神华煤直接液化残渣萃取残渣焦气化动力学研究

在热天平上分别考察了甲苯、苯及乙醇萃取液化残渣热解焦在水蒸气和CO2气氛下的气化动力学,并对比了液化残渣热解焦在相同条件下的气化反应性。结果表明,温度是影响残渣焦气化反应速率的重要因素;超临界溶剂对残渣的萃取使得残渣焦中碳基质的有序度有所降低,并在一定程度上增加了残渣焦的孔结构,因此,提高了残渣焦的气化反应性;残渣焦孔结构不发达,可以使用化学反应控制未反应收缩核模型预测残渣焦的气化反应过程。     

煤及煤焦微观结构特征与气化反应性

研究了不同煤化度煤及煤焦的微观结构及其对气化反应性的影响。结果表明,褐煤焦具有丰富的分支孔系统和较大的比表面积,并含有较多对气化有催化作用的可交换阳离子。无烟煤焦分支孔贫乏,比表面积很小。煤焦的总孔容、比表面积和芳核大小之间有很好的对应关系。不同煤化度煤焦气化反应性差异很大,脱矿物质后煤焦反应性差异显著减小,但是脱矿物质前后煤焦的反应性随煤化程度的变化趋势相似。     

含油污泥与配合煤共热解煤焦的微观结构与气化反应特性

以含油污泥与配合煤为原料在850-1150℃热解制得焦样,采用N_2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射(XRD)分析煤焦孔隙结构及碳微晶结构,并运用热重分析(TGA)考察热解温度和含油污泥添加量对煤焦气化反应活性的影响。结果表明,提高热解温度和添加含油污泥能促进煤焦形成更加丰富的孔隙结构,强化煤焦-CO_2气化反应接触并抑制煤焦石墨化进程,从而提高煤焦气化反应活性;然而,热解温度过高或添加油泥量过多则会致使煤焦结构致密或孔隙堵塞,气化反应活性反而降低。     

煤中灰含量对气化反应活性的影响

本文分别以H_2O(g)、CO_2为气化剂,在固定床反应器中对沈北、大同、晋城煤进行了各种条件的气化实验。比较了在不同温度、压力及不同灰含量下各种煤焦的气化反应活性。实验结果表明,随气化温度、压力提高,各煤焦的气化反应活性均相应提高。脱灰后的大同、晋城煤焦的反应活性明显增加;沈北煤焦则是:随脱灰程度加深,其气化反应活性先降低而后增加。各煤焦水蒸汽气化反应的气相组成亦随温度的变化而变化。沈北、大同、晋城原煤焦水蒸汽气化反应的表观活化能分别为71.77kJ/mol,104.25kJ/mol,157.00kJ/mol。     

不同彬县焦的水蒸气气化反应动力学研究

在常压,900℃～1050℃考察了彬县煤的三种焦样（常规方法制焦、快速热解焦和脱灰快速热解焦）在热天平上的水蒸气气化反应。考察了温度和焦种对水蒸气气化反应的影响。对比了三种焦的动力学参数和比表面积。结果表明,气化温度是影响煤焦气化反应速率的主要因素,提高50℃,反应速率增加一倍。快速热解焦的反应速率在相同反应条件下明显大于慢速焦。三种焦的表观活化能以快速焦最大,因而反应速率受温度的影响也最大,快速脱灰焦次之,慢速焦最小。     

流化床气化炉半焦细粉水蒸气再气化特性及动力学研究

利用热天平考察了流化床气化炉半焦细粉的水蒸气再气化特性及其动力学,并与相应的自制半焦及脱灰半焦细粉进行了比较分析.结果表明,半焦细粉的再气化反应性随着温度的升高而增加.与自制热解半焦相比,半焦细粉的反应性较高,这主要取决于比表面积的影响,而不同细粉的气化反应性差异还与其石墨化程度和灰含量有关.在此基础上,利用缩核模型对半焦细粉的再气化行为进行了模型拟合并得到了动力学参数,从而为细粉的再气化提供了一定的理论指导.     

