浊点萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法同时测定生物样品中痕量铅和镉

提出了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法同时测定小鼠肝中痕量Pb和Cd的方法。以8-羟基喹啉为络合剂,在pH 9.0时,用Triton X-100浊点萃取富集样品中的Pb和Cd。用NH4H2PO4作为基体改进剂测定Pb和Cd,Pb和Cd的检出限(3s/k)分别为0.103μg/L和0.0136μg/L,相对标准差(n=6)分别为1.4%,0.73%。对于10 mL样品溶液的富集倍数分别为7.1,9.3。利用该法分别测定了小鼠肝中的Pb和Cd的含量,加标回收率分别为96.4%～97.1%和101.3%～103.2%。     

固相萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中铅、镉和铜

采用C8固相萃取柱,建立了固相萃取-石墨炉原子吸收测定海水中Pb,Cd,Cu的方法,优化了固相萃取的吸附和解析条件。测定Pb,Cu线性范围为0~100μg/L,Cd线性范围为0~4μg/L,相关系数(r)不低于0.9993。Pb,Cd,Cu检出限(3σ,n=11)分别为0.66,0.023和0.48μg/L;标准偏差分别为4.0%,0.84%和4.4%;加标回收率分别为102%,96%和97.3%。方法能有效克服海水中复杂基体干扰问题,已用于海水样品中痕量Pb,Cd,Cu的测定。     

响应面法优化巴旦木壳对废水Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附及同时测定

研究废弃巴旦木壳对模拟废水中Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和pH值3因素进行优化。实验结果表明,最佳吸附条件为Pb：为吸附剂投加量0.4g、吸附时间49.38min、pH值为9.96;Cu：吸附剂投加量0.4g、吸附时间49.91min、pH值为10.13;Cd：吸附剂投加量0.4g、吸附时间49.83min、pH值为10.42;在此条件下,Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率分别为87.42%、73.49%和85.11%。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对Pb、Cu和Cd模拟混合试样吸附后的溶液进行同时测定,计算得出吸附剂对Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率分别为83.2%、66.0%和83.3%。     

响应面法优化巴旦木壳对废水中Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附及同时测定

研究废弃巴旦木壳对模拟废水中Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和pH值3因素进行优化。实验结果表明,Pb、Cu和Cd分别在最佳吸附吸附剂投加量0.4 g,吸附时间49.38 min,pH值为9.96;吸附剂投加量0.4 g,吸附时间49.91 min,pH值为10.13;吸附剂投加量0.4 g、吸附时间49.83 min、pH值为10.42的条件下,去除率分别为87.42%、73.49%和85.11%。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对Pb、Cu和Cd模拟混合试样吸附后的溶液测定的曲线进行拟合回归,计算得出吸附剂对Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率分别为83.2%、66.0%和83.3%。用PLS对吸附后的模拟废水样品进行计算分析,并间接得出巴旦木壳对Pb、Cd和Cu的去除率和建立Pb、Cd、Cu三组分同时测定的多元校正分析方法。     

浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定消食类中草药中的铅

建立了浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定4种消食类中草药中Pb含量的方法。以双硫腙为络合剂、非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)为萃取剂,采用浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法联用,测定4种消食类中草药中Pb的含量,探讨溶液p H、表面活性剂用量、络合剂用量、平衡温度、平衡时间、干扰离子等条件对浊点萃取率的影响。最佳条件下,富集倍数为21倍,方法的检出限为0.16μg/L,校准曲线相关系数为0.9995;RSD≤1.7%(n=11),回收率在96.5%~98.1%之间。方法已用于4种消食类中草药中Pb的测定。     

络合吸附伏安法同时测定多种重金属离子

在络合剂亚硝基苯胲 乙醇 乙酸铵体系中,Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 、Ni2 等离子都能在汞电极上产生灵敏的阴极络合吸附波,其二次导数伏安峰电流均与离子质量浓度有良好的线性关系,可用于这些离子的定量检测,测定线性范围为Cr(Ⅵ)0.0017～0.67μg mL、Cd2 0.0017～0.117μg mL、Cu2 0.0083～5 8μg mL、Pb2 0.083～1.25μg mL、Ni2 0.17～150μg mL,RSD分别为5.7%、1 3%、1.4%、2 5%和1.6%。方法为工业废水、地表水及生活用水等样品中重金属离子的同时测定提供了可靠、灵敏的检测方法。     

