Kinetics of Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propance over a VMgO Catalyst

The reaction kinetics of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied at 475-550oC over a VMgO catalyst. Vanadium-magnesium-oxides are among the most selective and active catalysts for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Selectivity to propylene up to about 60% was obtained at 10% conversion, but the selectivity decreased with increasing conversion. No oxygenates were detected, the only by-products were CO and CO2. The reaction rate of propane was found to be first order in propane and close to zero order in oxygen, which is in agreement with a Mars van Krevelen mechanism with the activation of the hydrocarbon as the rate determining step. The activation energy of the conversion of propane was found to be 122±6 kJ/mol.     

Cr/NaZSM-5催化剂上CO2氧化丙烷脱氢反应

以亚微米级NaZSM-5为载体合成了一系列负载型Cr催化剂, 采用氮气吸附、 XRD、 UV-Vis和H2-TPR对Cr/NaZSM-5催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了表征, 并评价了催化剂在CO2气氛下的丙烷脱氢性能. 硅铝摩尔比为60, Cr质量分数为3%的催化剂具有最高的反应活性, 于550 ℃反应10 min和8 h后的丙烷转化率分别为48.3%和30.1%, 丙烯选择性则分别为86.0%和91.8%. 催化剂中的Cr6+含量和反应初活性具有良好的对应关系, 表明高Cr6+含量对催化剂表现出高的丙烷脱氢活性是至关重要的. CO2气氛下的丙烯产率明显比氮气气氛下的高, 这是由于CO2气氛下催化剂表面有较多量的Cr6+, 并且CO2可通过逆水煤气变换反应除去脱氢反应生成的氢.     

BiMo基复合氧化物催化剂丙烷直接氧化至丙烯醛研究

The effects of the available zoon above the catalyst bed on the performance of the catalyst were investigated. It has been suggested that propylene is an intermediate species in the reaction of propane to acrolein， and a two-step reaction scheme is proposed， the first step is oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase then followed by the second step， the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the surface of the catalyst. The performance of the catalyst depends on both the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase and the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the catalyst surface. The thermal cracking， homogeneous oxidative dehydrogenation and heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation of propane as well as the selective catalytic oxidation of propane to acrolein over BiMoO based mixed oxides catalysts were studied. Under the optimum reaction conditions of propane dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of propylene， the selectivity and the yield of acrolein approached to 45mol% and 14mol%， respectively under about 30mol% propane conversion.     

Design and synthesis of the honeycomb PtSnNa/ZSM-5 monolithic catalyst for propane dehydrogenation

A novel PtSnNa/ZSM-5 monolithic catalyst was designed and synthesized for the propane dehydrogenation reaction, which was a significant transformation in industry. Experimental results showed that although the propane conversion and the propylene selectivity gradually fell down along with the reaction time, the descent speed of the PtSnNa/ZSM-5 monolithic catalyst was slower than that of the granule catalyst and the propane conversion and propylene selectivity of the reaction with monolithic catalyst still remained at a high level after 12 hr. The monolithic catalyst had regular pore structure that facilitated the separation of the product from the catalyst and reduced the limitation on internal and external diffusion and mass transfer, and led to the high catalytic activity and stability. The catalyst could be easily fabricated and was of highly industrial application potential.     

负载PtSn金属助剂的镁铝水滑石上的丙烷脱氢反应研究

我们研究了以镁铝水滑石作为载体,利用水滑石层间阴离子的可交换性,负载活性金属铂和锡的丙烷脱氢反应.在镁铝水滑石载体中加入Ga能够影响丙烷脱氢活性,当镓的含量为1%时催化剂丙烷脱氢反应活性最高,反应初始时,丙烷转化率为46.5%,反应2 h后,丙烷转化率仍有37.5%.当以Mg(Ga)(Al)O-1%为载体时,考察了不同H_2/C_3H_8摩尔比对丙烷脱氢活性的影响,结果表明当H_2/C_3H_8摩尔比为0.5∶1时,丙烷脱氢反应具有最佳的反应活性,即当在原料气中加入H_2时,能够使得丙烷脱氢的转化率大幅度提升,且选择性也有所提升.烷烃脱氢是一个吸热反应,同时考察了温度对烷烃脱氢反应性能影响,结果表明温度越高,丙烷脱氢反应具有更高的转化率.对催化剂进行长时间寿命实验考察,发现当反应经过40 h后,丙烷的转化率仍有23.5%,说明Pt Sn-Mg(Ga)(Al)O-1%催化剂具有较好的稳定性.     

