SEBS/PMMA共混物膜的表面和本体形态结构

用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了两种不同共混比的聚(苯乙烯-嵌-乙烯/丁烯-嵌-苯乙烯)(SEBS)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)共混膜的表面形态和相分离行为。结果表明,当膜厚为25μm时,两种共混膜表面均未见明显的相分离形貌,而在膜体相中可见宏观相分离结构。当膜厚为120 nm时,质量比为30/70的共混膜表面可见明显的“海-岛”状宏观相分离;而质量比为60/40的共混膜表面未见明显宏观相分离,仅有少量PMMA小颗粒嵌于SEBS基体中,形成SEBS趋于包裹PMMA微区的稳定“笼型”结构,其尺度属于介观相分离。退火后,两样品膜的体相形态与表面形貌趋于一致,均呈现宏观的相分离结构。     

两步变温晶种法制备丝光沸石膜及其渗透汽化乙酸脱水性能

在水热晶种法基础上采用两步变温晶化以高水硅比(n_H2O/n_SiO2)稀溶液配方为合成液,研制用于渗透汽化(PV)乙酸脱水的丝光沸石膜(MOR膜),考察了变温晶化各段时间、水硅比与氟离子对MOR膜的形貌与分离性能的影响规律。结果表明：高温段晶化时间、水硅比与氟离子对MOR膜的形貌、结晶度和膜层厚度产生显著影响,并影响MOR膜渗透气化分离性能;在高温段(150℃)和低温段(120℃)的晶化时间分别为18和6 h,在水硅比为60且含氟离子体系中所制备的MOR膜的性能最佳,其对质量分数50%的乙酸水溶液的渗透通量和分离系数分别为1.45 kg·m^-2·h^-1和1 008。     

直接甲醇燃料电池新型聚合物膜的研究

通过溶液共混方法 ,制备了聚偏氟乙烯与聚苯乙烯磺酸 (PVDF_PSSA)、聚偏氟乙烯与Nafion(PVDF_Nafion)两种共混膜 .研究了膜组成对膜电导率和甲醇透过率的影响 .与Nafion 1 1 7膜相比 ,PVDF_Nafion共混膜在Nafion含量为 2 5wt%时 ,电导率σ下降 2个数量级 ,而甲醇透过率P却降低 3个数量级 .若以 (σ/P)为综合指标 ,则PVDF_Nafion共混膜和PVDF_PSSA共混膜的综合性能分别比Nafion 1 1 7膜高约 4 0倍、1 6倍     

聚丙烯酰胺/蒙脱土纳米复合物-聚乙烯醇共混膜的制备及其渗透汽化性能

用原位聚合法制备聚丙烯酰胺/蒙脱土(PAM/MMT)纳米复合材料, 通过透射电镜研究了蒙脱土在聚丙烯酰胺基体中的形貌和分布. 结果表明, 蒙脱土以片层结构分布在聚合物基体中. 用超声波分散聚乙烯醇和聚丙烯酰胺-蒙脱土共混铸膜液制得共混膜, 用红外吸收光谱和扫描电镜研究了两者的相互作用和形貌. 考察了共混膜在异丙醇-水混合溶液中的溶胀吸附性能及共混比和蒙脱土含量对膜分离性能的影响, 结果显示, 聚乙烯醇膜中添加适量的蒙脱土纳米粒子可以大大改善膜的分离选择性.     

二乙酸甘油酯封端的齐聚L-丙交酯增塑改性聚L-丙交酯薄膜

以二乙酸甘油酯(GD)引发L-丙交酯(LLA)开环聚合合成了二乙酸甘油酯封端的齐聚L-丙交酯(OGLA),并以此为增塑剂,以溶液共混法制备了OGLA与高分子量聚L-丙交酯(PLLA)的共混膜.采用DSC研究了共混膜的T_g和结晶性变化,考察了共混膜的力学性能和渗出性.结果表明:随着OGLA含量的增加,共混物T_g下降,结晶度降低,柔性提高;与聚乳酸相比,随着OGLA含量的增加,拉伸强度、弹性模量有一定程度降低,但断裂伸长率有较大程度的提高,力学性能得到较好的平衡;OGLA增塑体系与GD增塑体系相比较,优势在于避免了小分子增塑剂的渗出.     

添加剂和溶剂退火协同优化制备高性能厚膜有机太阳能电池

通过溶剂添加剂1-氯萘(CN)和二硫化碳(CS₂)溶剂退火(SVA)协同优化了基于窄带隙小分子受体的厚膜活性层形貌,揭示了该策略对共混膜形貌的调控机理,研究了其对活性层中的载流子动力学以及器件光伏性能的影响.结果表明,CN添加剂可以有效促进受体材料结晶聚集,CS₂溶剂退火能够进一步提升活性层材料分子堆积的有序性,同时优化给受体材料相分离尺寸,降低共混膜表面的粗糙度,实现了良好的纳米尺寸相分离形貌.基于CN+SVA处理的PM6∶Y6厚膜(300 nm)器件的电荷传输和复合性质得到改善,取得了15.23%的光电转换效率(PCE),显著高于未经处理(PCE=11.75%)和仅用CN处理(PCE=13.48%)的光伏器件.该策略具有良好的适用性,将基于PTQ10∶m-BTP-PhC6器件的光伏性能从13.22%提升至16.92%.     

