内敏乳剂的感光性能和离子性能

本文研究了内核经硫加金增感的内敏核壳乳剂的感光性能和离子性能。内核化学增感时Na₂S₂O₃和AuCl₃两者的加入量按一定比例增大时,内部感光度升高,表面感光度下降,离子电导率略有降低。内核化学增感时如果单独增加AuCl₃的用量,内部感光度有所升高,表面感光性能基本不变,离子电导率略有下降。内核化学增感结束引入稳定剂583,可使内显灰雾明显降低,离子电导率也有所下降,核壳比增大造成内部感光度上升而表面感光度下降,离子电导率也有所下降。表面引入碘后,离子电导率明显上升。     

AgBr核壳乳剂的颗粒内部还原增感与表面化学增感的协同增感效应

采用对核颗粒进行还原掺杂和将其包壳的方法制备了一系列不同DMAB用量、内部有还原敏化中心(Ag₂)的AgBr核壳乳剂.这些乳剂表现出明显的增感效应.当这些乳剂分别进行表面硫、金和硫加金增感后,一方面表现出明显的协同增感效应;另一方面又随DMAB用量的提高,灰雾明显增长,特别是在金增感和硫加金增感的情况下.此外实验结果还证明,提高核乳剂的包壳速率可以在一定程度上减少核壳乳剂的灰雾.     

卤化银乳剂微晶体的结构与性能研究 Ⅴ.八面体核壳复合结构乳剂的电性质与感光性能

本工作应用双注法制备了一系列不同碘含量的八面体核壳孔剂。测定了它们的光吸收,离子电导(介电损耗法)、光电导(微波光导法)和感光性能。结果表明:乳剂微晶体的光吸收和离子电导随着碘含量的增加而显著上升,光电导也随着碘含量的增加而增大,其光电子表减过程遵循二级反应动力学过程,光电子半衰期在碘含量为5mol%时为最大。在相同的化学敏化条件下,乳剂的感光度随碘含量增加而上升(碘含量0-12.5mol%)。     

AgBrⅠ核壳乳剂的还原敏化与硫加金敏化的协同增感效应

使用微机控制的双注仪和二次乳化方法制备了一系列在AgBrⅠ核内进行不同程度还原增感的溴碘化银/溴化银核壳乳剂.对这些乳剂感光性能的研究表明:1)颗粒内部经还原敏化或Ag₂掺杂的乳剂表现出明显的增感效应,颗粒内碘离子的存在并不影响Ag₂的增感作用;2)在对乳剂进行了颗粒表面的硫加金增感以后,在一定的DMAB用量下,观察到显著的颗粒内部还原增感和表面硫加金增感的协同增感效应,使乳剂的感光度有了成倍的增长.以上协同增感效应的结果再次说明,颗粒内部的还原敏化中心与颗粒表面的硫加金敏化中心具有两种不同的增感机理,前者捕获空穴,后者捕获电子,两者都有利于提高潜影的形成效率.     

CaWO4核/卤化银壳光敏微晶的制备及性能研究

用于感光材料的卤化银微晶合成技术近二十年来取得了很大进展,合成出了诸如T-颗粒、核壳乳剂和外延复合颗粒等,使感光材料的性能日趋优异。但由于感光化学反应(如化学增感、光谱增感、潜影形成及显影过程等)基本上都发生在微晶的表面,而微晶核内部的卤化银却未发生作用,而随定影过程被溶解成废液,这样便造成贵金属银的浪费。     

纳米管钛酸的ESR特性及其可见光照的影响

本文报道了纳米管钛酸在真空-0.1MPa、温度100℃的条件下,经过不同时间处理后的ESR特性及其可见光照的影响.发现纳米管钛酸经一定处理后,不经光照即出现g=2.003ESR信号,该信号是由捕获一个电子的氧空位(V_o)产生的,此信号随着处理时间的延长而增强;在532nm的可见光照射下,随着光照时间的延长信号强度随之增加,达到一定强度值后,不再随光照时间的延长而增加;光源关闭后,信号强度又逐渐减小,但不能恢复到原来信号强度的水平.     