The Dehydrogenation of Propane on Platinum–Tin Glass-Fiber Woven Catalysts

The reaction of propane dehydrogenation on platinum–tin catalysts supported onto different woven carriers (an aluminoborosilicate and two silica materials) was studied. It was found that the catalyst was rapidly deactivated by carbon deposits formed, and the rate of this reaction increased with the specific surface area of the glass-fiber woven material and the Pt content. It was established that the Pt: Sn ratio in surface platinum particles was about 6, and it increased to 39 after the reaction; this fact is indicative of a Sn loss, which led to an increase in the conversion of feed into carbon deposits that deactivated the catalyst. A mixture of propane and 5–10 vol % H₂ should be used for the stabilization of the catalytic system; in this case, the negative effect of hydrogen on the yield of propylene was minimal. On the catalyst supported onto a silica carrier under optimum conditions (550°C; propane space velocity, 480 h^–1), which correspond to minimum selectivity for the formation of carbon deposits, the yield of propylene was ~18%. The test glass-fiber woven catalyst was inferior to granulated platinum–tin catalysts in terms of catalytic activity; therefore, its use in the reaction of propane dehydrogenation is inexpedient.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

At temperatures near 650°C and residence times ofca. 3 s, the homogeneous oxidative dehydrogenation (OXD) of propane to propylene and ethylene approached oxygen limiting conditions, even when the reactor was filled with quartz chips. The addition of catalysts that are known to be effective in the OXD of ethane slightly increased the reaction rate, but the selectivities at a given conversion level were the same as those that were achieved in the homogeneous reaction.     

Modification of Cr/SiO2 for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide

Summary Dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide was investigated over promoted Cr/SiO2. The results showed that the catalysts were effective for the reaction and CO2 in the feed promoted the catalytic activity. XRD, TPR and microcalorimetric adsorption techniques were used to study the structure and surface acidity of the catalysts. It was found that the surface acidity decreased with the increase of K in the Cr/SiO2 and led to the increase of selectivity toward propylene. A propane conversion of 31% with 91% selectivity to propylene over the 5%Cr-0.4%K/SiO2 catalyst was observed at 923 K with CO2 /C3H8 molar ratio of 3.6.     

丙烷甲醇制烯烃共反应的热力学和动力学分析

通过计算和实验研究相结合的方法研究丙烷甲醇共进料制烯烃反应热力学及动力学过程.热力学过程采用Gibbs最小自由能法模拟丙烷甲醇制烯烃反应体系的平衡组成,同时结合响应面分析法建立了温度、压力、丙烷甲醇进料摩尔比对产物中丙烯的摩尔分数的函数关系,通过回归方程分析最佳工艺范围.热力学分析了反应条件对平衡产物的影响,随着反应温度升高,平衡产物丙烯的质量分数先增高后降低;平衡产物中丙烯的质量分数随着丙烷甲醇进料中丙烷摩尔比增高而增高,但是实际的反应状态和催化剂也是相关的,因此研究了存在催化剂情况下,丙烷脱氢和丙烷甲醇共进料反应的活化能.反应活化能动力学实验表明,通过添加少量甲醇可以降低耦合过程中丙烷脱氢表观活化能.     

ZnHZSM-5上丙烷芳构化的研究─丙烷的活化

研究了HZSM－5、ZnHZSM－5和ZnNaZSM－5上的羟基振动光谱和一氧化碳吸附的红外光谱，以及丙烷的芳构化反应．红外光谱中发现表征强B酸的3610cm－1羟基振动峰相对强度由于锌离子的引入和浸渍氢氧化钠而减小，说明了锌离子和钠离子均进入了分子筛的阳离子位；一氧化碳在锌离子上的吸附峰位在2232cm－1，说明进入阳离子位的锌离子是一种强L酸．反应结果表明，锌离子的引入大大地促进了丙烷的转化和芳烃选择性的提高；在一定范围内，随浸渍氢氧化钠量的增加，丙烷转化率下降，而丙烯的选择性和产率增加，说明了锌组份直接参与了丙烷的脱氢过程．Zn－L酸是丙烷活化脱氢的中心，丙烷在该中心上异裂活化直接脱氢．     