胜利褐煤半焦冷却处理对其微观结构及反应性能的影响

采用不同的冷却方式对胜利褐煤热解"热"半焦进行冷却处理,考查了冷却方式对半焦微观结构及反应性能的影响.利用特制两段新型石英反应器,在高纯氩气、400、600、800 ℃的条件下,对褐煤热解30 min制得的"热"焦,分别浸入室温、干冰及液氮环境中得到冷态半焦,然后在15%水蒸气、900 ℃、10 min的条件下对冷态半焦进行非原位气化反应.为了比较,同样热解条件下制得的"热"半焦不经冷却,通过直接切换反应气氛为15%水蒸气进行原位气化(气化条件与非原位气化相同).利用TGA、SEM、BET和Raman光谱仪对半焦反应性和微观结构进行表征和分析.结果表明,"热"焦的水蒸气原位气化半焦产率低于冷态半焦的非原位气化.冷却处理对半焦的孔结构影响较大,随着冷却速率的增大,半焦比表面积及总孔容积显著降低,但对半焦的化学结构(芳环体系和含氧官能团)的影响非常小.冷却速率越大,半焦的反应性越低,冷态半焦反应性能降低主要由于冷却对半焦孔结构造成的不可逆转的破坏.     

负载碳酸钠煤焦催化气化反应特性研究

基于热重分析仪开展负载碳酸钠神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤煤焦气化实验,并借助扫描电子显微镜和孔结构及比表面积分析仪表征焦样孔结构及表观结构变化,考察了反应温度(650-800℃)、气化剂(水蒸气、二氧化碳)及碳酸钠负载量(钠离子负载量2.2%、4.4%、6.6%,质量分数)对神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤焦样气化反应活性的影响。结果表明,碳酸钠有利于促进神府/遵义煤热解过程孔隙结构的发展。在二氧化碳气氛下,适宜催化剂负载量使神府烟煤反应活性提高,过多负载催化剂堵塞煤焦内部孔隙结构,使得气化反应活性降低,遵义无烟煤反应活性随负载量增加而提高,两者反应活性均随温度升高而提高。在水蒸气气氛下,神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤在一定条件下反应活性随催化剂负载量增大、温度升高而提高。碳酸钠的添加能够在保证气化反应性的前提下降低气化反应温度和活化能。     

Pressurized CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-enhanced gasification of coal

Carbon dioxide was considered as a co-gasifying agent in a coal gasification reactor. The work presented herein describes the simulation results for the process and the experimental data on coal char gasification with CO₂ addition as the rate-controlling step for the entire process. To study the potentially beneficial effect of the introduction of CO₂ into the gasification system, several simulations were conducted using the commercial process simulation software ChemCAD 6.3^®. The results of a Gibbs equilibrium reactor were evaluated. The Boudouard reaction is a critical path for the development of this process, and the kinetics were studied experimentally. Four chars derived from the pyrolysis of Polish coals of different origins were selected for the experiments. The kinetic characteristics of this system were examined using a custom-designed pressurized fixed-bed reactor. To determine the effect of pressure on the gasification rate, several preliminary studies on the gasification of coal chars were performed isothermally at the temperature of 950 °C and pressures of 1, 10, and 20 bars. In contrast to the thermodynamic calculations, the experimental data revealed that increasing the CO₂ pressure leads to a higher reaction rate for medium-rank coal chars and low-rank lignite coal char, resulting in higher efficiency for carbon monoxide production. The pressure influences the reactivity more strongly when varied from 1 to 10 bars; a further increase in pressure affects the rate almost insignificantly. The observed behavior representing the changes in carbon conversion degree during gasification is satisfactorily described by the grain model.     

Investigation into the kinetics of pressurized steam gasification of chars with different coal ranks

The steam gasification of coal chars derived from three different ranks of typical Chinese coals was studied in a pressurized fixed-bed differential reactor at elevated pressure (up to 2.0 MPa). Three mathematical models [volumetric model (VM), grain model (GM), and random pore model (RPM)] for the gasification kinetics of different chars were validated, through which the kinetic parameters were obtained and discussed. The results show that the evolution trend of the coal char gasification rate with carbon conversion differs from coal ranks and has little change with pressure and temperature. The pressurized gasification process of the Shenmu sub-bituminous coal char (SM char) and the Jingcheng anthracite char (JC char) can be well-predicted by the RPM, while that of the Huolinhe lignite char can be better described by the VM. The pressure has little effect on the options of the reaction kinetic models for the three chars. The kinetic parameter E is almost a constant independent of pressure, while k ₀ changes with pressure, and it seems that k ₀ would be almost a constant over 1.0 MPa for SM and JC chars. The reaction order decreases with increasing the total system pressure and differs from different coal types.     

