噻吩基卟啉衍生物的单光子和双光子吸收性质的理论研究

本文理论上研究了两个系列的噻吩基卟啉衍生物,这种衍生物在可见光区具有大的双光子吸收截面。用密度泛函理论和ZINDO-SOS方法,计算了分子的几何构型、电子结构,单光子和双光子吸收性质。结果显示噻吩单元的数目影响分子的单光子和双光子吸收性质。具有两个或三个噻吩基团的噻吩基卟啉衍生物在较大范围内具有可用于实际应用中的双光子吸收响应,这一性质有利于这类分子在光限幅中的应用。插入乙炔基有利于扩大共轭范围,增加分子的双光子吸收截面。同时,乙炔基团的加入导致了单光子和双光子波长的红移。从高透明性和相对大的非线性光学响应考虑,噻吩基卟啉衍生物是一类有应用前景的双光子吸收材料。     

末端基团对芴类衍生物分子非线性光学性质的影响

通过采用预估矫正的时域有限差分方法数值求解速率方程-光场强度方程,研究了纳秒激光脉冲在具有不同末端基团的对称性芴类衍生物分子2,7-双(4′-(二甲基氨基)苯乙烯基)-9-氢-芴(F1分子)和2,7-双(4′-硝基苯乙烯基)-9-氢-芴(F2分子)中的动力学传播过程以及光限幅效应,分析了两种分子的光限幅特性随传播距离(z)、粒子数密度(N)以及脉冲宽度(τ)的变化情况,并且拟合了两种分子的动态双光子吸收(TPA)截面。计算结果表明,该系列分子具有较大的双光子吸收截面以及较好的光限幅效应。此外,F2分子的末端基团―NO2与F1分子的末端基团―N(CH3)2相比具有更强的得电子能力,因而使得F2分子具有更大的跃迁偶极矩,双光子吸收截面增大,光限幅效应更为明显。     

1,4-二(4'-N,N-二苯胺基苯乙烯基)苯衍生物单双光子吸收性质的理论研究

随着双光子显微技术的发展,获得性质优良的双光子荧光染料成为研究热点.因此,通过密度泛函理论(DFT)对一系列D-π-A-π-D型1,4-二(4'-N,N-二苯胺基苯乙烯基)苯(DPA-DSB)衍生物平衡几何结构、电子结构、单双光子吸收以及荧光发射性质进行了理论研究,对其结构和光学性质的分析表明,对A,π结构元进行修饰或更换可有效地调节光谱;向分子片段A引入杂原子可有效提高双光子吸收截面;和乙烯基团相比,π桥为乙炔基,若对分子平面性改变不大,则导致分子双光子吸收截面值减小,若乙炔桥很大程度改善分子平面性,则导致分子的TPA截面增大.本研究旨在理解DPA-DSB衍生物分子结构与双光子性质间的关系,为设计合成新型双光子材料提供重要信息.     

二吡唑铝化合物双光子吸收性质的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论(DFT)和半经验的ZINDO方法对二吡唑铝化合物的单、双光子吸收(OPA、TPA)性质进行了研究.结果表明,铝氮烷杂环化合物具有好的双光子吸收性质,其双光子最大吸收截面值(δmax)可达到2860.1 GM(1 GM=10-50 cm4·s·photon-1).在中心、共轭桥和末端引入强的吸电子基团可调谐单、双光子吸收光谱,实现在不同波长范围的双光子吸收;利用三态公式分析了分子的双光子吸收截面变化的内在原因;铝氮烷杂环化合物与其相应的硼化合物相比,表现出类似的单、双光子吸收性质,但一定程度上可增大双光子吸收截面.     

新型香豆素酮类不对称双光子染料的合成及其光物理性质

本文以二苯乙烯和香豆素为共轭桥,二乙氨基为电子给体,羰基为电子受体,合成了一个具有D-π₁-A-π₂-D结构的香豆素酮类双光子染料C3.用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱研究了该化合物的光物理性质.发现在光作用下C3很容易发生分子内电荷转移,进而转变为扭曲的分子内电荷转移,产生很大的偶极矩变化.以飞秒脉冲激光为激发光源,用上转换荧光法测定了其双光子吸收截面.在激发波长为850 nm时,新化合物的双光子吸收截面值达1292 GM,比同系列香豆素酮衍生物C1、C2的双光子吸收截面值高一到两个数量级.     