Effect of cerium addition on catalytic performance of PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation

The effect of cerium addition on the catalytic performance of propane dehydrogenation over PtSnNa/ZSM-5 catalyst has been investigated by reaction tests and some physicochemical characterization such as XRD,BET,TEM,XPS,NH 3-TPD,H 2 chemisorption,TPR and TPO techniques.It has been found that with suitable amount of cerium addition,the platinum dispersion increased,while the carbon deposition tended to be eliminated easily.In these cases,the presence of cerium could not only realize the better distribution of metallic particles on the support,but also strengthen the interactions between Sn species and the support.Additionally,XPS spectra confirmed that more amounts of tin could exist in oxidized form,which was advantageous to the reaction.In our experiments,PtSnNaCe(1.1 wt%)/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance.After running the reaction for 750 h,propane conversion was maintained higher than 30% with the corresponding selectivity to propylene of about 97%.     

Study of the properties of pentasil-containing catalysts in reactions of transformation of hydrocarbons

The kinetics of transformations of propane and propylene on pentasils modified with zinc, Zn/HTsVM, and the H form of zeolite were investigated. Quantitative data were obtained which revealed significant differences for HTsVM and Zn-containing catalysts in the selectivity of transformations of propane with different degrees of its conversion. The promoting effect of Zn in the Zn/HTsVM system not only on the stage of dehydrogenation of propane into propylene, but also on subsequent transformations of propylene into aromatic hydrocarbons, was demonstrated. The absence of internal diffusion inhibition of the reaction in the conditions studied was demonstrated experimentally. It was shown that aromatization of propane takes place in the kinetic region.For previous communication, see [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 727–733, April, 1990.     

SiBeta负载的VO_x催化剂在丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯中的活性位（英文）

丙烯是一种非常重要的化工基础原料,主要用来生产高价值的化学品,如丙烯腈,异丙醇和甘油等.丙烯的传统来源主要是石油的催化裂化反应,以及石脑油和轻柴油的裂解过程.随着石油资源的减少,丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯技术逐渐成为一条重要的丙烯生产渠道.V基催化剂在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中被广泛研究,但被用于丙烷直接脱氢反应的报道还较少,且V基催化剂在丙烷直接脱氢制丙烯中的活性位目前还没有统一定论,可能是由于V的活性物种与载体性质密切相关,因此研究V基催化剂在不同载体上的活性位具有重要意义.Beta沸石分子筛具有规则微孔结构,高的比表面积以及可调节的酸性,是一种理想的金属催化剂载体.本文采用脱铝后的Beta分子筛作为V催化剂载体,通过调节V的负载量探究丙烷直接脱氢活性和VO_x结构的关系,以及催化剂的酸性对性能的影响.活性测试结果显示,V负载量分别为3wt%,7wt%和10wt%时(催化剂分别命名为3VSiBeta,7VSiBeta和10VSiBeta),三者的催化活性十分接近,此外,这些催化剂还具有较好的循环利用性,但碳沉积,丙烯选择性以及失活率都是随着V负载量的升高而增加.XRD和N2吸附结果揭示,VO_x在SiBeta上呈高度分散状态,并且当V负载量从3wt%升至10wt%时,表面V密度发生明显变化,VO_x物种在3VSiBeta中可基本实现孤立的单分散状态.同时,DRUV-vis,H2-TPR以及Raman测试结果表明,VO_x物种的聚合程度随V负载量的升高逐渐增加.NH^3-TPD结果表明,Beta载体在脱铝后本身的酸性位完全消除,但是负载V后引入了新的酸性位,并且3VSiBeta,7VSiBeta和10VSiBeta三者的酸量基本相当.尽管XPS结果显示,不同VSiBeta催化剂上的V价态分布有差异,但是相似的催化活性说明VSiBeta催化剂的活性位与形成的酸性位数目密切相关,而受V初始价态的影响不大.本文指出,酸性位可能是与V–O–Si键直接相关,V负载量从3wt%增加到10wt%,会逐渐形成无催化活性的V–O–V键,导致活性不能进一步提升.因此,3VSiBeta催化剂中可实现孤立的VO_x物种单层分散在SiBeta载体上,形成了大量的酸性V–O–Si键,从而显示出和高负载量的VSiBeta催化剂相当的活性以及较高的脱氢稳定性.     

