金沙江某水电站坝址区水化学特征研究

为解决开发大西南水能遇到的最大问题岩溶渗漏,以云南省金沙江某水电站为例,应用区域水文地球化学理论,分析了其坝址区水化学特征。结果表明,该区地表水与地下水化学特征比较类似,为判定大区域内岩溶系统是否属于同一流动系统,解决岩溶渗漏问题提供了可靠的基础地质资料。     

聚酯在超临界甲醇中的降解特性

研究在间歇高压反应器中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)及聚碳酸酯(PC)在超临界甲醇中的降解反应;通过建立聚酯在超临界甲醇中的降解反应模型,探讨了聚酯在甲醇中降解的机理。结果表明:PET、PBT和PC在甲醇溶液中的降解具有共性,均可分为超临界区、非临界区和中间过渡区三个区域。在超临界区聚酯完全溶于甲醇并降解为原料单体,且对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的收率均大于90%;聚酯的降解是在聚合物分子链的无规断裂和聚酯进行酯交换反应的双重作用下发生的。     

水的离子积pKw=f(T.P)计算公式

本文在系统地研究了国内外水的离子积计算公式基础上,根据化学热力学理论,提出临界区和超临界区水的离子积pK_W=f(T.P)计算公式。与Sweeton实验值比较,0°～300℃pK_W平均偏差0.008;0°～300℃,1—1000bar pK_W计算值接近Marshall公式的计算值,但比它实用。同时,可以导出pK_W=f(T)pK_W=f(T.ρ)类型的计算公式。     

可调变流体与绿色化工过程

介绍了可调变流体特性及其在绿色化工过程中的应用。重点介绍了利用超临界流体(主要是超临界C02)、亚临界水和气体(主要是CO2)膨胀的流体这三类可调变流体进行绿色化工过程设计的特点与途径。     

跨接VTSRK方程计算烃类的pVT性质

烃类pVT性质的精细表征对能源动力、化工等领域应用有重要价值,临界区热力性质描述是难点之一.本文建立了烷烃(C1-C20)的跨接比容平移Soave-Redlich-Kwong(SRK)(跨接VTSRK)状态方程,在SRK状态方程的基础上引入了比容平移和跨接方法,以改善饱和液相密度和近临界区域热力学性质的计算精度,方程参数被表达为物质临界参数和偏心因子的函数.比较结果表明,跨接方程对烷烃(C1-C20)饱和蒸气压、饱和气相密度、饱和液相密度的计算平均偏差分别为1.01%、1.83%和0.93%,显著优于原方程,单相区和近临界区的pVT性质计算精度也比原状态方程有较大改善.进一步将方程推广到环烷烃(环丙烷、环戊烷和环己烷)和苯、甲苯的计算,也获得了较好效果,验证了方程的预测能力.     

PCBs的超（亚）临界水催化氧化及还原裂解*

简要分析了多氯联苯(PCBs)的来源及其对环境构成的危害,介绍了PCBs在超（亚）临界水中的反应及其处理效果。分别从超临界水氧化、超临界水裂解及亚临界水还原三个方面阐明了超临界反应过程中PCBs降解的反应路径和降解效率,解释了共溶剂（甲醇、苯）、碱催化剂（Na₂CO₃、NaOH）、氧化剂（NaNO₃、NaNO₂）等对PCBs脱氯和分解的增效作用机理。发现在超临界水氧化与超临界水裂解条件下CH3OH对PCBs降解反应的促进机制有所不同,碱催化剂通过中和反应过程中产生的HCl生成NaCl沉淀导致体系中Cl的含量降低,从而促进脱氯反应的进行。对反应器防腐、处理的经济性方面略作讨论,在总结上述研究工作的基础上提出了PCBs的超临界反应处理技术未来发展的若干研究方向。     

跨接VTSRK方程计算烃类的pVT性质

烃类pVT性质的精细表征对能源动力、化工等领域应用有重要价值,临界区热力性质描述是难点之一.本文建立了烷烃（C1-C20）的跨接比容平移Soave-Redlich-Kwong（SRK）（跨接VTSRK）状态方程,在SRK状态方程的基础上引入了比容平移和跨接方法,以改善饱和液相密度和近临界区域热力学性质的计算精度,方程参数被表达为物质临界参数和偏心因子的函数. 比较结果表明,跨接方程对烷烃（C1-C20）饱和蒸气压、饱和气相密度、饱和液相密度的计算平均偏差分别为1.01%、1.83%和0.93%,显著优于原方程,单相区和近临界区的pVT性质计算精度也比原状态方程有较大改善. 进一步将方程推广到环烷烃（环丙烷、环戊烷和环己烷）和苯、甲苯的计算,也获得了较好效果,验证了方程的预测能力.     