分散液液微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中的Cd,Pb,Cr

以四氯化碳为萃取溶剂、甲醇为分散剂、三聚硫氰酸三钠盐为螯合剂,建立了分散液液微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对环境水样中Cd,Pb,Cr测定的新方法。分别考察了体系p H、萃取溶剂种类及体积、分散剂种类及体积、螯合剂浓度、萃取时间等对方法的影响。在最佳条件下,Cd,Pb,Cr的检出限分别为0.00040,0.021和0.017 ng/m L,富集因子分别为95,68和100,相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为3.7%,3.0%和2.7%。方法可用于环境水样中Cd,Pb,Cr的测定。     

用混合络合剂溶剂萃取-火焰原子吸收法测定水中12种微量元素

溶剂萃取-原子吸收法测定水中微量元素是比较快速、灵敏的好方法。为了在同一溶液中测定12种微量元素,试验考察了以多种单一络合剂或混合络合剂溶剂萃取富集待测元素的效果和有机溶剂直接吸喷雾化,火焰原子吸收测定的条件,在所得结果的基础上,选择了最佳测定条件和萃取富集条件,拟足了用混合络合剂溶剂萃取,而后有机相直接吸喷雾化,空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中Zn、Bi、Cd、Ni、Co、Fe、Tl、Mn、Pb、In、Cu、Cr等12种痕量元素的方法。仪器和试剂使用P-E403型原子吸收分光光度     

凹凸棒土应用于水样中铜和铅测定的研究

本文以凹凸棒土为固相萃取剂,与火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法联用,富集并检测样品中的痕量金属离子。研究了凹凸棒土对痕量Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附作用,考察了吸附时间、凹凸棒土加入量等影响其吸附和解吸的主要因素、并考察了静态饱和吸附容量,及共存离子的影响。结果表明,当pH 6.0、凹凸棒土用量为0.25 g时,凹凸棒土对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附率达到90.3%和92.1%;用20 mL 0.1 mol.L-1的HNO3可将吸附在凹凸棒土上的Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)定量洗脱。凹凸棒土对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的静态饱和吸附容量分别为15.8 mg.g-1、23.7 mg.g-1;本法对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的检出限分别为2.80μg.L-1、0.25μg.L-1;相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和2.1%(Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ):0.40μg.mL-1,n=5)。在优化的实验条件下,实测了水样中Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的含量,加标回收率均在96%～105%之间,结果令人满意。     

二硫代乙二酰胺改性硅胶固相萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中的痕量铜和铅

制备了二硫代乙二酰胺改性硅胶作为固相萃取吸附剂,在pH 5.2,吸附时间为40min时,得到Cu2+、Pb2+的最大静态吸附容量,分别为19.50,29.39mg·g-1。水样中痕量的Cu2+、Pb2+经固相萃取后采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定。在最佳条件下,Cu2+、Pb2+的线性范围分别为1.0~100,10~300μg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)分别为0.7,5.0μg·L-1。加标回收率在97.6%~104%之间。方法用于分析标准模拟水样,测定值与认定值相符。     

Effects of different parameters on supercritical fluid extraction of steroid drugs, from spiked matrices and tablets

Feasibility of supercritical CO(2) extractions of two steroid drugs, medroxyprogesterone acetate (med) and cyproterone acetate (cyp), were evaluated. The effects of temperature (308-348 K), pressure (100-300 bar), static extraction time (5-15 min), dynamic extraction time (10-30 min) and percent methanol modifier (1-10% v/v) on the SFE recoveries of these drugs from spiked matrices (glass) and pharmaceutical dosages (tablets) were investigated. The results showed that minor structural differences between related compounds might lead to dramatically differences in extraction behaviors under the same conditions. The optimum SFE conditions to extract the drugs from spiked glass were 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 300 bar, 348 K and 5% modifier in the case of med acetate and 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 100 bar, 308 K, and 10% modifier in the case of cyp. Under these conditions above 90% of the total recovery was obtained for both drugs. Extractions from pharmaceutical dosages were less efficient compared to glass beads under the same conditions. Quantitative recovery of solutes from tablets were obtained upon changing extraction conditions to: 15 min static, 45 min dynamic, P=300 bar, 20% modifier (for med) and 10% (for cyp).     

