Study of the supported zirconocene catalysts by means of UV/vis and DRIFT spectroscopy

UV/vis in diffusion reflection mode (DRS) and DRIFT spectroscopy have been used to study the surface zirconocene species formed at the interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ and Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe₂ complexes with the MAO/SiO₂ support. Effect of additional activation of these catalysts with TIBA has been studied as well.

Structure of type [Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe]⁺[MeMAO]⁻ (C) is formed at the reaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrMe₂ complex with MAO/SiO₂ (a.b. at 456 nm in UV/vis spectra). Interaction of this complex with TIBA results in the formation of new structure (D) with a.b. at 496 nm in UV/vis spectra.

The surface species of different composition and structures are formed at interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ complex with MAO/SiO₂. The ratio between these species depends on the zirconium content in the Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/MAO/SiO₂ catalysts. According to the DRIFTS data (CO and ethylene adsorption) and ethylene polymerization data these catalysts contain active ZrMe bonds but activity of these catalysts at ethylene polymerization is low. Interaction of Me₂Si(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/MAO/SiO₂ with TIBA leads to the formation of the new cationic structure of type (D) with a.b. at 496 nm in UV/vis spectra and great increasing of activity at ethylene polymerization.     

聚乙烯载体催化剂的制备与表征

不同目数的聚乙烯粉末通过辐射方法接枝了4-乙烯基吡啶官能团.经甲基铝氧烷(MAO)预处理后负载了茂金属催化剂Cp₂ZrCl₂.光电子能谱和红外光谱结果表明催化剂通过MAO的作用负载在聚乙烯接枝4-乙烯基吡啶聚合物上.4-乙烯基吡啶的接枝含量、催化剂的负载率以及载体催化剂对乙烯单体的活性均随着聚乙烯粉末的颗粒减小而增大.     

ansa-Metallocene derivatives XXXIII. 2-Dimethylamino-substituted bis-indenyl zirconium dichloride complexes with and without a dimethylsilyl bridge: syntheses, crystal structures and properties in propene polymerization catalysis

Bis(2-N,N-dimethylamino-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, (2-(CH₃)₂N-C₉H₆)₂ZrCl₂, and dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(2-N,N-dimethylamino-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, (CH₃)₂Si(2-(CH₃)₂N-C₉H₅)₂ZrCl₂, were prepared by reaction of the corresponding ligand lithium salts with ZrCl₄ in toluene. Diffractometric structure determinations reveal C₂-symmetric complex geometries for both complexes. An increased electron density at the Zr center of the dimethylamino-substituted complexes is indicated by reduction potentials which are 0.3–0.4 V more negative than those of their unsubstituted analogs. When activated with methyl aluminoxane in toluene solution, (CH₃)₂Si(2-(CH₃)₂N-C₉H₅)₂ZrCl₂ catalyzes the polymerization of propene to polymers with a microstructure comparable with that of polymers produced with other Me₂Si-bridged bis(indenyl)ZrCl₂ complexes, but with a substantially increased fraction of i-propyl end groups derived from alkyl exchange between Zr-polymer and Al---Me species.     

Heterogenization of racemic ethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride on trimethylaluminum vapor modified silica surface

Heterogeneous metallocene catalysts were prepared by adsorbing rac-Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ on a modified silica surface in solution. The modification of silica was conducted in gas phase with atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) technique, where the silica, preheated at either 350 or 600°C, was allowed to react with vaporized trimethylaluminum (TMA) at 250°C. Modified carriers and heterogeneous catalysts were characterized with FTIR, ¹H MAS (magic-angle spinning) NMR, ¹³C, and ²⁹Si CP (cross-polarization) MAS NMR spectroscopies and elemental analyses. In the reaction of TMA with silica, a saturated surface was formed consisting of different (---O)_4−nSi(CH₃)_n (n=1, 2 or 3) and ---AlCH₃ groups. The ratio of ---SiMe to ---AlMe groups was approximately 1.5 in the TMA/SiO₂ carriers. When the metallocene was adsorbed onto the carrier it seemed to react with the surface ---AlCH₃ groups and possibly ---ZrCH₃ groups were formed. Heterogeneous catalysts were tested in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene in the presence of methylalumoxane (MAO). And they produced similar polymer as the homogeneous rac-Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ catalyst, but with lower activity. A catalyst with the best activity was achieved from silica that was preheated at 600°C. Moreover, leaching of catalyst was examined whereupon a part of zirconium was observed to desorb from the carrier.     

Ethylene homo- and copolymerization using (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 grafted on silica modified with different spacers

(nBuCp)₂ZrCl₂ was grafted on a series of modified silica and evaluated in ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization and their performance was compared with the homogenous system and with that resulting from its immobilization on bare silica. Silica was modified by polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), Me₃SiCl, Ph₃SiOH, SnCl₄, isodrin and aldrin. (nBuCp)₂ZrCl₂ grafted on PMHS-modified silica afforded the catalyst with the highest activity. Comonomer incorporation, melting point and polydispersity was shown to be dependent on the catalyst nature. Bimodality was observed in the case of ethylene homopolymerization employing PMHS-silica-based catalysts.     

Polymerization of ethylene with (C5Me5)2Zr(NMe2)2 cocatalyzed by common alkyl aluminums

Polymerizations of ethylene have been carried out by using Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂ (Cp^*=C₅Me₅) compound combined with common alkyl aluminums (AlR₃) and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalysts. The AlMe₃ cocatalyzed system showed no activity due to the formation of stable but inactive heterodinuclear [Cp₂^*2Zr(μ-Me)₂AlMe₂]⁺ cations; however, the bulkier AlR₃ [AlEt₃, Al(i-Bu)₃ and Al(i-Bu)₂H] cocatalyzed systems showed very high activities. Especially, Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂/Al(i-Bu)₃ catalyst showed higher catalytic activity and produced higher molecular weight (MW) polymer than Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂/MAO catalyst, demonstrating both MAO and bulky AlR₃ are effective cocatalysts for Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂ compound.     

Metal content determination in polymerization catalysts by direct methods

Metal contents in polymerization catalysts were comparatively determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Catalysts were prepared by grafting metallocene onto bare silica or onto silica chemically modified with methylaluminoxane (MAO). Catalysts were compressed as self-supporting pellets (RBS and XRF), or mounted on adhesive copper tape (XPS). The proximity of the mass of the atomic nuclei did not allow resolution by RBS of the signals corresponding to Zr and Nb, nor Si and Al in catalyst systems such as (nBuCp)₂ZrCl₂/Cp₂NbCl₂/MAO/SiO₂. On the other hand, Zr, Nb, Si and Al lines were completely resolved in an XRF spectrum. For supported metallocenes on bare silica, XPS measurement was ca. 40% higher than that obtained by RBS. Silica-supported zirconocene showed good agreement in Zr content determination by XRF and RBS.     

Anchimeric assistance in solvolysis of an organosilicon chloride and acetate

The compound (Me₃Si)₃CSiMeClI reacts with Hg(OAc)₂ in AcOH to give (Me₃Si)₂C(SiMe₂OAc)₂, under conditions in which the chloride (Me₃Si)₃CSiMe₂Cl is inert. Similarly, (Me₃Si)₂C(SiMe₂OAc)₂ reacts with CF₃CO₂H to give (Me₃Si)₂C[SiMe₂(O₂CCF₃)]₂ under conditions in which (Me₃Si)₃CSiMe₂OAc is inert. The results can be accounted for in terms of anchimeric assistance by the neighbouring acetoxy or trifluoroacetoxy group to the breaking of the Si---Cl or Si---OAc bond.     