具有大的双光子吸收截面的四羧酸二萘嵌苯衍生物的理论研究

用密度泛涵方法和ZINDO方法,从理论上研究了一系列四羧酸二萘嵌苯的衍生物(PTCDS)。对其平衡几何、电子结构和单双光子吸收性质进行了详细的计算研究。结果表明,此系列衍生物的双光子吸收截面主要由其主体结构(二萘嵌苯)决定。△EH-Lgap (HOMO与LUMO间的能隙)的减小,HOMO轨道能量的增大,分子主轴两端取代基给电子强度的增强,共轭长度的增大,分子刚性的增强都有利于此系列化合物双光子吸收截面的增大。并设计了比文献[22]报道的分子C有更大的双光子吸收截面的两个分子D1,D2。     

一系列新的双光子聚合引发剂:合成与非线性光学性质

通过无溶剂反应,合成了四种具有D-π-D(D-供体,π-共轭体系)结构的光聚合引发剂,即4,4′-双[2-(4-N,N-二乙胺基)-苯乙烯基]联苯(BDEVB)、4,4′-双[2-(4-N,N-二丙胺基)-苯乙烯基]联苯(BDPVB)、4,4′-双[2-(4-N,N-二丁胺基)-苯乙烯基]联苯(BDBVB)和4,4′-双[2-(4-N-甲基-N-羟乙基胺基)-苯乙烯基]联苯(BMHVB),并利用1HNMR,IR和元素分析进行了表征,同时研究了它们在不同溶剂中的单光子和双光子荧光.实验结果表明:不同的电子供体使其单光子荧光和双光子吸收截面具有不同的变化趋势.     

苯并噻唑衍物的合成及结构-双光子吸收光物理特性关系

报道了三个具有典型A-π-A'型共轭结构的苯并噻唑衍生物的合成及结构-双光 子吸收光物理特性关系。通过对三个化合物的共轭结构增长和拉电子基强度变化对 化合物单光子荧光光谱、双光子诱导荧光光谱和双光子吸收截面等特性的影响研究 ，我们发现，苯并噻唑杂环中的杂原子硫在化合物共轭链链短时对其光物理特性影 响很强，在共轭链较长时影响减弱甚至消失。通常情况下，共轭链长度和拉电子基 强度共同对双光子吸收截面作贡献，我们的研究表明，当共轭链较长时，共轭链的 增长对增强分子双光子吸收截面的贡献远大于拉电子基强度变化的贡献。其中，新 化合物2（2-{4-[2-（4-硝基苯基）-乙烯基]苯基}-乙烯基）苯并噻唑具有双光子 吸收截面大(181*10~(-50)cm~4s/photon)和荧光量子产率高(13.8%)的特点，是双 光子荧光显微与成像应用的一个良好的候选材料。     

苯并噻唑衍物的合成及结构-双光子吸收光物理特性关系

报道了三个具有典型A-π-A'型共轭结构的苯并噻唑衍生物的合成及结构-双光 子吸收光物理特性关系。通过对三个化合物的共轭结构增长和拉电子基强度变化对 化合物单光子荧光光谱、双光子诱导荧光光谱和双光子吸收截面等特性的影响研究 ，我们发现，苯并噻唑杂环中的杂原子硫在化合物共轭链链短时对其光物理特性影 响很强，在共轭链较长时影响减弱甚至消失。通常情况下，共轭链长度和拉电子基 强度共同对双光子吸收截面作贡献，我们的研究表明，当共轭链较长时，共轭链的 增长对增强分子双光子吸收截面的贡献远大于拉电子基强度变化的贡献。其中，新 化合物2（2-{4-[2-（4-硝基苯基）-乙烯基]苯基}-乙烯基）苯并噻唑具有双光子 吸收截面大(181*10~(-50)cm~4s/photon)和荧光量子产率高(13.8%)的特点，是双 光子荧光显微与成像应用的一个良好的候选材料。     

D-π-A型三联吡啶衍生物的合成、结构和光学特性

以2,2'∶6',2″-三联吡啶为电子受体(Acceptor,A)基元,通过Wittig成烯反应引入N-己基-3-甲酰基咔唑电子给体(Donor,D)基元,合成了一种D-π-A型三联吡啶衍生物,对其进行了质谱、核磁共振波谱、红外光谱及X射线单晶结构分析.光学性质研究结果表明,目标产物具有单、双光子吸收和荧光特性,荧光量子产率(Ф)高达0.46,最大双光子吸收截面(δ)为120 GM.     

