疏水-亲脂作用对反应性的影响 Ⅲ.环糊精对碳氟表面活性剂的熵驱动包结以及亲脂作用对形成糖淀粉型包结物的贡献

用表面张力-浓度曲线法系统地研究了环糊精(CD)和羧甲基糖淀粉钠(Na-CMA)与H(CF_2)_(12)CO_2K(1),Cl(CF_2)_nCH_2CH_2N~+(CH_3)_3I~-[n=8(3),10(5)]和相应的碳氢表面活性剂(24和6)的相互作用。由于几何尺寸的限制,碳氟表面活性剂不能与α-CD形成包结络合物,但3与β-CD形成的包结络合物的稳定性远大于相应的碳氢受物4、3与β-CD的相互作用是熵驱动过程,而C_(12)H_(25)N~+(CH_3)_3I~-(6)则是焓有利的。与具有“预组织化”内穴的CD不同,糖淀粉的包结是与大分子从线团到螺旋构象变化的协同过程,由于缺乏宿主-受物间的亲脂相互作用,Na-CMA不能与所有的碳氟受物形成包结络合物。     

阳离子碳氢/碳氟表面活性剂与中性高聚物相互作用的研究

研究了阳离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基三烷基溴化铵[C12H25N(CnH2n＋1)3Br, n＝1, 2, 3, 4]和阳离子碳氟表面活性剂F[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3)CONH(CH2)3N(C2H5)2CH3I (FCI-2)分别与中性高聚物聚氧乙烯(PEO, 分子量20000)和聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯三嵌段共聚物[(EO)76(PO)29(EO)76, F68]的相互作用. 结果表明, 所用的碳氢阳离子表面活性剂与PEO和F68均无相互作用, 但碳氟阳离子表面活性剂FCI-2与PEO和F68均具有明显的相互作用, 而且F68与FCI-2的相互作用强于PEO与FCI-2体系. 结果也初步表明碳氟表面活性剂与高聚物的相互作用强于碳氢表面活性剂-高聚物体系.     

碳氟-碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液在油面上铺展

本文研究RfCONH(CH2)3N(C2H5)2CH3I/CnH2n 1,COONa及RfCOONa/CmH2m 1N(CH3)3Br(Rf=F[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3);n=7,8.11,13;m=8,10,12)两类正，负离子碳氟－碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液在油面上的铺展及对油面的密封性能。研究表明在碳氟表面活性剂中加入异电性碳氢表面活性剂可大大降低碳氟表面活性剂水溶液的铺展浓度，也可使一些因素表面张力较高而不能铺展的碳氟表面活性剂水溶液在油面上铺展。在碳氟表面活性剂中加入异电性碳氢表面活性剂可提高水膜对油面的密封性。若在混合表面活性剂中加入黄原胶，水膜的密封性能更好。     

螺旋构象的微环境效应——1.羧甲基糖淀粉钠对具有疏水性长链烷基的受物的包结作用

本文报道了具有类似环葡萄糖疏水内穴特性但长度及内穴尺寸为可变化的羧甲基糖淀粉钠(Na-CMA)螺旋构象对具有长链烷基的受物:十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTACl)、十二烷基三甲基碘化铵(LTAI)和十二烷基硫酸钠(NaLS)的包结作用.使用表面张力法求得Na-CMA—CTACl包结常数在1.27～2.30×10⁴M^-1左右,Na-CMA—LTAI为0.52×10³M^-1,Na-CMA—NaLS为0.73×10³M^-1,表明与阴或阳离子的受物均可形成稳定包结络合物,稳定程度由受物烃链疏水性决定.Na-CMA的最大结合部位对于CTACl,LTAI,NaLS分别为7.7,9.8,10与形成6-螺旋和受物分子相对长度推算出的数值很接近.从Na-CMA—CTACl包结常数与温度的关系求得包结过程的热力学参数为ΔG₂₉₈=-5.7kcal/mol,ΔH₂₉₈=3.5kcal/mol,ΔS₂₉₈=7.6 e.u..说明包结驱动力不同于典型疏水作用的熵控制和环葡萄糖包结的焓控制机制.根据粘度和表面张力的测定提出了这种包结过程伴随着Na-CMA链从紧密线团至间断螺旋的构象变化,反映出Na-CMA与环葡萄糖不同的特性,看来更适合于作为生物大分子识别受物的模型.     