小白菜中残留虫酰肼的超临界流体萃取条件的研究

将超临界流体萃取(supercritical fluid extraction,SFE)技术与高效液相色谱分析相结合,建立了特异性杀虫剂虫酰肼的萃取分离方法。SFE对虫酰肼的萃取条件:压力48.3 MPa(7000 psi),温度60 ℃,静态萃取时间20 min,CO2体积10 mL,改性剂甲醇添加量0.04 mL/g,丙酮为收集溶剂。在此条件下,SFE对虫酰肼的萃取率为100.75%,所得样品可直接用于高效液相色谱分析。色谱条件：紫外-二极管阵列检测器(检测波长为245 nm),C18键合色谱柱,乙腈     

Isolation and Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Epimedium Koreanum Nakai by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

In the present paper is reported the metnocl for the isolation and extraction of total flavonoids of Epimedium Koreanum Nateai by means of supercritical fluid extraction(SFE). By examining pressure, temperature, amounts of modifier and extraction time, the optimized condition of SFE is confirmed as 30 MPa and 60℃, with 70% ethanol as the modifier. The samples were statically extracted for 30 min, followed bydynamic extraction for 120 min at a flow rate of 6 mL/min. The quantitative analysis of total flavonoids was performed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Compared with the conventional method, the SFE method is more efficient, more rapid and more friendly environmentally.     

超临界流体萃取法测定补骨脂中的主要成分

 采用超临界流体萃取(SFE)技术和CGC技术测定了 中药补骨脂中的补骨脂素和异补骨脂素。对超临界流体萃取过程中影响萃取效率的主要因素 采用正交设计法和方差分析法进行了考察,确定了主效应和适宜的操作条件。与传统的萃取 法比较,SFE 具有经济、快速、简便、选择性好、环境污染小等优点。     

The Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Atmospheric Particulate Matter Samples by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)

Abstract

The Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of PAHs (23 2- to 6-ring species) spiked onto glass fibre filters (GFFs) was studied as a function of variable extraction solvents, pressure, temperature and extraction times. Acceptable recoveries (85% ± 15%) were obtained for certain combinations of conditions and a tentative method (1500 psi, 150°C, 70:30 hexane:acetone mixture, 7 min heat-up time, 5 min static extraction time, 60% flush volume, 2 static cycles was selected for further testing. However, this method did not prove as effective as the traditional Soxhlet method of extraction when these parameters were used to extract native PAHs from ambient atmospheric particulate matter collected on a GFF by Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sampling protocols. The extraction recovery study for spiked GFFs was repeated using slightly different extraction conditions: 2000 psi, 100°C, 70:30 hexane:acetone, 5 min heat-up time, 5 min static extraction time, 150% flush volume, 3 static cycles. When this method was applied to the extraction of native PAHs from ambient atmospheric particulate matter collected on GFFs, the results showed equivalent or better recoveries to that of the Soxhlet method. The total time of extraction was 25 min requiring only 30 mL of solvent. This ASE method is presently used to quantitatively determine PAHs in IADN particle-phase samples.     

Efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction for determining 4-nonylphenol in municipal sewage sludge.