Anchimeric assistance by γ-substituents Z, Z=MeO, PhO, MeS or PhS, in reactions of the bromides (Me3Si)2(ZMe2Si)CSiMe2Br with AgBF4

The new organosilicon bromides (Me₃Si)₂(ZMe₂Si)CSiMe₂Br with Z=PhO or MeS have been prepared and new spectroscopic data obtained for the previously reported compounds with Z=H, F, Br, Me, Ph, MeO or PhS. Competitions between pairs of bromides for a deficiency of AgBF₄ in Et₂O, with the determination of the ratio of the fluoride products by ¹⁹F-NMR spectroscopy, have led to the following approximate relative reactivities of the bromides and so to the relative abilities of the γ-Z groups to provide anchimeric assistance to the leaving of Br⁻ in this reaction: Me, 1; Ph, 40; PhO, 3400; PhS, 5000; MeS, 7000; MeO, 54 000. In methanolysis in CH₂Cl₂, (Me₃Si)₂(MeOMe₂Si)CSiMe₂Cl has been found to be roughly 120 times as reactive as (Me₃Si)₂(PhOMe₂Si)CSiMe₂Cl. Combination of the results with previously available information suggests the following approximate order of ability of γ-groups Z to provide anchimeric assistance in reactions at the Si---X bonds in compounds (Me₃Si)₂(ZMe₂Si)CSiMe₂X: OCOMe>OMe>OCOCF₃>MeS>PhS, PhO>N₃, Cl>NCS>Ph>CH=CH₂>Me.     

MCM-41 and SBA-15 supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalysts for the preparation of nano-polyethylene fibres via in situ ethylene extrusion polymerization

Under atmospheric pressure, nano-polyethylene fibres were prepared via in situ ethylene extrusion polymerization, with MCM-41 and SBA-15 supported zirconocene dichloride (Cp₂ZrCl₂) catalytic systems, respectively. The effects of the geometrical structures and surface properties of MCM-41 and SBA-15 on the morphology of the resultant polyethylene, catalytic activity and polymerization rate were investigated and compared in various polymerization conditions. The possible formation mechanism of nano-polyethylene fibres with MCM-41 and SBA-15 supported Cp₂ZrCl₂ as catalyst was discussed.     

Supported metallocene catalysts—interactions of (n-BuCp)2HfCl2 with methylaluminoxane and silica

The species on supported olefin polymerisation catalysts consisting of (n-BuCp)₂HfCl₂, methylaluminoxane (MAO) and dehydroxylated silica were identified by EXAFS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Whereas the reaction of (n-BuCp)₂HfCl₂ with silica leads to a product containing HfO and HfSi non-bonded interactions with concurrent loss of Hf---Cl bonds, the reaction of (n-BuCp)₂HfCl₂ with silica pretreated with methylaluminoxane yields a mixture of several hafnocene species. The bonding features of (n-BuCp)₂HfCl₂ and (n-BuCp)₂HfCl₂/SiO₂ are still present to some extent but with new interactions consistent with hafnocene cation formation. The relative proportions of these species depend strongly on the method of the catalyst preparation.     

The preparation and catalytic applications of supported zirconocene and hafnocene complexes

Polymer-attached Cp₂ZrCl₂, Cp₂HfCl₂, CpZrCl₃, CpHfCl₃, Cp₂ZrCl and Cp₃HfCl have been prepared. The polymer-attached Cp₂ZrCl₂, on reduction with BuLi, produced an active catalyst whose efficiency for olefin hydrogenation is about eight times as great as that of the corresponding homogeneous species under the same conditions. The reduction products of supported zirconocene and hafnocene complexes are active hydrogenation catalysts for diphenylacetylene which was hydrogenated to 1,2-diphenylethane through intermediate stilbene. The similar reduction products have also been employed in catalytic isomerization of allylbenzene, cis-stilbene and 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Allylbenzene was converted into a mixture of trans- and cis-propenylbenzene, cis-stilbene was isomerized to trans-stilbene, and 1,5-cyclooctadiene was isomerized to 1,3-cyclooctadiene through the 1,4-cyclooctadiene intermediate. Polymer-attached Cp₂ZrCl₂, CpZrCl₃, Cp₂HfCl₂, and CpHfCl₃ can be used directly, without going through the reduction process, for the low yield epoxidation of cyclohexene. Polymer-attached Cp₂ZrCl₂ was used in hydrozirconation and carbon monoxide reduction studies.     

