分子筛上苯与烯烃烷基化失活动力学的研究

在改性USY沸石分子筛上对长链烯烃与苯的烷基化失活反应进行了研究 ,考察内扩散阻力和催化剂失活对烷基化反应的影响 ,建立了存在内扩散阻力影响的失活动力学方程 ,通过对实验数据拟合确定了失活动力学参数 :失活级数d =1 2、失活速率常数kd=4 82 6 5× 10 11exp(- 9 7793× 10 4 /RT)。统计检验结果表明 ,该失活动力学方程能很好地拟合试验数据。用所建失活模型预测了反应温度、催化剂颗粒度及进料时间对催化剂活性、稳定性的影响。     

HRP-12催化剂上苯与直链烯烃的烷基化反应 Ⅱ. 失活动力学研究

采用连续操作的釜式反应器，利用悬浮态的负载杂多酸催化剂HRP-12上的烷基化反应的实验数据进行参数估值，确定了失活反应速率常数、失活反应活化能、活性保留函数的失活反应级数和烯烃摩尔浓度的失活反应级数，建立了苯与直链烯烃烷基化反应的失活动力学模型。模型表明：该失活反应对于活性保留函数是一级失活反应，对于烯烃摩尔浓度是二级失活反应。统计检验表明：所得失活动力学方程在显著性水平α=0.005下有较高的实验数据拟合精度和模型可信度。     

SDS抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶反应的热动力学研究

在37 ℃, pH＝7.4的Tris-HCl缓冲体系中, 利用热焓放大技术和热动力学初始速率法研究了近生理条件下的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)催化溴化乙酰胆碱水解反应及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对反应的抑制动力学. 通过测量实验条件下反应体系的总反应焓及相同条件下的Tris碱的质子化焓, 确定了酶反应的摩尔反应焓ΔH_m,1为0.63 kJ•mol^－1, 米氏常数K_m和底物抑制常数K_S分别为0.85～0.94 mmol•L^－1和0.74～0.83 mmol•L^－1. SDS能够显著地降低反应速率, 但对酶反应的生化常数的影响较小, SDS对AchE的抑制表现为不可逆抑制. 在一定浓度的SDS溶液中, AchE的失活符合一级反应动力学规律, 表观一级失活速率常数与作用时间及SDS浓度的四次方呈线性关系, 失活常数为(2.47～2.69)×10¹³ mol^－4•L⁴•min^－1.     

海洋芽孢杆菌酯酶BSE-1的催化动力学和热失活动力学研究

海洋芽孢杆菌发酵产生的酯酶BSE-1经分离纯化后,以对硝基苯磷酸酯(PNPP)为底物,对电泳纯BSE-1的催化性质、催化动力学和热失活动力学进行了研究.催化动力学研究表明,金属离子对BSE-1的活性影响显著,其中Ca2 的激活作用最强,为混合型激活作用;而Ba2 的抑制作用最为明显,为非竞争性抑制作用.BSE-1的酶促反应动力学符合米氏方程,其中Km=8.15mmol·L-1,Vmax=0.97mmol·mg-1·min-1.采用连续模型对BSE-1在70℃的热失活动力学进行模拟,求得酶的失活速率常数k1=1.41,k2=0.28.     

不同体系下根霉脂肪酶失活动力学模型研究

对根霉脂肪酶储存稳定性(干燥状态)及在水中,甘油微量水中等不同体系的热失活机理进行了研究,并求出了动力学参数.结果表明该酶在不同的外部环境中热失活机理并不一致:干燥酶粉符合一级失活模型,酶水溶液和酶甘油微水溶液却符合两步串联失活机理,而且证实甘油对该脂肪酶的热稳定性有促进作用.     