亚临界水脱除煤中硫的实验研究

近年来，超临界流体以其独特的性质作为溶剂或反应介质在众多领域得到应用。对于煤在超临界及亚临界水中的行为研究也越来越受到国内外学者的重视，如Kashimura等、Hu等和Cheng等对褐煤在亚临界及超临界水中的降解行为进行了研究。Timpe等报道了水热处理对年轻煤中有机硫及微量元素的脱除行为。     

BZ反应系非理想性对化学振荡动力学区域的影响

基于Debye-Huckel强电解质溶液活度系数理论、反应速度的活化络合物理论以及三变量微分方程奇点理论,探讨了非理想性对BZ反应体系振荡动力学区域的影响。以Oregonator为模型建立了均匀体系非理想BZ反应的系统动力学方程,计算并绘制了化学振荡的临界"溴酸钠浓度-离子强度"阈值图谱,划分了不同的动力学区域,并进行了一系列实验研究,得到了与理论分析一致的结论.     

近/超临界水条件下生物质气化的研究进展

回顾了近/超临界水条件下生物质气化的研究进展。由于超临界水的特殊性能,同其他热化学气化相比,湿生物质不必干燥就可以直接与超临界水作用,生成的气体产物主要是H2、CO2、CO、CH4以及少量的C2H4和C2H6。讨论了温度、压力、停留时间、生物质浓度等影响因素对超临界水生物质气化的影响。高温、低生物质浓度有利于气化反应进行;与温度相比,压力对反应的影响要小得多。产气量随着停留时间或反应时间的增加而增加,到一定值后保持不变。催化剂和盐类的加入有利于气化,而酚类、蛋白质、氨基酸、硫对反应有抑制作用。文中,针对近临界和超临界水的特点,提出先对生物质进行近临界水气化,再进行超临界水气化,实现生物质高效气化的研究思路。     

Efficient cooling in supersonic jet expansions of supercritical fluids: CO and CO2

Pulsed, supersonic beams of pure carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at stagnation conditions above their critical point have been investigated by time-of-flight measurements as a function of pressure and temperature. Although both molecules form clusters readily in adiabatic expansions, surprisingly large speed ratios (above 100) indicative of very low translational temperatures (below 0.1 K) have been achieved. In particular, the supersonic expansion of CO(2) at stagnation temperatures slightly above the phase transition to the supercritical state results in unprecedented cold beams. This efficient cooling is attributed to the large values of the heat capacity ratio of supercritical fluids in close vicinity of their critical point.     

Studies on the transition behavior of physical adsorption from the sub- to the supercritical region: experiments on silica gel

Adsorption equilibria of nitrogen and methane on a mesoporous silica gel were measured over a temperature range from the sub- to the supercritical region. Determination of the compressibility factor shows a significant effect on the experimentally measured isotherms under conditions rho(g)/rho(c)>0.3. The transition of adsorption mechanisms in passing over the critical temperature was proven by the transformation of isotherms from type II to type I. The characteristic feature of subcritical adsorption was still observed at a temperature 8 K higher than the critical and the critical depletion phenomenon was clearly shown on such an isotherm. The limit quantities defined in different ways for the supercritical adsorption are in reasonable agreement, indicating the existence of an upper limit state of the supercritical adsorbate.     

Transformations of organic compounds in supercritical fluid solvents: From experiments to kinetics,thermodynamics, simulation,and practical applications

The results of fundamental studies performed by the author on the reactivity of supercritical fluid solvents are systematized and generalized; practical applications of these solvents are considered. Methods for performing kinetic and physicochemical experiments, processing the data, constructing kinetic models, and calculating the thermodynamics of nonideal supercritical fluids (the parameters of critical points, binodal and spinodal lines, and critical point drifts; the thermophysical properties of reaction mixtures under supercritical conditions; etc.) are described. Attention is focused on the effect of supercritical fluid pressure on the rate constants of chemical reactions. The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of 2-propanol dehydration and decomposition of aliphatic nitro compounds in supercritical water and the isomerization of terpene compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, and turpentine) in supercritical lower alcohols are studied. The formation of nanoparticles in supercritical fluid solvents and the treatment of ultradisperse diamonds in supercritical water are considered. The results formed the basis for the simulation and calculation of acetic acid and phenol oxidation processes in supercritical water and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a supercritical solvent and for the development of a pilot plant for the complete oxidation of trinitroglycerol and diethylene glycol dinitrate in supercritical water.     

Effects of temperature and water on the γ → α crystalline transition of nylon 6 caused by stretching in the chain direction

The effects of temperature and water on the crystal transition of nylon 6 from the γ phase to the α phase, which is caused by stretching along the chain direction, were investigated. The γ-phase fibers with high crystallite orientation were stretched at constant load under various conditions. An inversion of the effect of water on the transition occurs at about ?60°C. Stretching in the wet state is more effective for the transition at higher temperature. In contrast, at low temperatures water in the crystalline regions actsasa cohesive agent for the chains and increases the activation energy for the transition. Thus, dry stretching is more effective than wet stretching at very low temperature. The fraction of transformed α-phase crystallites increases abruptly over a narrow range of stress. Thus the critical stress can be determined for the transition. The critical stress changes appreciably with temperature; the higher the temperature, the lower the critical stress. The relation between stretching temperature and critical stress was analyzed by Flory's equation for the shift of transition temperature by stress. About 220°C. was estimated as the zero-stress transition temperature. The heat content of the γ-phase crystal was estimated to be smaller by 500 cal./mole than that of the α-phase crystal. This result suggests that the free energy of the γ-phase crystal is lower than that of the α-phase crystal at temperatures lower than the transition point. The irreversible strain of a sample in which the crystal transition has taken place is very small at low temperature. This small extension of the sample is evidence that the γ → α transition produced by stretching along the chain axis is a crystal-crystal transition.     