Synthesis of tetramethyldisilane-bridged bis(1-indenyl) tetracarbonyl di-iron: A novel thermal rearrangement reaction between the Si-Si and Fe-Fe bonds

The title complex (Me₂SiSiMe₂)(η⁵-l-indenyl)Fe(CO)]₂(μ-CO)₂ (1) was prepared by the reaction of 1,2-bis(1-indenyl)tetramethyl-disilane and Fe(CO)₅ in refluxing heptane. Its thermal rearrangement product [Me₂Si(η⁵-1-indenyl)Fe(CO)₂]₂ (2) was also obtained from the reaction. 1 in refluxing xylene can be readily converted into 2. The crystal structures of the cis isomer 1c and the trans isomer 2t were determined by X-ray diffraction.     

[(Me3Sn)2(Me3Sb)M(CN)6]∞ (M = Fe, Ru): Neuartige Organo-Sn/Sb-Polymere von besonderer chemischer und thermischer stabilität

The thermally (decomp. temp. 300°C) and completely air stable, novel coordination polymers [(Me₃Sn^IV)₂(Me₃Sb^V)M^II(CN)₆]_∞ with M = Fe and Ru can be prepared by co-precipitation from aqueous solutions of Me₃SnCl, Me₃SbBr₂ and K₄[(M(CN)₆], or, alternatively, by the ion-exchange-like reaction of the polymers [A(Me₃Sn)₃M(CN)₆]_∞ (A⁺ = Et₄N⁺, Cp₂Co⁺, Me₃Sn⁺ etc.) with Me₃SbBr₂. IR-spectroscopic findings suggest a statistical distribution of quasi-octahedral M(CN-Sn··)_6-x(CNSb ··)_x building blocks (with x = 0–6) within a three-dimensional network.     

Polymerization of MMA by oscillating zirconocene catalysts, diastereomeric zirconocene mixtures, and diastereospecific metallocene pairs

Characteristics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization using oscillating zirconocene catalysts, (2-Ph-Ind)₂ZrX₂ (X = Cl, 1; X = Me, 2), mixtures of rac- and meso-zirconocene diastereomers, (SBI)ZrMe₂ [3, SBI = Me₂Si(Ind)₂] and (EBI)ZrMe₂ [4, EBI = C₂H₄(Ind)₂], as well as diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac-4/Cp₂ZrMe₂ (5) and rac-4/CGCTiMe₂ [6, CGC = Me₂Si(Me₄C₅)(t-BuN)], are reported. MMA polymerization using the chloride catalyst precursor 1 activated with a large excess of the modified methyl aluminoxane is sluggish, uncontrolled, and produces atactic PMMA. On the other hand, the polymerization by a 2/1 ratio of 2/B(C₆F₅)₃ or 2/Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄ is controlled and produces syndiotactic PMMA. Mixtures of diastereomeric ansa-zirconocenes 3 or 4 containing various rac/meso ratios, when activated with B(C₆F₅)₃, yield bimodal PMMA; this behavior is attributed to the meso-diastereomer that, in its pure form, affords bimodal, syndio-rich atactic PMMA. For MMA polymerization using diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac-4/5 and rac-4/6, the isospecific catalyst site dominates the polymerization events under the conditions employed in this study, and the aspecific and syndiospecific sites are largely nonproductive, thereby forming only highly isotactic PMMA.     

Photolysis of (Me2Si)6 in argon matrices doped with high concentrations (ca. 20%) of N2O or C2H4O: formation of (Me2SiO)6

Irradiation using a low pressure mercury lamp (λ=ca. 250 nm) of argon matrices containing ca. 1% (Me₂Si)₆ and ca. 20% ethylene oxide (C₂H₄O) or nitrous oxide (N₂O) for a period of ca. 20 h leads to the formation of the cyclic compound (Me₂SiO)₆. This has a 12-membered ring with alternating Si and O atoms. It is identified by comparison of its infrared spectrum with a spectrum of an authentic sample. The reaction appears to proceed by stepwise insertion of O atoms into Si---Si bonds.     