螺旋构象的微环境效应——在二甲基亚砜-水二元溶剂中糖淀粉的疏水-亲脂包结作用

本文利用表面张力、粘度、电子吸收光谱、电导和旋光谱等方法,研究了在二甲基亚砜(DMSO)-水混合溶剂中糖淀粉的大分子构象及其与极性探针——N-乙基-4-十六烷氧羰基-吡啶盐碘化物(1)相互作用而形成螺旋包结结合物的结果。文中指出,随溶剂DMSO含量的减少,糖淀粉分子构象从僵直链的规整螺旋转变至由无规线团区连结的松弛和扩展的螺旋,伴随着粘度和旋光谱的明显变化。糖淀粉与1的相互作用机制随溶剂组成变化而不同。当溶剂中DMSO的体积分数Φ_(DMSO)在大于0.70左右的区域时,作用方式类似于偶氮染料,是缔合定位于螺旋区的外围;小于此区域,则受物进入螺旋内穴而形成螺旋包结络合物,旋光谱的研究结果表明此时受物1在其紫外吸收峰位置出现新的负Cotton效应,即处在高手征性环境中的非手征性受物1被诱导出不对称性。由表面张力-浓度曲线,电导等方法测定的包结络合平衡数据给出,特性解离常数K_d~*与溶剂组成关系极大,包结驱动力系自本体相转移至非极性相的疏水-亲脂相互作用,得出的最大包结部位数小于30,也支持了形成螺旋包结物的结论。     

疏水-亲脂相互作用对反应活性的影响 13: 羧甲基糖淀粉钠催化酯水解的溶剂效应

在H2O, Mo2SO-H2O, Dioxane-H2O, t-BuOH-H2O体系中, 羧甲基糖淀粉钠(NaCMA)对不同链长的羧酸对硝基苯酚酯的水解有显著的加速作用, 并表明, 即使在受物发生部分簇集的情况下, NaCMA的催化作用仍呈饱和动力学。讨论了有机溶剂、受物的链长、受物的聚集状态对包结络合物解离常数Kd及催化酯水解速率常数kc的影响。实验结果表明, NaCMA-受物包结络合物在纯水中最稳定, 有机溶剂的存在不同程度地降低了NaCMA催化酯水解的能力和包结络合物的稳定性。     

疏水-亲脂相互作用对反应活性的影响 13: 羧甲基糖淀粉钠催化酯水解的溶剂效应

在H_2O,Mo_2SO-H_2O,Dioxane-H_2O,t-BuOH-H_2O体系中,羧甲基糖淀粉钠(NaCMA)对不同链长的羧酸对硝基苯酚酯的水解有显著的加速作用,并表明,即使在受物发生部分簇集的情况下,NaCMA的催化作用仍呈饱和动力学。讨论了有机溶剂、受物的链长、受物的聚集状态对包结络合物的解离常数K_d及催化酯水解速率常数k_o的影响。实验结果表明,NaCMA-受物包结络合物在纯水中最稳定,有机溶剂的存在不同程度地降低了NaCMA催化酯水解的能力和包结络合物的稳定性。     

螺旋构象的微环境效应——羧甲基糖淀粉钠(Na-CMA)对各碘代N-烷基3-羟基吡啶羧酸酯水解的催化效应

本文在存在和不存在羰甲基糖淀粉钠盐(Na-CMA)的条件下对N-烷基吡啶羧酸酯(2—5)的水解进行了研究。在不存在Na-CMA时,以HPO_4~=和CH_3CO_2~-作为亲核试剂,4个受物的水解都遵循二级反应动力学。但当存在Na-CMA时,水解则随受物结构不同而各异,即2和3的水解不受加入Na-CMA浓度多少的影响,但具有长疏水链的受物4和5的表观水解速度常数k_(obs)与Na-CMA浓度的关系符合Michaelis-Menten饱和动力学,各种实验结果表明Na-CMA与受物形成了催化剂——受物的螺旋包结超分子络合物。超分子内催化(k_c/K_d)的效率与相应本体相中以CH_3CO_2~-为亲核试剂之催化碱水解速度常数k_2相比,对受物4和5分别为3.7×10~4和1.7×10~4倍。 活化参数的结果反映出4和5在螺旋内穴中所处地位的差异,对于4的水解,分子内催化是熵有利的,但是对于5则是活化焓项有利。活化自由能的减少与受物包结过程中释放的自由能相近,由此可能提供了通过络合能降低反应活化自由能的一个实例。     

疏水-亲脂作用对反应活性的影响

本文在t-BuOH-H₂O,Me₂SO-H₂O等六种有机溶剂-水二元体系中用动力学方法研究了:(1)疏水-亲脂作用对不同链长的脂肪酸酯 —C₇H₁₅,—C₁₁H₂₃,—C₁₅H₃₁)水解行为的影响;(2)竣甲基糖淀粉(Na-CMA)催化酯水解机理的探讨;(3)长链酯簇集与其被糖淀粉包结之间的竞争;(4)疏水取代基常数的反应活性之间相关分析的新探索。     

