HDPE/HIPS/CB复合材料的制备及PTC性能

以高抗冲击聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体,炭黑(CB)为导电填料,采用熔融法制备聚合物基正电阻率温度系数效应(PTC)复合材料.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了CB在复合材料两相基体中的选择分布,采用热敏电阻温度(RT)曲线测试仪研究复合材料PTC性能随CB含量的变化规律.结果表明,在HIPS/CB体系中加入HDPE后,复合材料的渗流阈值降低,PTC强度增强,耐电压强度有所提高.     

PVDF-HDPE双相PTC材料的制备、结构与性能

分别以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体,炭黑(CB)为导电填料,采用两步熔融混合法,制备了PVDF-HDPE-CB导电复合材料。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、溶剂抽提、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法表征了复合材料的结构,采用电阻测试仪等仪器测试了复合材料的性能。研究了PVDF与HDPE体积比与复合材料结构的关系,以及对复合材料导电性、正温度系数(PTC)特性、耐电压性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料具有双相PTC材料结构,在复合材料中,HDPE易形成连续相,少量添加即可显著提高以PVDF为基体的PTC材料的导电性和耐电压性能。     

不同粒径炭黑混合对复合型导电材料PTC性能的影响

研究了炭黑分散效果对具有PTC效应的高密度聚乙烯／炭黑导电复合材料性能的影响。实验结果表明，由不同粒度和比表面积的两种炭黑混合后填充的复合材料同由导电性能较好的乙炔炭黑填充复合材料比较，前者具有较低的渗滤阀值、较高的临界温度、优良的PTC特性以及电阻稳定性好的特点．     

N990炭黑/低密度聚乙烯复合材料的电性能

采用熔融复合方法制备了N990炭黑/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料,研究了其微观结构和电性能。结果表明:N990炭黑在复合材料中分布较均匀,对LDPE具有诱导结晶作用。复合材料的渗流阈值为20%,临界电阻率指数为9.2,PTC强度都大于4个数量级。复合材料在熔点之下,电阻率的对数值与相对体积存在线性关系。     

HDPE/EPDM/CB复合物的PTC效应

聚合物正温度系数 (PTC)材料 ,是由聚合物基体与炭黑、碳纤维、金属粉末等导电填料共混而成的一种功能导电复合材料 ,其特点是 :当温度升高时 ,在聚合物结晶熔点附近 ,材料的电阻率随温度升高急剧增加 ,可发生几个数量级的突跃 .聚合物 PTC材料可用作自限温加热器、过电流保护器、传感器等 ,有广阔的发展前景 .目前对聚合物 PTC材料的研究主要以聚乙烯 [1～ 5]、乙烯 -醋酸乙烯酯共聚物[6] 、偏氟乙烯 [7] 等单一组分聚合物作为基体材料 .本文研究了以高密度聚乙烯 (HDPE) /三元乙丙胶(EPDM)共混物为基体材料的炭黑 (CB)导电复合材…     

聚乙烯-炭黑导电材料的电阻-温度特性

自1966年观察到聚乙烯(PE)-炭黑(CB)材料有明显的电阻率正温度系数(PTC)现象以来,对其电阻-温度特性已有一些报导。但对涉及电阻测量的一些基本问题前人的看法并不相同。以测量时电压的影响为例:Meyer认为在电阻随温度上升的区间电阻随电压成指数上升,而在室温及高聚物熔点时电阻与电压无关。他认为在测量电阻时无需采用同一电压。Narkis的结果是在所有情况下电阻值皆随电压上升而成指数下降。     

聚乙烯/碳纤维复合材料的PTC效应

近几年 ,由导电粒子 (如碳黑、碳纤维、金属和金属氧化物等 ) [1～ 3] 填充结晶或半结晶型聚合物的导电复合材料备受人们关注 ,并逐渐得到了开发与利用 .其中有一类功能材料 ,随温度的升高 ,相继呈现正温度系数 (PTC)和负温度系数 (NTC)效应[4～ 8] .这类材料广泛应用于发热体制造、抗静电、过电流保护和电磁屏蔽等领域 .长期以来 ,以碳黑填充聚合物的 PTC效应报道得较多 .近年来 ,以碳纤维为填料或部分填料的高聚物复合材料的 PTC效应 [9～ 11]开始引起了人们的兴趣和关注 .本文着重讨论了碳纤维的加入对聚合物结晶形态的影响以及γ射…     