Modulated‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry study of temperature‐induced mixing and demixing in poly(vinylmethylether)/water

The heat capacity or reversing heat flow signal from modulated‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry can be used to measure the onset of phase separation in a poly(vinylmethylether)/water mixture, clearly showing the special type III lower critical solution temperature demixing behavior. Characteristic of this demixing behavior is a three‐phase region, which is detected in the nonreversing heat flow signal. Stepwise quasi‐isothermal measurements through the phase transition show large excess contributions in the (apparent) heat capacity signal, caused by demixing/remixing heat effects on the timescale of the modulation (fast process). These excess contributions and their time‐dependent evolutions (slow process) are useful in understanding the kinetics of phase separation and the morphology (interphase) development. Care has to be taken, however, in interpreting the heat capacity signal derived from the amplitude of the modulated heat flow because nonlinear effects lead to the occurrence of higher harmonics. Therefore, the raw heat flow signal for quasi‐isothermal demixing and remixing measurements is also examined in the time domain. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1824–1836, 2003     

超临界水理论研究的进展*

通过计算模拟、拉曼光谱、NMR以及衍射分析对超临界水静态结构进行了广泛的研究,氢键结构是这些研究的重要内容。研究结果显示在临界点附近水的氢键结构受到很大的破坏,只有相当于常温下29％左右的氢键存在。利用微波波谱法、NMR法以及准弹性不边疆中子散射方法对超临界水动力学进行了研究。结果发现,在临界点附近,水分子的动力学重排时间急剧缩短,这就使得以超临界水为介质的化学反应速率大大增加。由于微波的周期比较长,可能大大地超过了超临界水结构的动力学重排时间,因此微波波谱法不适合于高温低密度超临界水的动力学研究。今后需要加强超临界水氢键结构变化的机理和动力学的实验与模拟的研究。     

Thermodynamic study of sodium decyl sulfate solutions in the region the second critical micellization concentration: 1. Volumetric and heat capacity properties

Densitometry and precision adiabatic scanning calorimetry are used to reveal a number of volumetric and heat capacity properties of sodium decyl sulfate in the region of the second critical micelle concentration. Heat capacities are established in a wide temperature range. The coefficients of thermal expansion, apparent and partial mole expandabilities, volume, heat capacities, and excess partial mole heat capacities are calculated. The analysis of variations in these thermodynamic properties occurring upon variations in concentration and temperature makes it possible to identify the structural variations in sodium decyl sulfate micelles that are relevant to the transition of micelles from globular to cylindrical forms.     

Viscoelastic properties and flow of narrow distribution polybutadienes and polyisoprenes

The dynamic shear modulus and the flow rate through capillaries under constant pressure and under constant velocity of the piston, have been measured for polybutadienes and polyisoprenes of narrow molecular weight distribution with molecular weights ranging, respectively, from 3.8 × 10⁴ to 5.8 × 10⁵ and from 1.06 × 10⁵ to 6.02 × 10⁵. The phenomena of the discontinuous increase of volume flow rate and self-oscillatory flow regime at critical rates of deformation have been considered in detail. It is proposed that these phenomena are due to the induced transition of the polymer from the fluid to the high-elastic state at higher deformation rates. As a result, an inference has been made that polybutadienes and polyisoprenes with a narrow molecular weight distribution in the high-elastic state, behave in certain respects as crosslinked polymers incapable of displaying fluidity. The quantitative relationships among the viscoelastic characteristics measured under dynamic regimes, the parameters determining the critical flow regimes, and the molecular weights of polybutadienes and polyisoprenes have been worked out.     

Transition state dynamics of the OH + H2O hydrogen exchange reaction studied by dissociative photodetachment of H3O2-

Dynamics in the transition state region of the bimolecular OH + H2O-->H2O + OH hydrogen exchange reaction have been studied by photoelectron-photofragment coincidence spectroscopy of the H3O2- negative ion and its deuterated analog D3O2-. The data reveal vibrationally resolved product translational energy distributions. The total translational energy distribution shows a vibrational progression indicating excitation of the antisymmetric stretch of the water product. Electronic structure calculations at the QCISD level of theory support this analysis. Examination of the translational energy release between the neutral products reveals a dependence on the product vibrational state. These data should provide a critical test of ab initio potential energy surfaces and dynamics calculations.