无烟煤焦气化过程中孔结构的变化及对气化反应性影响的研究

在常压、1000℃下,测定了两种不同煤化程度的无烟煤焦和一种脱灰无烟煤焦的水蒸气和CO2的气化反应性。并以N2和CO2为吸附质,测定了原煤焦的孔结构特征;以CO2为吸附质,测定了无烟煤焦在气化过程中微孔结构的变化。考察了矿物质对无烟煤焦孔结构变化的影响。结果表明,水蒸气和CO2对无烟煤焦的气化反应都有微孔的产生和扩展作用。无烟煤焦水蒸气气化反应性与煤焦的微孔比表面积成正比,但无烟煤焦CO2气化反应性与煤焦的微孔比表面积没有依存关系。煤中矿物质对无烟煤焦气化过程中孔结构的变化不产生影响。     

宁东煤煤焦-CO2气化反应特性的原位研究

以典型宁东煤-梅花井烟煤和羊场湾烟煤焦为气化样品,并与典型气化用煤-神府烟煤焦对比,采用热重分析仪及高温热台-光学显微镜联用系统原位研究煤焦气化反应活性,并结合焦样理化结构特性的系统表征对其进行关联解释。结果表明,在相同气化温度下,三种煤焦的气化反应活性大小顺序为：羊场湾烟煤焦 > 梅花井烟煤焦 > 神府烟煤焦。由高温热台实验原位研究可知,随着煤焦-CO₂反应的进行,大部分煤焦颗粒反应形式以颗粒收缩进行,到达反应中后期,反应由颗粒收缩转变为缩芯形式,并通过投射面积收缩率可发现,相同反应时间下,羊场湾烟煤焦的投射面积收缩率最大,其后依次为梅花井烟煤焦和神府烟煤焦。气化反应活性的差异主要归因于不同煤焦理化性质间的差异：羊场湾烟煤焦的比表面积、炭结构无序化程度和K、Na、Ca总含量最大,其后依次为梅花井烟煤焦和神府烟煤焦。     

中国无烟煤焦气化活性的研究——水蒸气与二氧化碳气化活性的比较

在常压和920℃~1050℃下，采用热重方法，进行了六种中国典型无烟煤焦水蒸气与二氧化碳气化活性比较的研究。结果表明，无烟煤焦与水蒸气气化反应的活性与无烟煤的煤化程度相对应，无烟煤煤化程度越高，水蒸气气化反应活性越小。无烟煤焦与二氧化碳气化反应的活性与煤中矿物质的催化作用有密切关系，煤中矿物质的催化作用越大，二氧化碳气化反应活性越大。无烟煤焦与二氧化碳气化反应活性明显小于与水蒸气气化反应活性，后者比前者大10倍左右。初步探讨了无烟煤焦与水蒸气和二氧化碳的气化机理。     

神府烟煤水煤浆快速热解焦结构演化及其反应性的研究

利用高频热解装置对神府烟煤水煤浆及其原煤进行了600~1 200 ℃条件下的快速热解实验,考察了两者快速热解后的煤焦产率、焦-C产率随热解温度的变化规律.利用XRD、氮气气体吸附法、SEM等测试手段对比分析了水煤浆及煤粉热解后煤焦的微晶结构、孔隙特征及表观结构;在热重分析仪上进行CO₂气化反应活性的测定,对比了水煤浆和煤粉热解后煤焦的气化活性.实验表明,随着热解温度的升高,水煤浆和煤粉的热解焦产率、焦-C产率均逐渐降低,热解温度低于900 ℃时,两者热解焦产率、焦-C产率趋于一致,热解温度高于900 ℃时,水煤浆热解焦产率和焦-C产率明显低于煤粉热解焦;高温热解条件下,水煤浆热解焦的微晶有序化程度比煤粉热解焦略高,比表面积明显高于煤粉热解焦,水煤浆热解焦的气化活性优于煤粉热解焦.     

高温下煤焦的碳微晶及孔结构的演变行为

以贵州煤为原料,在热解温度950℃~1400℃制备了各种慢速和快速热解焦,主要对高温热解过程中煤焦的碳微晶和孔结构的演变行为进行了研究,同时也研究了高温气化过程中煤焦的孔结构变化规律。结果表明,慢速热解焦和快速热解焦的C和H含量明显不同;随热解温度的升高,煤焦的碳微晶结构向有序化方向发展,但慢速热解煤焦比快速热解煤焦的"石墨化"程度大;快速热解煤焦的微孔比表面积和微孔容积明显高于慢速热解煤焦,即快速热解煤焦的孔隙结构明显比慢速热解煤焦发达;在气化反应初期,煤焦的微孔比表面积下降,微中孔比表面积增加,反应后期煤焦的总比表面积快速下降。     