部花青染料与糖淀粉、羧甲基糖淀粉和环糊精包结络合的初步研究

对于糖淀粉(CMA)及环糊精(CD)与各种受物形成的包结络合物,其本质是非极性键合,即受物分子离开极性较大的体相,进入极性较小的宿主内穴,这种体相与内穴中极性的差异在很大程度上决定了宿主-受物包结络合物的稳定性.同时,宿主内穴所提供的低极性微环境也直接影响到内穴中受物的反应性.因此,对宿主内穴特性的研究是非常重要的.Bender曾通过脱酸反应速度的改变测得 CD 内穴的介电常数相当于二氧六环.我们也曾报道用     

The effect of hydrophobic-lipophilic interactions on chemical reactivity: 3. Contributions of lipophilic interactions to the binding of hydrocarbon substrates by amylose-type hosts and of hydrophobic interactions to the binding of fluorocarbon surfactants by β-cyclodextrin

With cyclodextrins (α- and β-CD) and sodium carboxymethylamylose (Na-CMA) as hosts, and with H (CF₂)₁₂CO₃K (1), CH₂ (CH₂)₁₀CO₂K (2), CI (CF₂)₈CH₂CH₂N+Me₃I- (3), CH₃CH₂)₆-CH₂N+Me₃I- (4), Cl(CF₂)₁₀CH₂CH₂N+Me₃I- (5) and CH₃ (CH₂)10 CH₂N+Me₃I- (6) as guest substrates, the different behaviors of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants have been studied by surface tension measurements. Limited cavity size prevents the inclusion of fluorocarbon surfactants by α-CD, but the binding by β-CD is stronger for the fluorocarbon substrate 3 than that for its hydrocarbon analog 4. A comparison of the thermodynamic parameters of the β-CD binding process for 3 and 6 reveals that for the former the binding is driven by entropy or hydrophobic forces, but for the latter the process is enthalpy-favored. Notably, Na-CMA fails to bind the fluorocarbon substrates. A crucial difference between the cyclodextrins and the amylose-type hosts lies in the fact that the former hosts possess pre-organized cavities whereas the latter have to readjust their conformations from loose and extended helices with random coils to interrupted helices during the process of binding. Apparently, this extra energy requirement demands contributions from lipophilic interactions which do not exist between fluorocarbon chains and the hosts. Thus lipophilic forces are significant in hydrophobic-lipophilic interactions.     

正、负离子碳氟-碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面活性

1　前言碳氟表面活性剂是目前所有表面活性剂中表面活性最高的一类 ,具有很多碳氢表面活性剂无法取代的特殊用途[1] 。但是碳氟表面活性剂由于合成困难 ,价格昂贵 ,实际应用受到限大限制。研究表明 ,通过碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂的复配 ,有可能减少碳氟表面活性剂的用量而保持其表面活性 [1] 。在所有表面活性剂混合体系中 ,正、负离子表面活性剂混合体系具有最强的协同效应 [2 ] 。但由于正、负离子表面活性剂混合溶液一般在很低浓度即形成沉淀 ,对碳氟表面活性剂更是如此。因此目前有关碳氟—碳氢混合表面活性剂的研究主要集中在同…     

The unusual micelle micropolarity of partially fluorinated gemini surfactants sensed by pyrene fluorescence

New gemini surfactants having two fluorocarbon chains were prepared by refluxing partially fluorinated alkyl bromide with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-diaminohexane in acetonitrile. The partially fluorinated gemini surfactants containing a six-methylene spacer chain are easily soluble in water. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) were determined by various fluorescent probe methods. The hydrophobicity of a CF2 group was estimated to be 1.5 times that of a CH2 group according to the cmc values. The micelle micropolarity of a fluorocarbon gemini sensed by pyrene fluorescence was unusually high, suggesting an apparent iceberg-like environment in the location of pyrene. The significantly small micelle aggregation numbers of fluorinated gemini surfactants were ascertained by the pyrene fluorescence quenching method. The micelle ionization degree estimated by fluorescence quenching of 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ) gave tendencies similar to those of the corresponding hydrocarbon geminis.     

固-液相转移催化合成V.醛亚胺的michael加成和羰基加成反应合成α-氨基 酸

报道了在以K~2CO~2为固体碱的固-液相转移催化条件下,用醛亚胺与亲电的 烯烃和醛类化合物进行Michael加成,羰基加成反应,合成了一系列醛亚胺亲核加成产物.并通过水解羰基加成产物制备了一系列丝氨酸衍生物.该法简便,温和,反应时间短,产率高,是合成具有取代基的甘氨酸,丙氨酸和丝氨酸及其酯的一种有用方法.     