When the sewage sludge containing the persistent, lipophilic, metabolite 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) has been disposed of in the environment it's toxic nature can lead to serious health risks to human beings and can also affect plants and aquatic organisms. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a new and powerful technique for extracting the organic contaminants from the solid phase. The present study was conducted to investigate optimal conditions for the quantitative extraction of 4-NP by SFE and to determine the concentration of 4-NP in municipal sewage sludge. The effect of several parameters such as temperature, pressure, static extraction time, dynamic extraction time, CO2 flow-rate, sample mass and modifier on the extraction were investigated. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the spiked sample were fluid pressure 97 bar, temperature 40 degrees C, flow-rate 3.0 ml/min, static extraction time 2 min, dynamic extraction time 5 min and modifier methanol (0.5 ml). Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentration of 4-NP in the anaerobically degraded sludge of the De-Haw Sewage Treatment Plant in Taiwan was found to be 243.9 mg/kg. The extraction efficiency of the SFE method was compared with the conventional Soxhlet extraction method. The overall recovery of the SFE method was found to be greater and the results indicate that SFE is an efficient method for extracting 4-NP from sewage sludge.     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in biosolids using continuous ultrasound-assisted pressurized solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An efficient continuous pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) method assisted by ultrasound energy was developed for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from biosolids. Analytes were determined in the extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. A screening-type experimental design pointing to dynamic extraction time as the only significant variable in the extraction process was carried out to optimize PCB extraction from the biosolids. Final selected conditions for PSE were extraction temperature, 50 degrees C; static extraction time, 0 min; and dynamic extraction time, 30 min. Recovery of the PSE method was 73%, which was significantly improved (103%) when PSE was assisted with 30-min ultrasound (US-PSE). Precision of the overall method, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 3.6% and the detection limit was 0.037 mg/kg. The method was applied to the determination of PCBs in biosolids from different water treatment plants from central Chile.     

超临界流体萃取对大气飘尘中有机污染物的分析

采用超临界流体萃取与气相色谱／质谱联用技术对兰州市大气飘尘中有机污染物进行了测定。实验考察了对强致癌性化合物多环芳烃类萃取的最佳条件,在２６．０ＭＰａ,８０℃下,０．５ｍＬ甲醇做改性剂,用ＣＯ２作为超临界萃取介质,静态萃取１０ｍｉｎ后再以０．５ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ的流速动态萃取３０ｍｉｎ,对实际样品进行了定性定量分析,共检测出６９种有机污染物,该方法简便,快速,适合于飘尘中有机污染物的测定。     

Supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography analysis of arsenic species from solid matrices

A method in combination with derivatization-supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) and gas chromatography(GC) for the speciation and quantitative determination of dimethylarsinate(DMA), monomethylarsonate(MMA) and inorganic arsenic in solid matrices was investigated. Thioglycolic acid methyl ester(TGM) and thioglycolic acid ethyl ester(TGE) were evaluated as derivatization reagents. The effects of pressure, temperature, flow rate of supercritical CO_2, extraction time, modifier and microemulsion on the efficiency of extraction were systematically investigated. The procedure was applied to the analysis of real soil and sediment samples. Results showed that TGE was more effective for arsenic speciation as a derivatization reagent. Modifying supercritical CO_2 with methanol can greatly improve the extraction efficiency. Further, the addition of microemulsion containing surfactant Triton X-100 can further enhance recoveries of arsenic species. The optimum extraction conditions were 100 ℃, 30 MPa, 10 min static and 25 min dynamic extraction with 5%(v/v) methanol, and surfactant modified supercritical CO_2. Detection limits in solid matrices were 0.15, 0.3 and 1.2 mg/kg for DMA, MMA and inorganic arsenic,respectively. The method was validated by the recovery data. The resulting method was fast, easy to perform and selective in the extraction and detection of various arsenic species in solid matrices.     

Extraction and detection of arsenicals in seaweed via accelerated solvent extraction with ion chromatographic separation and ICP-MS detection

An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) device was evaluated as a semi-automated means of extracting arsenicals from ribbon kelp. The effect of the experimentally controllable ASE parameters (pressure, temperature, static time, and solvent composition) on the extraction efficiencies of arsenicals from seaweed was investigated. The extraction efficiencies for ribbon kelp (approximately 72.6%) using the ASE were fairly independent (< 7%) of pressure, static time and particle size after 3 ASE extraction cycles. The optimum extraction conditions for the ribbon kelp were obtained by using a 3 mL ASE cell, 30/70 (w/w) MeOH/H2O, 500 psi (1 psi = 7 KPa), ambient temperature, 1 min heat step, 1 min static step, 90% vol. flush, and a 120 s purge. Using these conditions, two other seaweed products produced extraction efficiencies of 25.6% and 50.5%. The inorganic species present in the extract represented 62.5% and 27.8% of the extracted arsenic. The speciation results indicated that both seaweed products contained 4 different arsenosugars, DMA (dimethylarsinic acid), and As(V). One seaweed product also contained As(III). Both of these seaweed products contained an arsenosugar whose molecular weight was determined to be 408 and its structure was tentatively identified using ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS).