小分子物质的MALDI分析及质谱成像研究进展

随着基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱(MALDI-MS)的广泛应用,其对小分子物质(LMW compounds)的分析已经成为此领域的一个重要研究方向.由于传统的小分子基质在分析小分子化合物时会在低分子量区域(m/z1000)产生干扰及抑制效应,使MALDI-MS在分析小分子时效果欠佳.为了解决这一问题,许多手段包括低背景的新基质开发以及分析物的衍生化等被提出.本文系统综述了基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱在小分子分析及成像中的方法及应用,并展望了其未来的发展趋势.     

以石墨烯为基质的MALDI-TOF MS对有机及药物小分子的检测

以石墨烯为基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)的新型基质,对氨基酸、多胺化合物、雌激素、环磷酰胺、脱氧核糖核苷酸、胞嘧啶β-D-阿糖等一些典型有机小分子、药物小分子及一些有机反应中间体等进行检测分析。实验结果显示,新型二维石墨烯纳米材料可作为MALDI-TOF MS的新型基质替代三氟乙酸(TFA)等传统基质,实现了对有机及药物小分子的高灵敏检测,且分辨率、解吸/电离效率均较传统基质有着显著提升,具有重现性及耐盐性。     

适用小分子化合物MALDI分析的基质研究

基质辅助激光解吸电离技术（matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization,MALDI）是20世纪80年代发展起来的一种应用于质谱分析的电离化技术。MALDI技术在生物大分子的分析和检测方面获得了良好的应用。由于受有机基质分子的干扰,MALDI在小分子化合物分析方面的应用受到很大的限制。近年来为解决这一问题,一些用于MALDI分析的新型材料被设计和开发出来。这些新型材料主要包括：碳、硅、纳米金属等无机材料和新型有机分子等。除此之外,在传统基质中添加表面活性剂和对分析物衍生化等方法也被成功应用于小分子化合物的MALDI质谱分析中。本文对这些可应用于小分子化合物分析的新型MALDI基质进行了综述和展望。     

MIL-101 (Cr)-表面辅助激光解吸电离-质谱法快速检测血样中的芦丁

本文采用金属有机骨架(Metal Organic Frameworks,MOFs)化合物MIL-101(Cr)作为基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDI)的基质,将其与传统基质进行对比分析黄酮类小分子化合物,可以实现对黄酮类药物小分子的无背景干扰检测,并据此建立了快速检测芦丁的MIL-101 (Cr)-表面辅助激光解吸电离-...     

基于小分子化合物分析的MALDI-TOF MS新型基质研究进展

基质辅助激光解吸附离子化-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)是一种新型的软电离生物质谱,近十年来得到了快速发展,在小分子化合物的分析检测中发挥了重要作用。其基质的选择一直是关注的重点,目前,研究者们已开发出多种新型MALDI-TOF MS基质,主要分为纳米材料和新型有机化合物两大类,基质性能的完善与提高使得MALDI-TOF MS的检测结果有了更高的准确度和灵敏度,更小的背景噪音,更干净的谱图,但目前尚处于研究阶段,现阶段仍无法替代传统有机基质。该文通过对新型基质的研究进展进行整理,总结出不同种类基质的优点、特性及适用对象,并对未来的MALDI-TOF MS基质研究作出了展望。     

基于纳米材料的表面辅助激光解吸离子化质谱研究

基质辅助激光解吸离子化质谱(MALDI-MS)作为一种常规的分析表征方法主要用于生物大分子的分析,如蛋白质、多肽、多糖及核酸等.然而,MALDI-MS中使用的有机小分子基质在低分子量区会产生背景干扰,很难分析小分子量化合物(m/z < 700).最近,基于纳米材料的免有机基质的激光解吸离子化质谱(又称为表面辅助激光解吸离子化质谱,SALDI-MS)有效解决了上述问题.SALDI-MS分析中使用的起到能量转移作用的纳米材料在低分子量区间不会产生背景干扰峰,可以将分析对象由大分子扩展到小分子.另外,SALDI-MS还具有许多其他优点,如样品制备简单、信噪比高、耐盐性好、基底表面信号重复性好及可实现样品的定量分析等,显示了较好的应用前景.本文综述了研究较多的四大类纳米材料在SALDI-MS分析、检测及成像方面的应用,包括碳纳米材料(富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯及氧化石墨烯)、硅纳米材料(多孔硅、硅纳米纤维、硅纳米粒子)、其他材料纳米粒子(包括金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、无机盐纳米粒子及量子点等)及纳米杂化多孔材料,详细介绍了最近的一些研究进展;并讨论了纳米材料在SALDI-MS应用中的能量转移机理.最后,讨论了该领域未来的研究内容和方向以及亟待研究的重要问题.     