聚醚砜/纤维素晶体共混膜材料及其超滤性能

聚醚砜与纤维素晶体等共混成铸膜液,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备聚醚砜/纤维素晶体共混膜材料.通过超滤装置检测复合膜的水通量、截留率、平均孔径、孔隙率、抗污染性等超滤性能,从而讨论了纤维素晶体含量对共混膜超滤性能的影响.采用抗张测试机、热重分析仪(TGA)、原子力显微镜(AFM)对共混膜的力学性能、热稳定性能、形貌结构进行表征.结果表明,随着纤维素晶体的含量的增加,共混膜的纯水通量先升高后有所降低,截留率均保持在91%～95%,抗张强度、断裂伸长率先增大后有所下降,抗污染性较纯聚醚砜膜显著提高.当纤维素晶体质量分数为1%时,纯水通量达到最大为813.3L·m-2·h-1,孔隙率为88.8%,平均孔径达为70.9nm,抗张强度为7.25MPa,断裂伸长率为11.6%,平均污染度FR值为22.0%,衰减系数m值为35.8%.共混膜具有由纤维素晶体、聚醚砜热降解分别引起的两个失重阶段.共混膜为典型非对称膜结构,表皮层较为致密,多孔支撑层孔径较大.     

SPEEK/PES-C、SPEEK/SPES-C共混质子交换膜研究

通过在磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK,DS=61.68%)中分别混入酚酞型聚醚砜(PES-C)、磺化酚酞型聚醚砜(SPES-C,DS=53.7%)制备出SPEEK/PES-C、SPEEK/SPES-C共混质子交换膜.结果表明,共混的两种聚合物之间均具有较好的相容性.PES-C、SPES-C的混入能有效降低膜的溶胀及甲醇透过,且随着共混量的增加,这种作用越趋明显.纯SPEEK膜在75℃左右溶解,而SPEEK/PES-C(30wt%)、SPEEK/SPES-C(30wt%)共混膜在80℃时溶胀度仅为22.5%、26.32%.在室温至80℃范围内,纯SPEEK及共混膜的甲醇透过系数都在10-7cm2.s-1数量级上,远小于Nafion115膜.在饱和湿度下,温度大于90℃时,SPEEK/PES-C(20wt%)共混膜电导率超过Nafion115膜;温度大于110℃时,SPEEK/SPES-C(30wt%)共混膜电导率与Nafion115膜相当,达到0.11S.cm-1.高电导率,低透醇系数以及明显提高了的可使用温度表明该类共混膜有望在DMFC中使用.     

SPEEK/PES-C、SPEEK/SPES-C共混质子交换膜研究

通过在磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK,DS=61.68%)中分别混入酚酞型聚醚砜(PES-C)、磺化酚酞型聚醚砜(SPES-C,DS=53.7%)制备出SPEEK/PES-C、SPEEK/SPES-C共混质子交换膜.结果表明,共混的两种聚合物之间均具有较好的相容性.PES-C、SPES-C的混入能有效降低膜的溶胀及甲醇透过,且随着共混量的增加,这种作用越趋明显.纯SPEEK膜在75℃左右溶解,而SPEEK/PES-C(30 wt%)、SPEEK/SPES-C(30 wt%)共混膜在80℃时溶胀度仅为22.5%、26.32%.在室温至80℃范围内,纯SPEEK及共混膜的甲醇透过系数都在10-7 cm2·s-1数量级上,远小于Nation[R]115膜.在饱和湿度下,温度大于90℃时,SPEEK/PES-C(20 wt%)共混膜电导率超过Nation[R]115膜;温度大于110℃时,SPEEK/SPES-C(30 wt%)共混膜电导率与Nafion[R]115膜相当,达到0.11 S·cm-1.高电导率,低透醇系数以及明显提高了的可使用温度表明该类共混膜有望在DMFC中使用.     