四甲基二硅桥连二(1-苯基环己基环戊二烯基)四羰基二铁的合成、结构及热重排反应研究

1,2-二(1-苯基环己基环戊二烯基)四甲基二硅烷与Fe(CO)₅在二甲苯中加热回流生成二铁化合物(Me₂SiSiMe₂)[(1-Ph-c-C₆H₁₀C₅H₃)Fe(CO)]₂(μ-CO)₂(2).通过柱层析分离到化合物2的顺反异构体2c和2t,并分别进行热重排反应,发现顺式底物2c重排生成反式重排产物[Me₂Si(c-C₆H₁₀PhC₅H₃)Fe(CO)₂]₂(3t),而反式底物2t重排则生成顺式重排产物3c.这表明重排反应是立体专一性的.通过X射线衍射分析测定了化合物2c和3t的晶体结构.     

Synthesis and characterization of sodium bis(trimethylstannyl) amide and bis(trimethylsilyl) bis(trimethylstannyl) -phospha-tetrazene

Sodium bis(trimethylstannyl)amide NaN(SnMe₃)₂, isolated by the reaction of trimethylstannyldiethylamine with sodium amide, reacts with tris(trimethylsilyl)hydrazino—dichloro-phosphine to form bis(trimethylsilyl)bis(trimethylstannyl)-2-phospha-2-tetrazene, (Me₃Si)₂N-N=P-N(SnMe₃)₂. Both the molecules have been isolated and characterized.     

Preparation and reactions of some sterically hindered silanols, including [tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]silanetriol

The silanol TsiSiMe₂OH (Tsi = (Me₃Si)₃C) has been made by hydrolysis of the iodide TsiSiMe₂I in H₂O/dioxane or H₂O/Me₂SO. It has been shown to react with some acid chlorides RCOCl (R=Me, Et, CICH₂ Ph, 4-O₂NC₆H₄, and 3,5- (O₂N)₂C₆H₃) and anhydrides (RCO)₂O (R = Me, CF₃, or Ph) to give the carboxylates TsiSiMe₂OCOR, and with SO₂Cl₂ to give TsiSiMe₂OSO₂Cl. The triol TsiSi(OH)₃ has been made by treatment of TsiSiH(OH)I with H₂O/Me₂SO at 150°C or with a mixture of aqueous AgClO₄ and an organic solvent. The triol has been shown to react with RCOCl (R = Me, Et, or Ph) or (RCO)₂O (R = Ph) to give the corresponding TsiSi(OCOR)₃, with (CF₃CO)₂O to give TsiSi(OH)₂(OCOCF₃), and with a mixture of Me₃SiCl and AgClO₄ in benzene or one of Me₃Sil and (Me₃Si)NH to give TsiSi(OSiMe₃)₃. The triol is unusually stable, but decomposes at its m.p. of 285–290°C.     

Triphosphane formation from the terminal zirconium phosphinidene complex [Cp2Zr=PDmp(PMe3)] (Dmp=2,6-Mes2C6H3) and crystal structure of DmpP(PPh2)2

The new terminal phosphinidene complex [Cp₂Zr=PDmp(PMe₃)] (Dmp=2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃; 1) was prepared in 81% yield by the reaction of [Li(Et₂O)][P(H)Dmp] with [Cp₂Zr(Me)Cl] in the presence of excess PMe₃. Compound 1 reacts with Ph₂PCl to produce selectively the sterically congested triphosphane DmpP(PPh₂)₂ (2) and [Cp₂ZrCl₂] in high yields. The structure of 2 obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis of a single crystal reveals phosphorus–phosphorus bond lengths of 2.251(2) and 2.234(2) Å and a PPP bond angle of 105.46(6)°.