肌酸激酶在胍溶液中的变性与失活速度的比较

本文以紫外差光谱、荧光光谱为监测手段测定肌酸激酶的变性与失活过程均为一级反应。在3M胍溶液中,30℃测得的失活速度常数为5.9秒~(-1),变性速度常数为1.9秒~(-1)。1M胍变性时,失活速度常数为4.3秒~(-1),而交性速度常数明显降低为0.04秒~(-1)。0.5M胍变性时,失活为两个一级过程,其速度常数分别为3.6秒~(-1)与0.003秒~(-1),此外酶还保持有3.4％的剩余活力;变性速度常数为0.004秒~(-1)。在0.3M胍中,酶的紫外差吸收及荧光变化都很小,但是60％的活力仍然迅速丧失,最后还保持有30％剩余活力。上述结果表明,酶的活性部位可能比较脆弱。酶分子双体的解聚或盐酸胍的抑制作用也可能引起酶的快速失活。低浓度胍变性时,失活过程的多相性意味着可能存在有部分活力的中间态。     

氨基酰化酶在脲溶液中变性时构象变化速度与失活速度的比较

应用了邹氏不可逆抑制动力学的方法,在变性剂存在的条件下,连续监测酶催化的底物反应过程,测定了氨基酰化酶在不同浓度脲溶液中失活的速度常数,并考察了底物的存在对酶失活的保护作用。同时,还比较了氨基酰化酶在不同浓度脲溶液中变性时失活和构象变化的速度。1mol/L,2mol/L脲变性时失活速度常数为为1.62×10~(-2)S~(-1)和2.05×10~(-2)S~(-1),但是酶分子的整体构象尚未发生明显变化。3mol/L脲变性时,失活速度常数为2.56×10~(-2)S~(-1),而变性速度常数为3.72×10~(-3)S~(-1)。失活速度比构象变化速度快大约一个数量级。在4mol/L,5mol/L,6mol/L脲溶液中变性时,酶分子快速失活,而其构象变化速度常数分别为5.27×10~(-3)S~(-1)。5.47×10~(-3)S~(-1),5.56×10~(-3)S~(-1)。可见,在相同浓度的脲溶液中,氨基酰化酶的失活速度明显快于酶分子整体构象变化的速度。上述结果表明,含有辅基金属离子Zn~(2+)的氨基酰化酶的活性部位较酶分子的整体结构也具有一定的柔性。     

脂肪酶催化乳酸与乙醇合成乳酸乙酯的反应动力学

对脂肪酶催化乳酸与乙醇合成乳酸乙酯反应的动力学进行了研究,根据乒乓机制和双底物抑制的特性建立了反应速率方程.反应时间常数(tR)和扩散时间常数(tD)的计算结果表明,酯化反应速率未受到明显的限制.反应速率方程可以很好地预测实验结果,由非线性拟合得到的动力学参数中,乳酸(A)和乙醇(B)的抑制常数分别为KiA=10.7mmol/L和KiB=275.0mmol/L.这说明乳酸作为短链极性脂肪酸,对酶的失活作用远大于乙醇.乳酸在微液层中聚集并产生了使酶失活的低pH值环境,同时在酯化反应中存在竞争性抑制作用.     

催化动力学直接光度法测定α,α′-联吡啶

本文研究了稀氨水溶液中,微量α,α′-联吡啶加速过氧化氢氧化茜素褪色的指示反应及其动力学条件,证明了本反应的反应级数为假一级反应,速率常数K=1.698×10~(-3)/s,半衰期t_(1/2)=6.8min。建立了动力学直接光度法测定微量α,α′-联吡啶的新方法,灵敏度为1.35×10~(-8)mol/L,测定范围0～16×10~(-4)mol/L,操作简便、快速。     

Ferron逐时比色法中显色剂Ferron浓度对Al-Ferron体系反应动力学的影响

Ferron逐时比色法中Al-Ferron体系反应动力学常被视为准一级反应,由此可推得相应的拟合方程并测得相应的反应速率常数kb,显色剂Ferron作为反应物之一其用量必然直接影响测量的结果。以不同OH/Al比的聚合氯化铝溶液为研究对象,抓住Ferron浓度这一核心要素,对Al-Ferron体系反应动力学过程进行了系统研究。结果表明,[Ferron]≥2.0×10^(-3)mol/L是确保动力学速率常数kb准确测量的基本保证。     

Effect of the Inducers Veratryl Alcohol, Xylidine, and Ligninosulphonates on Activity and Thermal Stability and Inactivation Kinetics of Laccase from Trametes versicolor