Ligand movement modulates the rate of proton transfer in reactions of [Fe4S4Cl4]2-

Substitution of the first chloro-ligand in [Fe4S4Cl4]2- by 4-RC6H4S- (R = CF3, Cl, H, Me or MeO), in the presence of [H2N(CH2)3CH2]+, involves initial binding of thiolate, followed by protonation and finally chloride dissociation; the rate of protonation is facilitated by electron-withdrawing R-substituents indicating that Fe-thiolate bond length changes modulate proton transfer.     

Synthesis and structure of cyclic phosphate, phosphoramidate, phosphonates, and phosphonium salts. Phosphatrane formation

Reaction of tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine (6) with phosphorus reagents led to the formation of the phosphoramidate, N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2PO (1), the phosphate N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OH]P(O)(OPh) (2), the phosphonium salts N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]3PMe+I- (3A) and N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]3PMe+I3- (3B), and the phosphonates N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OH]P(O)Me (4) and N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2[CH2(Me2C6H2)OSiMe3]P(O)Me (5). X-ray analysis provided molecular structures for all of the compounds. The solid-state structural representations were supported in solution by an analysis of the NCH2 proton NMR patterns. The structures of 3A and 3B show the presence of phosphatranes with weak P-N donor interactions. These represent the first phosphatranes containing all six-membered rings. Variable temperature analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of 3A indicates fluxional behavior whereby a racemic mixture of the chiral phosphonium salt rapidly intraconverts at room temperature. The activation energy for the enantiomeric conversion of the clockwise and anticlockwise orientations of the propeller-like phosphatrane is 11.2 kcal/mol, which is compared to that of the isoelectronic silatrane N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]3SiMe (E), 10.3 kcal/mol.     

An unprecedented process involving normal and redox transmetallation reactions between Hg and Pt affording the unexpected K[Pt2[CH2C(O)Me]6(mu-Cl)3] complex: the key role of X-ray powder diffraction in unravelling its nature and structure

[Hg{CH2C(O)Me}2] reacts with K[PtCl3(CH2=CH2)](2 : 1 molar ratio) to give K[Pt2{CH2C(O)Me}6(mu-Cl)3] (1); the intermediate [Pt{CH2C(O)Me}Cl2(CH2=CH2)]- has been detected in solution and isolated as a Me4N+ salt; the process occurs through successive normal and redox transmetallation reactions and an ab initio X-ray powder diffraction study of has proven to be essential to establish its nature.     

Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CH=CH2 and C4F9CH=CH2: products of the gas-phase reactions with Cl atoms and OH radicals

FTIR-smog chamber techniques were used to study the products of the Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation of CF3CH=CH2 in 700 Torr of N2/O2, diluent at 296 K. The Cl atom initiated oxidation of CF3CH=CH2 in 700 Torr of air in the absence of NOx gives CF3C(O)CH2Cl and CF3CHO in yields of 70+/-5% and 6.2+/-0.5%, respectively. Reaction with Cl atoms proceeds via addition to the >C=C< double bond (74+/-4% to the terminal and 26+/-4% to the central carbon atom) and leads to the formation of CF3CH(O)CH2Cl and CF3CHClCH2O radicals. Reaction with O2 and decomposition via C-C bond scission are competing loss mechanisms for CF3CH(O)CH2Cl radicals, kO2/kdiss=(3.8+/-1.8)x10(-18) cm3 molecule-1. The atmospheric fate of CF3CHClCH2O radicals is reaction with O2 to give CF3CHClCHO. The OH radical initiated oxidation of CxF2x+1CH=CH2 (x=1 and 4) in 700 Torr of air in the presence of NOx gives CxF2x+1CHO in a yield of 88+/-9%. Reaction with OH radicals proceeds via addition to the >C=C< double bond leading to the formation of CxF2x+1C(O)HCH2OH and CxF2x+1CHOHCH2O radicals. Decomposition via C-C bond scission is the sole fate of CxF2x+1CH(O)CH2OH and CxF2x+1CH(OH)CH2O radicals. As part of this work a rate constant of k(Cl+CF3C(O)CH2Cl)=(5.63+/-0.66)x10(-14) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was determined. The results are discussed with respect to previous literature data and the possibility that the atmospheric oxidation of CxF2x+1CH=CH2 contributes to the observed burden of perfluorocarboxylic acids, CxF2x+1COOH, in remote locations.     

有机磷化合物研究XVIII α-砜基膦酸酯的合成和反应

本文报道α-砜基碳阴离子和磷酰氯的反应,提供了合成α-砜基膦酸酯和α,β-不饱和砜的新方法,此方法具有原料易得、反应步骤少、得率较高等优点.还讨论了α-芳砜基膦酸酯的质谱.