和甘氨酰二肽之间主要是对相互作用. 利用共球交盖模型对所研究的肽与乙酸钠之间的体积相互作用进行了解释. 利用氨基酸的标准偏摩尔体积值, 对二肽的标准偏摩尔体积进行了估算, 发现计算值与实验值一致.     

Volumetric Properties of Aqueous 2-Chloroethanol Solutions and Volumes of Transfer of Some Amino Acids and Peptides from Water to Aqueous 2-Chloroethanol Solutions

Densities and apparent molar volumes of aqueous 2-chloroethanol were determined at temperatures from 15.0 to 34.4°C using digital densimetry. The results of the volumetric measurements have been used to calculate the following thermodynamic quantites at 25°C: V ₂ ^o = 55.05 ± 0.02 cm³-mol^–1, (V ₂ ^o/T)_p = 0.01486 ± 0.00318 cm³-K^–1-mol^–1, and (² V ₂ ^o/T ²)_p = 0.02972 ± 0.00318 cm³-K^–2-mol^–1. Partial molar volumes of transfer from water to 1 mol-dm^–3 2-chloroethanol have also been determined for L-glycine, L-alanine, L-serine, L-glutamic acid, and L-aspartic acid at 35.0°C. The transfer results have been explained in terms of the nature of the interactions of the groups in the solute and solvent. Hydration numbers of L-glycine and L-alanine have also been calculated in aqueous 2-chloroethanol.     

配合物Zn(Met)SO4•H2O(s)的低温热容和标准摩尔生成焓

利用精密自动绝热热量计直接测定了配合物Zn(Met)SO₄•H₂O(s) 在78～370 K温区的摩尔热容. 通过热容曲线的解析得到该配合物的起始脱水温度为T₀＝329.50 K. 将该温区的摩尔热容实验值用最小二乘法拟合得到摩尔热容 (C_p,m)对温度(T)的多项式方程, 并且在此基础上计算出了它的舒平热容值和各种热力学函数值. 依据Hess定律, 通过设计热化学循环, 选择体积为100 cm³、浓度为2 mol•L^－1的盐酸作为量热溶剂, 利用等温环境溶解-反应热量计, 测定和推算出该配合物的标准摩尔生成焓为Δ_fH_m⁰＝－(2069.30±0.74) kJ•mol^－1.     

Partial molar volume of paracetamol in water, 0.1 M HCl and 0.154 M NaCl at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 310.65) K and at 101.325 kPa

The apparent molar volume of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) in water, 0.1 M HCl and 0.154 M NaCl as solvents at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 310.65) K temperatures and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa were determined from the density data obtained with the help of a vibrating-tube Anton Paar DMA-48 densimeter. The partial molar volume, V_m, of paracetamol in these solvents at different temperatures was evaluated by extrapolating the apparent molar volume versus molality plots to m = 0. In addition, the partial molar expansivity, E^°, the isobaric coefficient of thermal expansion, α_p, and the interaction coefficient, S_v, have also been computed. The expansivity data show dependence of E^° values on the structure of the solute molecules.