Visualizations of transition dipoles, charge transfer, and electron-hole coherence on electronic state transitions between excited states for two-photon absorption

The one-photon absorption (OPA) properties of donor-pi-bridge-acceptor-pi-bridge-donor (D-pi-A-pi-D)-type 2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles (BTD) were studied with two dimensional (2D) site and three dimensional (3D) cube representations. The 2D site representation reveals the electron-hole coherence on electronic state transitions from the ground state. The 3D representation shows the orientation of transition dipole moment with transition density, and the charge redistribution on the excited states with charge difference density. In this paper, we further developed the 2D site and 3D cube representations to investigate the two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of D-pi-A-pi-D-type BTD on electronic transitions between excited states. With the new developed 2D site and 3D cube representations, the orientation of transition dipole moment, the charge redistribution, and the electron-hole coherence for TPA of D-pi-A-pi-D-type BTD on electronic state transitions between excited states were visualized, which promote deeper understanding to the optical and electronic properties for OPA and TPA.     

Enhancement of Two-photon Absorption by Ce^3＋ Sensitization in Organic Dyes

The two-photon absorption(TPA)and TPA-induced frequency upconversion emission properties of the dyes 4-[P-(dicyanoethylamino)crystal]-N-methypyrdinium iodide and the complex of 4-[P-(dicyanoethylamino)crystal]-N-methypyrdinium iodide and Ce(NO3)3 were experimentally studied.It was found that the TPA cross section for the dye sensitized by Ce3 is two factors larger than that of the dye without being sensitized.A three-level system model of the dye molecules was used to analyze the enhancement of TPA by the sensitizer Ce3 ,which indicated that the sensitizer results in the increase of the transition dipole moment from the one-photon allowed excited state(1Bu)to the two-photon allowed excited state(2Ag).     

Building symmetric two-dimensional two-photon materials

Two-dimensional multi-annulenic carbon networks are important molecules with possible applications in optoelectronic devices and nonlinear optics. Investigations of two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections have been carried out in a series of annulenes with a basic building block approach and variable symmetries. Enhancement of the TPA cross section has been observed with an increase in number of building blocks and order of symmetry. Evaluations of the ground-state transition dipole moment and chromophore density are not sufficient to explain the observed enhancement. Estimates of excited-state transition dipole moments made by femtosecond transient absorption measurements are able to successfully predict the observed trend in TPA cross section. It has been observed that the symmetry of the molecule plays a vital role in enhancing the TPA cross section by virtue of increasing the excited-state transition dipole moment.     

Transition Dipole,Charge Transfer,and Electron-hole Coherence in Two-photon Absorption： Visualizations with Two Dimensional Site and Three Dimensional Cube Representations

The developed visualization methods of two dimensional （2D） site and three dimensional （3D） cube representations have been performed to show the orientation of transition dipole, charge transfer, and electron-hole coherence in two-photon absorption （TPA）. The 3D cube representations of transition density can reveal visually the orientation and strength of transition dipole moment, and charge different density show the orientation of charge transfer in TPA. The 2D site representation can reveal visually the electron-hole coherence in TPA. The combination of 2D site and 3D cube representations provide clearly inspect into the charge transfer process and the contribution of excited molecular segments for TPA.     

Benzothiazoles with tunable electron-withdrawing strength and reverse polarity: a route to triphenylamine-based chromophores with enhanced two-photon absorption

A series of dipolar and octupolar triphenylamine-derived dyes containing a benzothiazole positioned in the matched or mismatched fashion have been designed and synthesized via palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the designed molecules were tuned by an additional electron-withdrawing group (EWG) and by changing the relative positions of the donor and acceptor substituents on the heterocyclic ring. This allowed us to examine the effect of positional isomerism and extend the structure-property relationships useful in the engineering of novel heteroaromatic-based systems with enhanced two-photon absorption (TPA). The TPA cross-sections (δ(TPA)) in the target compounds dramatically increased with the branching of the triphenylamine core and with the strength of the auxiliary acceptor. In addition, a change from the commonly used polarity in push-pull benzothiazoles to a reverse one has been revealed as a particularly useful strategy (regioisomeric control) for enhancing TPA cross-sections and shifting the absorption and emission maxima to longer wavelengths. The maximum TPA cross-sections of the star-shaped three-branched triphenylamines are ～500-2300 GM in the near-infrared region (740-810 nm); thereby the molecular weight normalized δ(TPA)/MW values of the best performing dyes within the series (2.0-2.4 GM·g(-1)·mol) are comparable to those of the most efficient TPA chromophores reported to date. The large TPA cross-sections combined with high emission quantum yields and large Stokes shifts make these compounds excellent candidates for various TPA applications, including two-photon fluorescence microscopy.     