Laccase production from Trametes versicolor was improved in the presence of the inducers ligninosulphonates, veratryl alcohol, and xylidine respectively two-, four-, and eightfold. The thermal inactivation of the produced laccase, after partial purification with ammonium sulfate was kinetically investigated at various temperatures (60?C70?°C) and pH values (3.5, 4.5, and 5.5). The inactivation process followed first-order kinetics for all conditions tested, except for veratryl alcohol, for which a constant activity level was observed at the end of the inactivation, also after first-order decay. Enzyme thermostability was affected by the type of inducer used in the culture medium for the production of laccase and also by the pH of incubation mixture. Generally, laccase stability increased with pH increment, being more stable at pH?5.5, except with xylidine. At pHs?4.5 and 5.5, the three inducers significantly increased laccase thermal stability, with the higher effect being observed for pH?5.5 and ligninosulphonates, where increment of half-life times ranged from 3- to 20-fold, depending on the temperature.     

Pseudo First-Order Cleavage of an Immobilized Substrate by an Enzyme Undergoing Two-Dimensional Surface Diffusion

In this paper we study the reaction kinetics of an enzyme adsorbed on a peptide substrate surface. Although the adsorption is effectively irreversible, the enzyme is able to diffuse on the surface. Our reaction system consisted of the enzyme collagenase and the oligopeptide FALGPA, a substrate for the enzyme. A quartz surface was coated with covalently bound substrate molecules. The extent of reaction was monitored continuously in a flow cell via UV absorption. The data are compatible with a kinetic model based on a pseudo first-order diffusion/orientation rate-limiting step followed by a relatively fast chemical cleavage step. This model was validated by examining the pH dependence of the rate constant. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Thermal inactivation of immobilized enzymes: A kinetic study

The thermal inactivation kinetics of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and—-amylase bound to silica, polyacrylamide, and polystyrene were studied at different temperatures. The inactivation curves were analyzed by a kinetic model, assuming a first-order reaction of differently stable enzyme fractions on the matrix. In all cases the assumption of two enzyme fractions with distinctly different inactivation constants was sufficient for describing the inactivation progress (standard deviations between experimental and calculated inactivation curves, 1-4%). Both the inactivation constants as well as the relative concentrations of the enzyme fractions were found to change in dependence on temperature.     

The Use of PAMAM Dendrimers as a Platform for Laccase Immobilization: Kinetic Characterization of the Enzyme

The kinetic behavior of the enzyme laccase in solution and immobilized onto carbon platforms using poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers has been investigated. The results with the immobilized enzymes have demonstrated that almost ten times more enzyme on the carbon support is required for satisfactory kinetic rates to be achieved. Furthermore, the study as a function of the substrate concentration revealed that the kinetic behavior of the enzyme in solution fits the Michaelis?CMenten model. However, when the enzyme is immobilized onto the carbon surface, the catalyzed reaction follows a particular kinetic behavior with apparent positive cooperativity. The highest activity with laccase (in solution or immobilized) is achieved around pH?4.5, and the substrate conversion rate clearly diminishes with rising pH. The optimum temperature lies around 60?°C. The enzyme displays good catalytic activity in a wide range of pH and temperature values. The stability tests evidenced that there is no appreciable reduction in the enzymatic activity after immobilization within the first 30?days. Taking into account both the kinetic and stability tests, one can infer that the use of PAMAM dendrimers seems to be a very attractive approach for the immobilization of enzymes, as well as a feasible and useful methodology for the anchoring of enzymes with potential application in many biotechnological areas.     

Kinetics of redox polymer-mediated enzyme electrodes

Oxygen-reducing enzyme electrodes are prepared from laccase of Trametes versicolor and a series of osmium-based redox polymer mediators covering a range of redox potentials from 0.11 to 0.85 V. Experimentally obtained current density generated by the film electrodes is analyzed using a one-dimensional numerical model to obtain kinetic parameters. The bimolecular rate constant for mediation is found to vary with mediator redox potential from 250 s(-1) M(-1) when mediator and enzyme are close in redox potential to 9.4 x 10(4) s(-1) M(-1) when the redox potential difference is large. The value of the bimolecular rate constant for the simultaneously occurring laccase-oxygen reaction is found to be 2.4 x 10(5) s(-1) M(-1). The relationship between mediator-enzyme overpotential and bimolecular rate constant is used to determine the optimum mediator redox potential for maximum power output of a hypothetical biofuel cell with a planar cathode and a reversible hydrogen anode. For laccase of T. versicolor (E(e)(0) = 0.82), the optimum mediator potential is 0.66 V (SHE), and a molecular structure is presented to achieve this result.     