DMFC用PES/SPEEK共混阻醇质子交换膜

将磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK, 磺化度DS为68.3%)和聚醚砜(PES)两种聚合物共混制得PES/SPEEK共混膜. DSC研究表明两种聚合物之间具有较好的相容性, 因而共混膜均匀致密, 未发生大尺度相分离. PES的混入能有效降低膜的溶胀度及甲醇透过系数. 纯SPEEK 膜40 ℃时在1 mol•L−1甲醇水溶液中溶胀度达到160%, 45 ℃时就完全溶解, 而含30%(w)PES的共混膜在80 ℃时的溶胀度仅有15%. 室温下含20%−30%(w)PES的共混膜的甲醇透过系数为1×10−7 cm2•s−1左右, 比Nafion 115膜的透过系数小一个数量级. 尽管80 ℃下30%(w)PES/SPEEK共混膜的电导率与Nafion 115膜相当, 但由于共混膜的厚度比Nafion 115膜小1/3左右, 膜电阻较小, 因而其电池性能比Nafion 115膜的好.     

Non-isothermal kinetic applied to thermal decomposition of commercial alkyd varnish

Summary PHB polyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is an interesting biodegradable polymer and intensively investigated as cast and sheet films with applications in food industry or in medicine. The films obtained are typically brittle and many scientists have attempted to reduce this brittleness by blending with other polymers. PHB from Usina da Pedra was blended with PEG poly(ethyleneglycol) 300 resulting in blend 1 and blend 2. The two mixtures were melted at 200 and quenched at 0°C. TG curves showed that the thermal stability of the blends and the PHB are identical. For these blends the crystallization temperature decreased compared to the pure PHB, which is probably due to the lower nucleation density.     

Fully-biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films with compositional gradient

Fully-biodegradable bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/chemosynthetic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend films with compositional gradient from one surface to the other surface of the films were prepared by a dissolution-diffusion technique. Three kinds of PVA samples, high- and low-molecular weight atactic PVA and highly syndiotactic PVA (s-PVA), were used in order to investigate the effects of molecular weight and tactic structure on the generation of compositional gradient. The solution of PHB in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), which is also a good solvent for PVA, was cast on the PVA film and then the solvent HFIP was evaporated. By selecting the optimum volume of solvent and the evaporation rate, the PHB/PVA blend film with compositional gradient was obtained. The formation of compositional gradient was confirmed by FT-IR microscopy and ATR-FT-IR analysis. The 50%/50% PHB/s-PVA blend film with a nearly ideal compositional gradient, that is, the composition of PHB (or PVA) in the film changing gradually from 100% at one surface to 0% at the other surface of the film was obtained by casting PHB/HFIP solution on to the s-PVA film. Positional dependence of the absorbance of C==O and OH stretching bands along the film thickness direction for the PHB/S-PVA cast films.     

Spontaneous thinning/thickening deformation observed for plastic blend films and some factors affecting film deformation

The fully amorphous films of highly syndiotactic poly[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] (s‐PHB)/atactic poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVPh) blends show reversible thinning/thickening phenomena at 37 °C in aqueous medium. On the other hand, isotactic poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] (i‐PHB)/PVPh blend film, in which i‐PHB blend component was partially crystalline, did not show any thinning/thickening phenomena under the same conditions. To elucidate the factors influencing these phenomena, the structure and molecular interaction in these blends were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The FTIR spectra indicated that the ester carbonyl of PHB and the phenolic hydroxyl of PVPh formed hydrogen bonds in both the thinned and thickened s‐PHB/PVPh blend films. The blend composition, intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interaction, crystallization behavior, miscibility, and the glass‐transition temperature of the blends affected the thinning/thickening phenomena. Some other polyesters such as poly(?‐caprolactone), poly (L‐lactic acid), atactic poly(D,L‐lactic acid), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) had no ability to exhibit thinning/thickening phenomena in water at 37 °C when they were blended with PVPh. This result implies that s‐PHB/PVPh is the rare example with the ability to show reversible thinning/thickening phenomena. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2736–2743, 2002     

Properties of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) film modified by blending with polyurethane

A number of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)/polyurethane (PLGA/PU) blend films with various PU mole contents were prepared by casting the polymer blend solution in chloroform. The surface morphologies of the PLGA/PU blend films were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal, mechanical and chemical properties of the PLGA/PU blend films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests and surface contact angle tests. The results revealed that the introduction of PU could markedly modify the properties of PLGA films.     

Rheo-optical FT-IR spectroscopy of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(lactic acid) blend films

The orientation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) segments in PHB/PLA blend films cast from chloroform solutions with compositions PHB < PLA was studied during uniaxial elongation up to 250% strain at 50 °C by in-situ rheo-optical FT-IR spectroscopy. From the orientation functions of the ν(CO) bands of the blend components, it was derived that the PLA chains orient in the direction of elongation while the PHB chains orient perpendicular to the drawing direction. PHB homopolymer and PHB/PLA blend films with PHB > PLA compositions could only be oriented by cold drawing in ice water after quenching from the melt. The IR-dichroic effects of films drawn under these conditions indicate for both blend components a chain alignment parallel to the drawing direction.     

