Characterizations and Photocatalytic Activities of Nanocrystalline MTiO3 （M = Sr, Pb, Co） Prepared via a General Self-propagating Combustion Method

Nanocrystalline MTiO3 (M=Sr, Pb, Co) were prepared by a general self-pro- pagating combustion method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The photocatalytic activity of MTiO3 (M=Sr, Pb, Co) was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). MTiO3 (M=Sr, Pb, Co) having the same core element showed distinctly different photocatalytic activity due to the different coordinating atoms. Factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of MTiO3 (M=Sr, Pb, Co) were discussed. It was suggested that the structures of TiO6 octahedra and the electronic property were the predominant factors of the photocatalytic behavior for MTiO3 (M=Sr, Pb, Co).     

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic application of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst

A series of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite with different H3PW12O40 loadings were prepared using a hydrothermal and impregnation method. The prepared composites were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, XPS, and DRS techniques. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the as-prepared pure BiVO4 . As a novel photocatalytic material, the photocatalytic performance of the H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye solution under visible light irradiation and compared with that of pure BiVO4 . The results revealed that the introduction of H3PW12O40 could improve the photocatalytic performance and different concentrations of H3PW12O40 resulted in different photocatalytic activities. The highest activity was obtained by the sample with a loading HPW concentration of 10 wt%. The reason for the enhanced photocatalytic activities of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 samples was also discussed in this paper. Moreover, the H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composites retained the catalytic activity after four repeated experiments.     

Two Novel Nitrogen-rich Energetic Coordination Compounds M_2（DAT）_5（H_2O）_3（TNR）_2（M = Zn and Co）：Synthesis,Characterization,Thermal Properties and Sensitivity

Two novel energetic coordination compounds Zn2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2 and Co2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2 were synthesized and their structures were characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy.The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The results reveal that the compounds have similar molecular structures and the crystals belong to the triclinic system,space group P with a = 11.491(3),b = 13.564(3),c = 15.496(3) ,V = 2180.4(8) 3,C17H28 Zn2N36O19,Mr = 1203.02 g·mol-1,Dc = 1.832 g·cm-3,μ(MoKα) = 1.221 mm-1,F(000) = 1223,Z = 2,R = 0.0596 and wR = 0.1514 for 11289 observed reflections(I > 2σ(I)) for Zn2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2 and a = 11.5291(13),b = 13.4894(15),c = 15.4852(17) ,V = 2164.8(4) 3,C17H28Co2N36O19,Mr = 1190.14 g·mol-1,Dc = 1.826 g·cm-3,μ(MoKα) = 0.888 mm-1,F(000) = 1211,Z = 2,R = 0.0576 and wR = 0.1431 for 11218 observed reflections(I > 2σ(I)) for Co2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2,respectively.The thermal decomposition characteristics of the com-pounds were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetry-diffediffer-rential thermal gravimetry.The results of thermal decomposition processes were similar for the two compounds.Both undergo four-step decomposition after the loss of coordinated H2O molecules.The final solid residues for the two DAT complexes were the corresponding metal oxides.The kinetic parameter of the first exothermic process of the compounds was studied by applying the Kissinger and Ozawa-Doyle methods.The thermodynamic parameters of the activation could be calculated.Sensitivity tests revealed that Co2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2 was more sensitive than Zn2(DAT)5(H2O)3(TNR)2.     

Catalytic performance of zinc-supported copper and nickel catalysts in the glycerol hydrogenolysis

Gas-phase catalytic conversion of glycerol to value added chemicals was investigated over zinc-supported copper and nickel catalysts.The addition of aluminum in the support was also investigated in glycerol conversion and the results indicate an increase in the acidity and adsorption capacity for both copper and nickel catalysts.HRTEM and XRD analysis revealed Ni Zn alloy formation in the Ni/ZnO catalyst.The XRD patterns of the prepared Zn Al mixed oxide catalysts show the presence of Gahanite phase(ZnAl_2O_4).In addition,H_2 chemisorption and TPR results suggest a strong metal-support interactions(SMSI)effect between Ni and Zn O particles.Bare supports Zn O and ZnAl(Zn/Al=0.5) were investigated in the glycerol conversion and they did not present activity.Copper supported on ZnO and ZnAl mixed oxide(Zn/Al=0.5)was active towards hydroxyacetone formation.Nickel was active in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol both for C–C and C–O bonds cleavage of glycerol producing CH_4.Strong metal-support interactions(SMSI)between Ni and ZnO has a remarkable suppression effect on the methanation activity during the glycerol conversion.     