ZnHZSM-5上丙烷芳构化的研究-丙烷的活化

研究了HZSM－5、ZnHZSM－5和ZnNaZSM－5上的羟基振动光谱和一氧化碳吸附的红外光谱，以及丙烷的芳构化反应．红外光谱中发现表征强B酸的3610cm－1羟基振动峰相对强度由于锌离子的引入和浸渍氢氧化钠而减小，说明了锌离子和钠离子均进入了分子筛的阳离子位；一氧化碳在锌离子上的吸附峰位在2232cm－1，说明进入阳离子位的锌离子是一种强L酸．反应结果表明，锌离子的引入大大地促进了丙烷的转化和芳烃选择性的提高；在一定范围内，随浸渍氢氧化钠量的增加，丙烷转化率下降，而丙烯的选择性和产率增加，说明了锌组份直接参与了丙烷的脱氢过程．Zn－L酸是丙烷活化脱氢的中心，丙烷在该中心上异裂活化直接脱氢．     

负载型钒基催化剂上丙烷的临氧活化转化

用ＴＰＳＲ（程序升湿表面反应）－ＴＲ（ＦＴ）ＩＲ技术,研究临氧条件下丙烷负载型钒基催化剂上的活化和转化,并与催化剂的可不原性和表面酸性相关联,丙烷氧化脱氢生成丙烯与深度氧化生成ＣＯｘ的起始反应温度相同;而裂解产物Ｃ２Ｈ４和ＣＨ４的生成温度比丙烷氧化脱氢生成丙烯的高得多,可能主要源于丙烷的高温气相裂解,催化剂的表面酸性位和强的可还原性,有利于丙烷中Ｃ－Ｈ键的活化和临氧转化,降低起以攻提高丙烷转化率,     

CO2消除镓氢物种提升Ga2O3/SiO2丙烷脱氢反应性能

丙烯是一种基础石油化工原料,在全球石油化工生产中占有重要地位.以丙烯为原料可生产许多石油化学品,如丙烯腈、环氧丙烷和聚丙烯等.经济快速发展带动了丙烯下游衍生物产业的发展,进而增加了对丙烯的需求量,因此尽管近年来丙烯产能逐年上升,丙烯产量与需求量之间仍存在较大缺口.传统的丙烯生产路径主要是石脑油蒸汽裂解和重质油催化裂化.然而,随着石油资源的短缺和页岩气的发展,丙烷脱氢作为一种直接生产丙烯的技术,成为丙烯生产领域的研究热点.近年来,镓基催化剂由于其较少的积碳和较高的催化活性受到了越来越多的关注.镓基催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中的活性位点也得到了更多研究.在镓基催化剂中,镓氧化物具有丙烷脱氢活性,而丙烷脱氢反应过程中产生的镓氢(Gaδ+-Hx)物种不稳定,且会造成丙烯选择性降低,导致丙烯产率降低.因此,反应过程中原位消除镓氢物种对于提高丙烷脱氢反应性能具有非常重要的意义.本文将CO2作为温和氧化剂引入Ga2O3/SiO2催化的丙烷脱氢反应中,促进不利的中间产物Gaδ+-Hx的转化,再生丙烷脱氢的活性位点Ga3+-O,从而提高催化性能.原位红外光谱实验结果表明,CO2可有效消除Gaδ+-Hx.在不同反应温度下,引入CO2可显著提高Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的转化率,特别是选择性.反应4.5 h时,3Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的选择性从93％降低到89％;引入CO2后,丙烯选择性可提高到并维持在93％.Ga2O3负载量由3 wt％提高到10 wt％时,引入CO2仍可促进反应性能.当CO2:C3H8由0.5增加到3时,引入CO2带来的反应性能提升基本相同.同时,引入CO2大大减少反应过程中产生的积碳.本文对镓基催化剂丙烷脱氢活性中心的认识和提高丙烷脱氢反应性能提供了新方向.     