煤焦水蒸气气化动力学模型及参数敏感性研究

在热重分析仪上对小龙潭煤焦、府谷煤焦和晋城煤焦水蒸气气化过程进行了研究。使用收缩核模型、混合模型和随机孔模型模拟了三种煤焦水蒸气气化反应过程。结果表明,混合模型总体上模拟效果最好,收缩核模型和随机孔模型对低变质程度的小龙潭煤焦气化过程模拟效果不佳,但是适用于模拟另外两种煤阶较高的煤焦气化过程。求解了三种模型的动力学参数,并分析了不同模型参数出现差异的原因。同时,采用敏感性分析法定量研究了模型中的参数发生偏差时引起模型误差的大小,并通过比较发现反应速率常数k为敏感性因素,而混合模型中反应级数n和随机孔模型中孔结构参数ψ为非敏感性因素。     

石灰岩对褐煤模拟地下气化残焦物化性质的影响

基于煤炭地下气化过程中石灰岩可能影响煤焦的组成和结构,借助煤炭地下气化模拟实验系统对不同石灰岩掺量(质量分数为0-30%)的褐煤进行水蒸气气化,并采用低温N_2吸附-脱附、XRD和FT-IR等分析手段研究石灰岩对褐煤模拟地下气化残焦的组成、比表面积及孔结构特征、微晶结构和表面官能团等物理化学性质的影响。结果表明,石灰岩对煤焦的元素组成有较大影响。石灰岩可促使煤焦中的微孔向中孔发育,增大煤焦的比表面积和孔容积;当石灰岩掺量从0增加到30%时,煤焦的比表面积增大21.91%,介孔率增加21.49个百分点。XRD分析表明,钙的存在破坏煤焦的芳香结构,使煤焦无序化程度增加,晶面间距(d_(002))增大,抑制煤焦的石墨化发展倾向。FT-IR分析表明,石灰岩存在下,煤焦的羟基官能团减少。     

Mass transfer limitation in thermogravimetry of biomass gasification

In order to determine the intrinsic reactivity behavior from thermogravimetry studies, the experimental conditions should be such that the reactions are not mass transfer limited. Biomass char usually has a higher reactivity than coal chars. Therefore, mass transfer limitations may be more problematic when studying biomass char reactivity. Chemical reaction kinetics and mass transfer processes present in thermogravimetry are used for modeling the overall reaction rate for spruce bark CO₂ gasification. Thermogravimetric experiments are carried out between 700 and 900 °C, and the CO₂ concentration is varied between 10 and 90 vol%. The intrinsic activation energy is found to be 120 kJ mol^?1. The transition temperature between regimes I and II is here defined when the fraction apparent to true activation energy equals 0.75. Higher external mass transfer (e.g., by decreasing the diffusion path through the crucible’s freeboard), decreasing the sample amounts, and higher CO₂ partial pressures for the Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction type increase the transition temperature. The results show that the transition temperature between regimes I and II conditions is approx. 1,030 °C for 90 vol% CO₂.     

Gasification characteristics of coal char under CO2 atmosphere

The char gasification characteristics and the composition of evolved gases in a CO₂ environment have been studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) coupled with a mass spectrometer. Three types of coal char were studied: lignite (TXL), sub-bituminous (PRB), and bituminous (KYB). TG results showed that the reactivities of TXL and PRB were higher than that of KYB, and the reactivity of TXL was higher than that of PRB. The characterization of the chars implied that the mineral content in the char plays an important role in the reactivity and that the surface area and pore volume may accelerate the reactivity of chars. The evolved gases from three chars were mainly CO and SO₂. SO₂ was slightly delayed by CO during gasification of TXL and PRB chars, but for KYB, SO₂ and CO formed in the same temperature range, but at higher temperatures compared with TXL and PRB. The CO production of KYB was the best, 0.98 mg mg^?1; and SO₂ was the least, 0.031 mg mg^?1. PRB and TXL chars had similar CO production, but SO₂ in TXL was higher.     

An experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity and structure of agricultural waste chars

The gasification reactivity as well as physical and chemical structure of chars generated from two kinds of agricultural waste (i.e. corn straw and wheat straw) were studied to better understand the role of lower pyrolysis temperatures and lower heating rates on the gasification characteristics of agricultural waste chars. Char samples were generated in a one-stage quartz fixed-bed reactor. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) gasification reactivity of chars was measured by thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, surface area (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis were employed to determine the effect of operating conditions on the char structure. Char gasification reactivities decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures. The char particles generated under high pyrolysis temperatures had many smaller pores with thinner cell walls, larger surface areas, and some melting. Results indicated that many functional groups’ bands decreased and even disappeared with an increasing pyrolysis temperature. The chars’ microcrystalline became larger at high pyrolysis temperatures. The reactivity of wheat straw char is higher than corn straw char. The difference in the gasification reactivity of agricultural waste chars generated at different pyrolysis temperatures correlated well with the effect of pyrolysis temperatures on the agricultural waste char structure.