钙离子对卤化银乳剂化学增感和光谱增感的影响

本文通过控制乳剂中一系列不同的钙离子浓度(4.0～80×10^-3mol Ca²⁺/mol AgX),研究了化学增感时间对钙离子浓度的依赖性,测定了相应的感光特性,结果表明,乳剂中的钙离子在不影响最佳感光度的前提下,可有效地抑制灰雾并延缓化学增感过程,延长化学成熟时间。 经感红染料光谱增感后,测定了染料的相对增感倍率,本征及感红光谱感光度,研究了它们对轧剂中钙离子浓度的依赖关系。以卤化银乳剂对染料的吸附,对光的吸收以及Dember效应的实验结果为佐证,说明钙离子在光谱增感的电子转移过程中,起着电子陷阱的作用,从而抑制感红感光度的增感;与此同时,钙离子又抑制染料对本征感光度的减感,这可能是由于钙离子的存在阻碍了染料正空穴对卤化银本征潜影的氧化,从而保护了部分潜影免受染料正空穴的袭击。     

高中生化学学习动机、学习效能感与学习成绩的关系调查研究

通过借鉴和优化国内外学习动机、学习效能感与学习成绩的关系问卷,调查了武汉某中学220名高二学生化学学习动机和学习效能感与学习成绩的关系。通过对回收问卷进行描述性统计、t检验、相关分析和中介效应检验等,得出以下结论：（1）高中生化学学习动机和学习效能感均处于中上等水平,其中化学学习动机由内部动机和外部动机共同主导,学习效能感由学习能力效能感主导。（2）不同性别学生在内部动机和学习效能感及各维度上存在显著差异,且表现为男生得分普遍高于女生;不同班级学生在化学学习动机、学习效能感及各维度上均无显著差异。（3）高中生化学学习动机、学习效能感和学习成绩及其各维度间均存在显著的正相关。（4）高中生的学习效能感在化学学习动机和学习成绩间有部分中介效应,具体效应值为0.132,且学习效能感2个维度中的学习能力效能感（效应为0.131）与学习行为效能感（效应为0.132）的中介效应相当。     

溴碘化银核壳乳剂中电子的捕获和复合

本文应用双注仪制备了在核表面进行不同程度还原增感和一系列溴碘化银核壳乳剂,在不同条件下测定了核表面形成的不同还原增感中心对乳剂微晶光电子衰减动力学及发光光谱的影响。结果表明:在一定增感温度和时间条件下,当Na₂SO₃用量低于5.4mg/molAg时光电子衰减动力学为二级反应,而当Na₂SO₃用量超过27mg/molAg时,增感中心一部分作为空穴陷阱,另一部分作为电子陷阱,光电子衰减速率决定于电子的捕获和复合,光电了衰减动力学为一复杂过程。低温发光光谱随不同增感程度的改变证明:还原增感中心不是发光中心。     

化学增感对苯并三氮唑银的PTG材料感光性能的影响

本文主要研究了传统卤化银照相材料中的增感技术,如硫增感、金增感、硫加金协同增感,对新型的以苯并三氮唑银为银源、水性聚乙烯醇为粘合剂的光敏热成像材料增感是否有效的问题.结果显示,传统化学增感对异位法制备的溴化银为光敏剂的光敏热成像材料具有很好的增感效果,硫加金协同增感的效果要好于单独的硫增感和金增感;传统化学增感对原位法制备的溴化银为光敏剂的光敏热成像材料没有增感效果,反而减感,硫加金减感效果最严重.     

卤化银感光乳剂的光致电子顺磁共振信号强度与成熟时间的关系

本文发现含染料的溴化银模型乳剂在g=2.0023下的光致ESR信号强度随化学成熟时间的增长而增强,与光敏度的变化呈平行关系。这一现象与文献中报道的^[1]在实用乳剂上得出的结果恰恰相反。假设化学敏化产物在潜影形成过程中既能作为电子陷阱,又能作为空穴陷阱,可以解释这种差异。     

氧化锌纳米微晶的顺磁共振特性

半导体纳米微粒是制备新一代电子器件的理想材料［1，2］．电子自旋共振谱（ESR）是研究纳米微晶表面电子自旋构象和表面结构的一种有效方法．体相ZnO是一种抗磁性物质，通常观察不到顺磁共振信号（ESR）．有关ZnO纳米微晶电子顺磁共振特性研究还未见文献报导．本文ZnO纳米微晶是用微乳法制备的：这样就制成了纳米尺度的具有表面包覆的ZnO微粒有机溶胶．这里表面活性剂起着“空间位阻”作用，一方面防止成胶过程中粒子间的聚合，使胶粒均匀细小；另一方面，包覆能减少微粒表面缺陷，使粒子性质变得十分稳定．将上述制得的ZnO纳米微粒…     

87Rb electron spin resonance on helium nanodroplets: the influence of optical pumping

Hyperfine resolved electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of single rubidium ((87)Rb) atoms isolated on superfluid helium nanodroplets are presented. In accordance with our previous work on (85)Rb, we find a relative increase of the hyperfine constant a(HFS) by about 400 ppm, depending on the size of the droplets. In order to optimize the ESR signal intensities, the processes of optical pumping of Rb atoms on helium droplets and of optical detection of the ESR transitions are investigated in detail. Both the laser intensity and polarization influences the ESR signal intensities. A simple model for optical pumping of Rb atoms on helium droplets is presented, which agrees well with the experimental results.     