CrOx/SiO2催化剂上丙烷在CO2气氛中脱氢反应的研究

采用ＸＲＤ、ＵＶ－ｖｉｓ　 ＤＲＳ、ＥＳＲ和微分吸附量热等技术,考察了铬担载量分别为２．５、５和 １０ｗｔ％的 ＣｒＯｘ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂的结构、表面性质和氧化还原性能。结果表明,催化剂表面上存在多种Ｃｒ的氧化态和聚集形式。随着Ｃｒ担载量从２．５ｗｔ％到１０ｗｔ％的逐渐增大,催化剂表面占主导地位的Ｃｒ物种由ＣｒＯ３单体转为多聚ＣｒＯ３和Ｃｒ２Ｏ３晶相。在 ＣＯ２气氛中催化剂对丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的大小顺序为 ２． ５ｗｔ％ ＣｒＯｘ／ＳｉＯ２ ＞５ｗｔ％ ＣｒＯｘ／ＳｉＯ２＞１０ｗｔ％ ＣｒＯｘ／ＳｉＯ２,反应过程中的原位 ＥＳＲ和 ＵＶ－ｖｉｓＤＲＳ测定结果表明,催化剂表面的反应活性中心为Ｃｒ５＋, Ｃｒ５＋可由催化剂预处理过程中 Ｃｒ３＋的氧化及丙烷反应过程中 ＣｒＯ３单体的还原产生,在反应中 ＣＯ２可使Ｃｒ３＋重新氧化为Ｃｒ５＋。     

Transient and steady state investigation of selective and non-selective reaction pathways in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over supported vanadia catalysts

Mechanistic aspects of the formation of C3H6, CO and CO2 in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over VOx/gamma-Al2O3 materials have been investigated by means of steady state and transient isotopic tests. The materials possessed highly dispersed and polymerised VOx species as well as bulk-like V2O5. Propene was primarily formed via oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by lattice oxygen of VOx species. It was suggested that non-selective consecutive propene oxidation is initiated by the breaking of the C-C bond in the molecule by the lattice oxygen, forming formaldehyde as a side product, which is further oxidised to CO and CO2. The following order of initial steady state propene selectivity (at a zero degree of propane conversion) as a function of the nature of VOx species was established: a mixture of bulk-like V2O5 and polymerised VOx>polymerised VOx>highly dispersed VOx species. The low propene selectivity over highly dispersed VOx species was explained by the fact that these species do not fully cover the bare acidic surface of gamma-Al2O3 where propene adsorption and further oxidation take place. Thus, two different locations of COx formation were considered: (i) in the vicinity of acidic sites of the support and (ii) on VOx species. The propene selectivity over samples possessing polymerised VOx species and bulk-like V2O5 strongly decreased with an increasing degree of propane conversion. Contrarily, highly dispersed VOx species showed the lowest ability for consecutive propene oxidation.     

Catalytic and Physicochemical Properties of Oxidative Condensation Products in the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane by Sulfur Dioxide on SiO2

The effect of the deposition of oxidative condensation products in the reaction of oxidative propane dehydrogenation in the presence of SO₂ on the catalytic, acid–base, and texture characteristics of silica was studied. It was found that the oxidative condensation products exhibited high catalytic activity in this reaction. The carbonization of silica from 0 to 40 wt % was accompanied by an increase in the yield of propylene from 3.4 to 46 mol % (640°C; a C₃H₈/SO₂/He + N₂ mixture, 10 : 10 : 80 vol %). Further accumulation of condensation products resulted in a considerable decrease in the pore volume and radius; this imposed diffusion limitations on both propane conversion and selectivity to propane conversion products. The nature of active and deactivated condensation products was studied by DRIFT spectroscopy, diffuse-reflectance UV–VIS spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, XPS, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a dense tubular membrane reactor

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP) to propylene was investigated in a dense tubular membrane reactor made of Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3-δ (BSCF) at 700^oC and 750^oC. The propylene selectivity in the membrane reactor (44.2%) is much higher than that in the fixed-bed reactor (15%) at the similar propane conversion (23-27%). Higher propylene selectivity in the membrane reactor was attributed to the lattice oxygen (O^2-) supplied through the membrane. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.