稀土气相扩渗BaTiO3基PTC陶瓷的NTCR效应

采用稀土气相扩渗法制备了La改性的BaTiO3基PTC陶瓷,并对其室温电阻率的变化及温-阻效应进行了研究.结果表明,BaTiO3基PTC陶瓷经La气相扩渗后,室温电阻率从2.7×109Ω.m下降到220Ω.m,在25-500℃范围内,电阻率随温度升高单调递减,从220Ω.m降至5.8Ω.m,产生了明显的NTCR效应.结合XRD,SEM,EDAX以及介电性能测试结果分析了La气相扩渗BaTiO3基PTC陶瓷NTCR效应的形成机理,建立了NTCR效应的物理结构模型.     

聚氨酯/石墨烯纳米复合物的原位制备及温度-电阻行为

采用原位聚合法,利用蓖麻油基聚氨酯预聚体与还原石墨烯残留羟基或羧基反应,制得聚氨酯/石墨烯纳米复合物,并利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱对其分子结构进行了表征.此外,分别采用热重分析仪、X-射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、ZC36型高阻计等表征手段对其热稳定性、形态结构以及电阻率-温度行为进行了分析.结果显示,石墨烯添加致使复合物的交联网络增加和物理交联增强.因而,聚氨酯/石墨烯复合物的室温电阻率有所升高和电阻率-温度行为增强.尤其是,当掺杂3%石墨烯时,聚氨酯复合物的正电阻率温度效应(PTC效应)提高近3个数量级.因此,聚氨酯基复合物应该是一种具有潜在应用价值的低掺杂PTC纳米复合物材料.     

相转移催化法合成聚(2,5-二丁氧基对苯乙炔)

利用相转移催化剂(PTC)一步合成了聚(2,5-二丁氧基对苯乙炔)。研究了PTC种类、用量、反应时间、温度和碱浓度对反应产率的影响,并对产物的结构和性能进行了分析。初步探讨了其聚合机理。实验结果表明:季铵盐的催化效果优于聚乙二醇,二甲亚砜、苯等可作为有机相用于聚合反应。碱浓度为50％、反应温度为60℃时,产物在硝基苯中具有较好的溶解性。经碘掺杂后导电率达9.6×10~(-2)S·cm~(-1)。     

Influence of γ-ray Irradiation on the PTC Effect of EPDM/Carbon Black Composite

Introduction The positive temperature coefficient(PTC) effect is characterized by an increase of resistivity with an elevated temperature.The PTC effect of carbon black(CB) filled polymers is useful for self-regulation heaters,over-current protectors,sensors,etc.Much work has been done on the PTC effect of the carbon black filled crystalline polymer composite[1-4],whereas carbon black filled amorphous polymers have not drawn researchers much attention because the PTC effect in these composites is small or cannot be detected[5-7].In this work,the influence of γ-ray irradiation on the PTC effect of CB filled amorphous ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer(EPDM) composites was studied.     

Carbon black‐filled polyolefins as positive temperature coefficient materials: The effect of in situ grafting during melt compounding

For the production of polymer‐based conducting composites serving as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials with lower room‐temperature resistivity and sufficiently high PTC intensity, carbon black has been pretreated with acrylic acid and some initiator and then melt‐mixed with low‐density polyethylene. Because of the in situ formation of covalent bonding at the filler/matrix interface, the distribution status and thermally induced displacement habit of the conductive fillers have changed accordingly. As a result, the electrical performance of the composites can be tailored as desired. The amount of acrylic acid and the treatment sequence of carbon black exert an important influence on the effectiveness of the modification. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 127–134, 2003     

Effects of heat treatment on electrical conductivity of HDPE/CB composites

The influence of heat treatment on the electrical conductive behavior of carbon black (CB) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites was investigated. The results showed that the effects of annealing temperature on the resistivity and the PTC intensity of the HDPE/CB composites were significant; the resistivity and the PTC intensity of the composites varied with increasing number of thermal cycles; while the variation became small after the third thermal cycle. Furthermore, the variation of the resistivity was 1.7 times higher than that of the composites without annealing, and the variation of the PTC intensity of the composites was 0.22, which were smaller than those of the specimens without heat treatment. A suitable annealing heat treatment could reduce the resistivity and enhance the PTC intensity of the composites; it was also helpful to improve the stability of the properties of the composites and the repeatability of the PTC effect.     