Synthesis and optical properties of multibranched and C3 symmetrical oligomers with benzene or triphenylamine core and diazines as peripheral groups

We report therein the synthesis and photophysical properties of a new series of two- and tribranched compounds built up from benzene or triphenylamine as central core and electron-withdrawing diazine rings as peripheral group. The arms allowing connection between these two parts are constituted by an ethynylene linker. All these compounds are fluorescent and are of particular interest with generally good quantum yields and good Stokes shifts. Some of them have been tested for two-photon absorption (TPA) properties and had revealed interesting performances.     

Synthetic strategies to derivatizable triphenylamines displaying high two-photon absorption

A versatile synthetic strategy to access a set of highly fluorescent pi-conjugated triphenylamines bearing a functional linker at various positions on one phenyl ring is described. These compounds were designed for large two-photon absorption (2PA) and in particular for labeling of biomolecules. The monoderivatized trisformylated or trisiodinated intermediates described herein allow introduction of a large variety of electron-withdrawing groups required for large 2PA as well as a panel of chemical functions suitable for coupling to biomolecules. The monoderivatized three-branched compounds and in particular the benzothiazole (TP-3Bz) series show remarkable linear (high extinction coefficients and high quantum yield) and nonlinear (high 2-photon cross sections) optical properties. Interestingly the presence of functional side chains does not disturb the two-photon absorption. Finally, monoderivatized two-branched derivatives also appear to be valuable candidates. Altogether the good optical properties of the new derivatizable pi-conjugated TPA combined with their small size and their compatibility with bioconjugation protocols suggest that they represent a new chemical class of labels potentially applicable for the tracking of biomolecules using two-photon scanning microscopy.     

Illuminating the origins of two-photon absorption properties in fluorescent protein chromophores

We provide here a structural impact on two-photon absorption cross-section (σ^TPA) for 22 distinct fluorescent protein (FP) chromophores. By employing time-dependent density functional theory, we gain insight into two-photon absorption (TPA) process by investigating relationship between σ^TPA and one-photon electronic transition dipole moment and permanent dipole moment change (Δμ) upon transition. Our results reveal that for the S₁ excited state, σ^TPA is proportional to (Δμ)² in agreement with two-state model of TPA process. On the contrary, the TPA spectroscopy of higher excited states (S _n, n > 1) is much more complex. We do not find a main driving force of large σ^TPA that would be common for investigated chromophores. Instead, it seems that channel interference between one-photon transition dipole moment vectors is responsible for enhancement or diminishment of σ^TPA. Our in vacuo results may serve as a benchmark to investigate a role of chromophore-protein interaction in shaping TPA spectra of FPs.     

Electronic and vibronic contributions to two-photon absorption in donor-acceptor-donor squaraine chromophores

Many squaraines have been observed to exhibit two-photon absorption at transition energies close to those of the lowest energy one-photon electronic transitions. Here, the electronic and vibronic contributions to these low-energy two-photon absorptions are elucidated by performing correlated quantum-chemical calculations on model chromophores that differ in their terminal donor groups (diarylaminothienyl, indolenylidenemethyl, dimethylaminopolyenyl, or 4-(dimethylamino)phenylpolyenyl). For squaraines with diarylaminothienyl and dimethylaminopolyenyl donors and for the longer examples of 4-(dimethylamino)phenylpolyenyl donors, the calculated energies of the lowest two-photon active states approach those of the lowest energy one-photon active (1B(u)) states. This is consistent with the existence of purely electronic channels for low-energy two-photon absorption (TPA) in these types of chromophores. On the other hand, for all squaraines containing indolinylidenemethyl donors, the calculations indicate that there are no low-lying electronic states of appropriate symmetry for TPA. Actually, we find that the lowest energy TPA transitions can be explained through coupling of the one-photon absorption (OPA) active 1B(u) state with b(u) vibrational modes. Through implementation of Herzberg-Teller theory, we are able to identify the vibrational modes responsible for the low-energy TPA peak and to reproduce, at least qualitatively, the experimental TPA spectra of several squaraines of this type.