平面双核酰亚胺酞菁铁的激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析

应用激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法（LDI—TOF—MS）对平面双核酰亚胺酞菁铁相对分子量进行了测定．探讨了3种不同基质对其分析结果的影响,结果发现基质并不能完全解离样品,而不加任何基质的激光质谱得到了理想的结果．     

MALDI-TOFMS表征均聚芳香硫酚环状低聚物

采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对4种合成的均聚芳香硫酚环状低聚物进行了质谱表征;并且对4种合成产物的组成、结构进行了分析及确认;得到了均聚芳香硫酚环状低聚物的相对分子质量及其分布信息;研究结果显示：MALDI-TOF MS是分析均聚芳香硫酚环状低聚物的有效工具。     

烷基苯磺酸盐的电喷雾离子化质谱和碰撞活化解离质谱－质谱分析

用正,负电喷雾电离（ESI）并结合碰撞活化解离（CAD）质谱法对烷基苯磺酸盐（ABS）进行鉴定,无论正,负离子化过程中均不出现快原子轰击质谱常见的碎片峰,由于没有复杂碎片峰的干扰,ESI－MS对分析ABS试样大为有利,正离子ESI－MS对支化ABS鉴定的灵敏度远低于负离子ESI－MS,用CAD－MS对ESI－ME谱各主要峰进行了归属,线型与支化ABS相对含量可以用负离子ESI－MS求出,负离子化ESI－MS是快速,有效和可靠的鉴定,ABS的方法。     

MALDI-TOF MS测定多肽类聚合物相对分子质量的条件优化

本文用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱来测定多肽类聚合物的相对分子质量,对基质、溶剂以及添加阳离子条件进行了优化。     

Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of small molecules using fullerene‐derivatized silica as energy‐absorbing material

In spite of the growing acceptance of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of a wide variety of compounds, including polymers and proteins, its use in analyzing low‐molecular‐weight molecules (<1000m/z) is still limited. This is mainly due to the interference of matrix molecules in the low‐mass range. Here the derivatized fullerenes covalently bound to silica particles with different pore sizes are applied as thin layer for laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometric analysis. Thus, an interference of intrinsic matrix ions can be eliminated or minimized in comparison with the state‐of‐the‐art weak organic acid matrices. The desorption/ionization ability of the developed fullerene–silica materials depends on the applied laser power, sample preparation and pore size of the silica particles. Thus, fullerene–silica serves as an LDI support for mass spectrometric analysis of molecules (<1500 Da). The performance of the fullerene–silica is demonstrated by the mass analysis of variety of small molecules such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, phospholipids and drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of substrate surfaces in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

For matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra, undesirable ion contamination can occur due to the direct laser excitation of substrate materials (i.e., laser desorption/ionization (LDI)) if the samples do not completely cover the substrate surfaces. In this study, comparison is made of LDI processes on substrates of indium and silver, which easily emit their own ions upon laser irradiation, and conventional materials, stainless steel and gold. A simultaneous decrease of ion intensities with the number of laser pulses is observed as a common feature. By the application of an indium substrate to the MALDI mass spectrometry of alkali salts and alkylammonium salts mixed with matrices, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) or N‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene)‐4‐butylaniline (MBBA), the mixing of LDI processes can be detected by the presence of indium ions in the mass spectra. This method has also been found to be useful for investigating the intrinsic properties of the MALDI matrices: DHB samples show an increase in the abundance of fragment ions of matrix molecules and cesium ions with the number of laser pulses irradiating the same sample spot; MBBA samples reveal a decrease in the level of background noise with an increase in the thickness of the sample layer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of a new matrix-free laser desorption/ionization method through statistic studies: comparison of the DIAMS (desorption/ionization on self-assembled monolayer surface) method with the MALDI and TGFA-LDI techniques

This work demonstrates that the desorption/ionization on self-assembled monolayer surface (DIAMS) mass spectrometry, a recent matrix-free laser desorption/ionization (LDI) method based on an organic target plate, is as statistically repeatable and reproducible as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and thin gold film-assisted laser desorption/ionization (TGFA-LDI) mass spectrometries. On lipophilic DIAMS of target plates with a mixture of glycerides, repeatability/reproducibility has been estimated at 15 and 30% and the relative detection limit has been evaluated at 0.3 and 3 pmol, with and without NaI respectively. Salicylic acid and its d(6)-isomer analysis confirm the applicability of the DIAMS method in the detection of compounds of low molecular weight.     

Sensitivity of redox reactions of dyes to variations of conditions created in mass spectrometric experiments

Redox behaviour of four imidazophenazine dye derivatives under mass spectrometric conditions of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), laser desorption/ionization (LDI) from metal and graphite surface, electrospray, low temperature secondary ion mass spectrometry (LT SIMS) and fast atom bombardment (FAB) was studied and distinctions in the reduction-dependent spectral patterns were analyzed from the point of view of different quantities of protons and electrons available for reduction in different techniques. The reduction products [M + 2H](+*), [M + 3H](+) and M(-*), [M + H](-) were observed in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively, which permitted to suggest independent occurrence of reduction and protonation/deprotonation processes. LDI from graphite substrate was the only technique that allowed us to obtain abundant negative ions of all dye derivatives. The yield of field ionization (FI) or field desorption (FD) mechanism to ion formation under LDI from rough graphite surface has been addressed. The sensitivity of reduction of the dyes to variation of reduction-initiating agents confirms high redox activity of the dyes essential for their functioning in natural and artificial systems.     