The occurrence of free radicals in milled and irradiated paprika as detected by ESR

Ionising radiation and various other types of treatment can induce oxidising processes that give rise to free radicals in materials. This paper reports an ESR study of free radicals in spicy paprika in various phases of grinding and in samples of different particle sizes as functions of the absorbed gamma dose and storage time. In 7th phase of grinding, the ESR intensity first increased and then decreased after conditioning. The ESR intensity increased with increase in the absorbed dose, and then decreased during the 8 weeks of storage. This declining intensity demonstrates the simultaneous presence of free radicals having short and long shelf life in paprika samples.     

Identification of irradiated sage tea (Salvia officinalis L.) by ESR spectroscopy

The use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to accurately distinguish irradiated from unirradiated sage tea was examined. Before irradiation, sage tea samples exhibit one asymmetric singlet ESR signal centered at g=2.0037. Besides this central signal, two weak satellite signals situated about 3 mT left and right to it in radiation-induced spectra. Irradiation with increasing doses caused a significant increase in radiation-induced ESR signal intensity at g=2.0265 (the left satellite signal) and this increase was found to be explained by a polynomial varying function. The stability of that radiation-induced ESR signal at room temperature was studied over a storage period of 9 months. Also, the kinetic of signal at g=2.0265 was studied in detail over a temperature range 313–353 K by annealing samples at different temperatures for various times.     

The effect of processing treatments on the radiation-induced ESR signal in the cuticle of irradiated Norwat lobster (Nephrops norvegicus).

Cooked, frozen or chilled whole tails of Norway lobster were either not irradiated or given doses of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 kGy using a cobalt 60 source. The cuticle was removed, freeze-dried and ground before determination of the free radical concentration using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The ESR signal strength increased linearly with increasing irradiation dose. In comparison to the chilled samples, cooking before irradiation significantly increased (69%) signal intensity whereas cooking after irradiation decreased (27%) signal strength. Irradiating the samples in the frozen state did not significantly alter the free radical concentration in the cuticle.     

竹红菌甲素半醌自由基的变化特点

通过研究竹红菌甲素半醌负离子自由基衰减的动力学,建立了甲素半醌自由基在624nm的可见吸收强度和ESR信号强度的平行关系.在624nm的可见吸收属于甲素半醌自由基的吸收.这个研究结果对研究甲素的半醌自由基具有实用意义.讨论了还原型谷胱甘肽存在下光诱导所产生的甲素 半醒自由基的衰变特点.     

Spectral characteristics of polyaniline nanostructures synthesized by using cyclic voltammetry at different scan rates

The polyaniline nanofibers with different sizes were synthesized by using cyclic voltammetry at different potential scan rates, in the presence of ferrocenesulfonic acid. The potential scan rate controlled the formation and growth of polyaniline nuclei, which plays a key role in controlling nanofiber sizes. The average diameters of nanofibers decreased from about 130 nm to about 80 nm as the potential scan rate increased from 6 to 60 mV s (-1). We first observed an ordered change in the following spectra with the nanofiber sizes of polyaniline. The spectra of the X-ray diffraction indicated that the partially crystalline form existed in the polyaniline nanofibers and that the crystallinity of polyaniline increased with decreasing diameter of polyaniline nanofibers. The ESR spectra revealed the fact that the decrease in the intensity of the ESR signal was accompanied by the increase in the value of the peak-to-peak line width Delta H pp as the diameter of polyaniline nanofibers decreased. The (1)H NMR spectra showed that a peak in a triplet caused by the +/- NH free radical was split into two peaks with different intensities and that their relative intensity also changed with the diameter of the polyaniline nanofibers.     

F-atom concentration measurement via HCl titration

Titration of F atoms with HCl is shown to be described principally by the reaction, F + HCl → HF + Cl. This conclusion is arrived at by observing the effect of HCl titration on the intensity of an F-atom ESR signal, the signal intensity being proportional to F-atom concentration. The intensity decreases linearly with increasing HCl flow and (1.07 ± 0.12) HCl molecules are required for removal of each F atom. Since the titration volume contains F₂ as well as F, this latter result demonstrates the secondary importance of the competing reaction, Cl + F₂ → ClF + F. Accordingly, F-atom concentration may be determined in the presence of F₂ by addition of an excess amount of HCl, thereby converting the F present to HF, and measurement of the amount of HF present by laser optical absorption methods. This alternative (to ESR) technique is important with regard to evaluating HF/DF chemical laser systems where F and F₂ are present.