Effect of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) on thermal behavior and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PHB/PPC) blends

To assess the compatibility of blends of synthetic poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), with a natural bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a simple casting procedure of blend was used. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends are found to be incompatible according to DSC and DMA analysis. In order to improve the compatibility and mechanical properties of PHB/PPC blends, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was added as a compatibilizer. The effects of PVAc on the thermal behavior, morphology, and mechanical properties of 70PHB/30PPC blend were investigated. The results show that the melting point and the crystallization temperature of PHB in blends decrease with the increase of PVAc content in blends, the loss factor changes from two separate peaks of 70PHB/30PPC blend to one peak of 70PHB/30PPC/12PVAc blend. It is also found that adding PVAc into 70PHB/30PPC blend can decrease the size of dispersed phase from morphology analysis. The result of tensile properties shows that PVAc can increase the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 70PHB/30PPC blend, and both the elongation at break and the tensile toughness increase significantly with PVAc added into 70PHB/30PPC.     

Surface properties of chitosan composites with poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-vinylpyrrolidone) and montmorillonite

Surface properties of composites containing chitosan (Ch) with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and montmorillonite (MMT) additives were investigated by contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and tensile tests. Composites were obtained by drop casting suspensions of montmorillonite (1 wt % relative to chitosan) and polymer (1 wt %) in 0.1 mol/dm³ acetic acid. Contact angle measurements for diiodomethane (D) and glycerol (G) on the surfaces of the chitosan films, PVP and their composite films were made; surface free energies were also calculated. It was found that the PVP/MMT or Ch/PVP/MMT blend surface is enriched with a high surface energy component, i.e., polyvinylpyrrolidone. The roughness of chitosan composites increases after the addition of montmorillonite; this may indicate an increase in the heterogeneity of this composition in comparison to other compositions. The TGA thermograms and mass loss percentages at different decomposition temperatures showed that the thermal stability of the binary composite slightly increases upon the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and Young modulus depend on the composition and varied non-uniformly.     

Immobilization of Tyrosinase on Chitosan — An Optimal Approach to Enhance the Productivity of L‐DOPA from L‐Tyrosine

Tyrosinase was immobilized on Chitosan (CTS) beads to produce 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine (L ‐DOPA) from L ‐tyrosine. Epichlorohydrin (ECH), ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE), and glutaraldehyde (GLU) were used as coupling agents, respectively. Ultraviolet/visible measurements on CTS films showed that the reaction intermediate (L ‐dopaquinone) attacked the amino groups on CTS, so the amine residues on chitosan were capped by acetic acid anhydride (Ac) or formaldehyde (Fm) to avoid the deactivation of the immobilized tyrosinase. The pH and temperature of the maximal rate to produce L‐DOPA were investigated. GLU (coupling agent) and Ac (capping agent) were selected for practical utility. A 7.5% (w/v) concentration of GLU was found to attain maximal activity of the immobilized enzyme. The thermal stability of tyrosinase immobilized on CTS‐GLU‐Ac, and after treatment with sodium borohydride, was enhanced to a great extent. The L ‐DOPA converting efficiency in the environmental conditions of this study decreased from 45.1% to 39.9% (between 1^st and 30^th batch). This immobilized tyrosinase can be used practically in the production of L‐DOPA from L‐tyrosine.     

Thermal behavior and intermolecular interactions in blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) and maleated poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) with chitosan

The thermal behavior and intermolecular interactions of blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and maleated PHB with chitosan were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The differences in the two blend systems with respect to their thermal behavior and intermolecular interactions were investigated. The melting temperatures, melting enthalpies, and crystallinities of the two blend systems gradually decreased as the chitosan content in the blends increased. Compared with that of the PHB component with the same composition, the crystallization of the maleated PHB component was more intensively suppressed by the chitosan component in the blends because of the rigid chitosan molecular chains and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the components. FTIR, WAXD, and XPS showed that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the blends were caused by the carbonyls of PHB or maleated PHB and chitosan aminos, and their existence depended on the compositions of the blends. The introduction of maleic anhydride groups onto PHB chains promoted intermolecular interactions between the maleated PHB and chitosan components. In addition, the intermolecular interactions disturbed the original crystal structures of the PHB, maleated PHB, and chitosan components; this was further proven by WAXD results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 35–47, 2005     

Characterization of surface modified flax fibers and their biocomposites with PHB

Flax fiber was treated with acetic anhydride or with ethylene plasma to improve adhesion with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The flax fiber surface became hydrophobic by the surface treatments. The ethylene plasma treated flax fiber has better thermal resistance and shows higher interfacial adhesion strength in flax/PHB biocomposite than the chemically modified flax fiber with acetic anhydride. Optimum conditions of the ethylene plasma treatment were found to be 0.5 cm³/sec of the ethylene flow rate and 50 W of the plasma power with 5 min of the treatment time.