Thermokinetic Comparison of Trypan Blue Decolorization by Free Laccase and Fungal Biomass

Free laccase and fungal biomass from white-rot fungi were compared in the thermokinetics study of the laccase-catalyzed decolorization of an azo dye, i.e., Trypan Blue. The decolorization in both systems followed a first-order kinetics. The apparent first-order rate constant, k ₁′, value increases with temperature. Apparent activation energy of decolorization was similar for both systems at ～22 kJ mol^?1, while energy for laccase inactivation was 18 kJ mol^?1. Although both systems were endothermic, fungal biomass showed higher enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy changes for the decolorization compared to free laccase. On the other hand, free laccase showed reaction spontaneity over a wider range of temperature (ΔT?=?40 K) as opposed to fungal biomass (ΔT?=?15 K). Comparison of entropy change (ΔS) values indicated metabolism of the dye by the biomass.     

Generalized theoretical and practical treatment of the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the presence of an enzyme equimolar irreversible inhibitor

We revisit a previous analysis of the classical Michaelis-Menten enzyme reaction for the case in which the free enzyme incurs the loss of its activity by an irreversible inhibitor concentration dependent but time unaltered rate constant (see Golicnik, M. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2002, 42, 157-161). We study the kinetic model of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the presence of an equimolar irreversible inhibitor showing a time dependent inactivation rate constant because of considerable inhibitor amount depletion during the course of the reaction. We show that an analytical solution containing the nonelementary Gauss hypergeometric function can be found for the reactants in equation Phi of an implicit type that precludes direct calculation of the extent of reaction at any time. The transformation theory of the hypergeometric function is used to obtain rapidly convergent power series, and for the root calculation of equation Phi the divergence-proof root bracketing algorithm according to Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent is performed. Numerically generated data are analyzed according to this mathematical procedures, and the results are compared with ones obtained by the numerical integration treatment.     

以共价键相连的卟啉-酞菁化合物分子内能量传递及光诱导电子转移

合成了叶啉与酞菁以共价键连接起来的双发色团分子。测定了它们的吸收光谱,荧光光谱,荧光寿命等。计算了分子内能量传递过程的效率(φ_EnT)及速率常数(κ_EnT)。结果表明:在稀溶液中,卟啉与酞菁等克分子混合时,观察不到分子间能量传递过程现象的发生;而双发色团分子的分子内能量传递过程则明显发生了,其效率(φ_EnT=13～70%)与速率常数(κ_EnT=1.2×10⁷～2.0×10⁸s^-1)取决于分子的结构类型。电子转移与能量传递过程与介质性质有关。在极性溶剂中有利于电子转移过程的进行,而不利于能量传递过程;在非极性溶剂中,则有利于能量传递过程的进行,而不利于电子转移。 选择性激发酞菁发色团,观测到了只有电子转移发生的过程,其电子转移效率达到38%。     

Stabilizing and suicide-peroxide protecting effect of Ni2+ on horseradish peroxidase

The present research discusses the structure stabilizing and protecting effects of Ni²⁺ against suicide-peroxide inactivation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Suicide inactivation of HRP by hydrogen peroxide (3 mM) was monitored by measuring change in the absorbance of the colored product (tetraguaiacol) of the catalytic reaction cycle at 470 nm. Progress curves of the catalytic reaction cycle were obtained at 27 °C, phosphate buffer (5 mM), pH 7.0. The corresponding kinetic parameters (e.g., initial enzyme activity (α_o) and the apparent rate constant (k_i) of suicide inactivation of HRP by peroxide) were evaluated using a kinetic equation derived in this study. Comparative activatory and inhibitory effects of Ni²⁺ on the kinetics of suicide-peroxide inactivation of HRP are discussed.