Resistivity-Temperature Behavior of CB-Filled HDPE Foaming Composites

High-density polyethylene/carbon black foaming conductive composites were prepared from acetylene black（ACEY） and super conductive carbon black（HG-1P） as conductive filler, low-density polyethylene（LDPE） as the second component, ethylene-vinyl acetate（EVA） and ethylene propylene rubber（EPR） as the third component, azobisformamide（AC） as foamer, and dicumyl peroxide（DCP） as cross-linker. The structure and resistivity-temperature behavior of high-density polyethylene（HDPE）/CB foaming conductive composites were investigated. Influences of carbon black, LDPE, EVA, EPR, AC, and DCP on the foaming performance and resistivity-temperature behavior of HDPE/CB foaming conductive composites were also studied. The results reveal that HDPE/CB foaming conductive composite exhibits better switching characteristic; ACET-filled HDPE foaming conductive composite displays better positive temperature coefficient（PYC） effect; whereas super conductive carbon black（HG-1P）-filled HDPE foaming conductive composite shows better negative temperature coefficient（NTC） effect.     

Roles of work of adhesion between carbon blacks and thermoplastic polymers on electrical properties of composites

The effect of the work of adhesion between carbon blacks and different thermoplastic polymers on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of composites was investigated. Thermoplastic polymers, such as EVA, LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, and PP, were used with the addition of 30 wt% of carbon blacks. The work of adhesion based on the surface free energy of a composite was studied in the context of two-liquid contact angle measurements using deionized water and diiodomethane. It was observed that the resistivity on PTC behavior was greatly increased near the crystalline melting temperature, due to the thermal expansion of polymeric matrix. It was shown that the PTC intensity defined as the ratio of the maximum resistivity (rho(max)) to the resistivity at room temperature (rho(RT)) had the largest value on CB/HDPE composites. From the experimental results, the decrease in the work of adhesion induced by interactions between carbon black surfaces and polymer chains is an important factor in the fabrication of a PTC composite.     

Effect of carbon-black treatment by radiation emulsion polymerization on temperature dependence of resistivity of carbon-black-filled polymer blends

High dispersibility and stability of carbon black particles in low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) matrix were obtained by radiation emulsion polymerization on carbon particles surface, and electrical resistivities of its simple were examined. First carbon particles treatment on radiation emulsion polymerization on surface were synthesized by the reaction with a polymer-emulsion systems containing reactive group in the molecular unit, carbon particles and emulsifier. Then, the carbon particles treatment on radiation emulsion polymerization on surface was dispersed into LDPE, and its composites were prepared for electrical measurements. The effect of radiation crosslinking of the composite on the Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) phenomenon was investigated. The experimental results showed that PTC and NTC effects of the composites were obviously influenced by the irradiation dose. Various microstructure-exploring means were used to study the conductive composite, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

Enhanced Reproducibility of Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect of CB/HDPE/PVDF Composites with the Addition of Ionic Liquid

Developing an effective method for improving the reproducibility of positive temperature coefficient(PTC) effect is of great significance for large-scale application of polymer based PTC composites, owing to its contribution to the security and reliability. Herein, we developed a carbon black(CB)/high density polyethylene(HDPE)/poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) composite with outstanding PTC reproducibility, by incorporating 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([OMIm][NTf_2]) into the composite. After multiple repeated temperature cycles, the PTC performance of as-prepared material keeps almost unchanged and the varition of resistance at room temperature is less than 7%. Our studies revealed that [OMIm][NTf2] contributes to the improvement of PTC reproducibility in two ways:(i)it acts as an efficient plasticizer for refining the co-continuous phase morphology of HDPE/PVDE blends;(ii) it inhibits the crystallization of PVDF through the dilution effect, leading to more overlaps of the volume shrinkage process of HDPE and PVDF melt which results in the decrease of interface gap between HDPE and PVDF. This study demonstrated that ionic liquids as the multifunctional agents have great potential for improving the reproducibility in the application of the binary polymer based PTC composites.