Approaches for the analysis of low molecular weight compounds with laser desorption/ionization techniques and mass spectrometry

This review summarizes various approaches for the analysis of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds by different laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry techniques (LDI-MS). It is common to use an agent to assist the ionization, and small molecules are normally difficult to analyze by, e.g., matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) using the common matrices available today, because the latter are generally small organic compounds themselves. This often results in severe suppression of analyte peaks, or interference of the matrix and analyte signals in the low mass region. However, intrinsic properties of several LDI techniques such as high sensitivity, low sample consumption, high tolerance towards salts and solid particles, and rapid analysis have stimulated scientists to develop methods to circumvent matrix-related issues in the analysis of LMW molecules. Recent developments within this field as well as historical considerations and future prospects are presented in this review.     

The Structural Influence of Graphene Oxide on Its Fragmentation during Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Efficient Small‐Molecule Analysis

The structural influence of graphene oxide (GO) on laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) analysis of small molecules was systematically investigated by using size‐fractionated GO. For fractionation of GO, pH‐assisted centrifugation, sequential vacuum filtration, and sonochemical cutting processes were employed and the size‐fractionated GO was thoroughly characterized to understand their size‐dependent optochemical properties. Then, the fractionated GO was applied to the analysis of various small molecules by LDI‐MS to investigate the relationship between their optochemical properties and LDI‐MS performance. We found that large GO sheets (>0.5 μm) were more prone to fragmentation under laser irradiation during LDI‐MS analysis than small GO sheets (<0.5 μm). In this regard, the LDI‐MS analysis efficiency of various small molecules was significantly improved by using nanosized GO (NGO) as a matrix without background interference. In particular, NGO was successfully applied to the sensitive detection of hydrophobic pollutant molecules without requiring any surface‐functionalization, enrichment, and separation process. Therefore, the present study could provide important basic information and be a practical tool for the development of simple and efficient LDI‐MS platforms by using GO derivatives.     

硅纳米结构对表面辅助激光解吸/电离质谱检测性能的提高

本文总结了多种构筑硅纳米结构的方法, 综述了近年来利用硅纳米结构提高表面辅助激光解吸/电离质谱(SALDI-MS)性能的研究工作, 展望了利用功能化的硅纳米结构表面进一步提高激光解吸/电离(LDI)效率的前景.     

Positive and negative‐mode laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) for the detection of indigoids in archaeological purple

Laser‐based ionization techniques have demonstrated to be a valuable analytical tool to study organic pigments by mass spectrometric analyses. Though laser‐based ionization techniques have identified several natural and synthetic organic dyes and pigments, they have never been used in the characterization of purple. In this work, positive and negative‐mode laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) was used for the first time to detect indigoids in shellfish purple. The method was used to study organic residues collected from archaeological ceramic fragments that were known to contain purple, as determined by a classical high‐performance liquid chromatography‐based procedure. LDI‐MS provides a mass spectral fingerprint of shellfish purple, and it was found to be a rapid and successful tool for the identification of purple. In addition, a comparison between positive and negative mode ionization highlighted the complementarity of the two ionization modes. On the one hand, the negative‐ion mode LDI‐MS showed a better selectivity and sensitivity to brominated molecules, such as 6,6'‐dibromoindigo, 6‐monobromoindigo, 6,6'‐dibromoindirubin, 6‐ and 6’‐monobromoindirubin, thanks to their electronegativity, and produced simpler mass spectra. On the other hand, negative‐ion mode LDI‐MS was found to have a lower sensitivity to non‐brominated compounds, such as indigo and indirubin, whose presence can be established in any case by collecting the complementary positive‐ion LDI mass spectrum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Matrix-free and material-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of low molecular weight compounds

The application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, such as pharmacologically active constituents or metabolites, is usually hampered by employing conventional MALDI matrices owing to interferences caused by matrix molecules below 700 Da. As a consequence, interpretation of mass spectra remains challenging, although matrix suppression can be achieved under certain conditions. Unlike the conventional MALDI methods which usually suffer from background signals, matrix-free techniques have become more and more popular for the analysis of LMW compounds. In this review we describe recently introduced materials for laser desorption/ionization (LDI) as alternatives to conventionally applied MALDI matrices. In particular, we want to highlight a new method for LDI which is referred to as matrix-free material-enhanced LDI (MELDI). In matrix-free MELDI it could be clearly shown, that besides chemical functionalities, the material’s morphology plays a crucial role regarding energy-transfer capabilities. Therefore, it is of great interest to also investigate parameters such as particle size and porosity to study their impact on the LDI process. Especially nanomaterials such as diamond-like carbon, C₆₀ fullerenes and nanoparticulate silica beads were found to be excellent energy-absorbing materials in matrix-free MELDI.