Ni/TiO2-SiO2上光催化重整葡萄糖以低CO选择性制H2（英文）

Nano-sized Ni particles on TiO2-SiO2 were synthesized by the two methods of photo-assisted deposition(PAD) and impregnation.H2,which is a promising energy carrier,with a low CO concentration was produced by the photocatalytic reforming of glucose(a model biomass) on the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst.The supported Ni enhanced the rate of H2 production while it suppressed CO selectivity.The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray absorption fine structure,transmission electron microscope,and nitrogen adsorption analysis.Both H2 production and CO selectivity were strongly dependent on the preparation method,and PAD-Ni/TiO2-SiO2 was the better catalyst for H2 production with the lowest CO concentration.     

Mixed metal oxide catalysts for the selective oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone

MgAl and MgMAl oxides(M = Co,Ni and Cu) with a Mg:M:Al molar ratio = 4:1:1 were synthesized from the calcination of their corresponding layered double hydroxide(LDHs) precursors.Their catalytic activities were examined for the oxidation of ethylbenzene using tert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP) as an oxidant.The oxidized product was mainly acetophenone.The catalytic activities were in the order of MgCuAl>MgNiAl～NiAl～MgCoAl～CoAl>CuAl>MgAl oxides.Reusability studies show that the catalysts are stable under the re...     

可见光下具有高光子效应和光催化活性的CuS-石墨烯氧化物/TiO2复合材料的制备（英文）

CuS-graphene oxide/TiO2 composites were prepared using a sol-gel method to improve the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activities were examined by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. The photodegradation of MB under visible-light irradiation reached 90.1% after 120 min. The kinetics of MB degradation was plotted alongside the values calculated from the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation. The CuS-graphene oxide/TiO2 sample prepared using 0.2 mol of TiO2 showed the best photocatalytic activity. This was attributed to a cooperative reaction as a result of increased photoabsorption by graphene oxide and an increased photocatalytic effect by CuS.     

Doping Effect on the Grain Growth of Spinel LiMn2O4 Prepared by Sol-Gel Methods

The cathode-active materials, Li1+yMxMn2-xO4 (M = Al, Co, Ni, Zn, y = 0.02, x = 0.02) powder, were synthesized by sol-gel method using LiOH, Mn(NO3)2 as the starting materials, citric acid as a carrier and Al(NO3)3·9H2O or Co(NO3)2·6H2O or Ni(NO3)2·6H2O or Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as dopants. The influence of different doping elements on the structural properties of the as-prepared samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared samples were identified as the spinel structure with space group Fd3m. The grain size increases gradually as the sintering temperature rises and corresponding activation energies for the grain growth have been estimated using Arrhenius’ empirical relation.     

氧化锌-氧化铜纳米复合物可见光诱导光催化降解2,4-二氯酚性能（英文）

Nanostructured ZnO and CuO, and coupled oxides, i.e., ZnCu, Zn2Cu, and ZnCu2, with ZnO:CuO molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2, respectively, were successfully prepared through a simple, one-step, microwave-assisted urea–nitrate combustion synthesis, without the use of organic solvents or surfactants. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The optical absorption of Zn O extended into the visible region after CuO loading. The photocatalytic activities of ZnO, CuO, and the coupled oxides were evaluated based on photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol under visible-light irradiation. The coupled metal oxide Zn2Cu showed the best photocatalytic activity; this was mainly attributed to the extended photoresponsive range and the increased charge separation rate in the nanocomposite. The photocatalytic degradation process obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The results suggest that the coupled metal oxide Zn2Cu has potential applications as an efficient catalytic material with high efficiency and recyclability for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation.     

Mapping the Compositions of Zinc Tantalate for Optimum Photocatalytic Performance in Degradation of Organic Pollutants

This work aims at mapping the compositions of zinc tantalate for optimum photocatalytic performance in degradation of organic pollutants. Three zinc tantalates, low-temperature form ZnTa2O6 (LT-ZnTa2O6), high-temperature form ZnTa2O6 (HT-ZnTa2O6), and Zn3Ta2O8 were prepared by solid state method. Photocatalytic activities of these zinc tantalates were tested for the degradation of methyl orange under UV irradiation and compared with Sr2Ta2O7, an efficient catalyst previously reported. It is found that the photocatalytic activity of these tantalates follows such a sequence: LT-ZnTa2O6 > Sr2Ta2O7 > HT-ZnTa2O6 > Zn3Ta2O8, in which LT-ZnTa2O6 shows an optimum activity at least twice higher than Sr2Ta2O7. This photocatalytic performance was revealed to primarily originate from the formation of ·OH radicals as indicated by photo- luminescence measurements. The synergistic effects of chemical compositions, crystal structure, and band structure on photocatalytic performances were discussed.     

Photocatalytic activity of the RuO2-dispersed composite p-block metal oxide LiInGeO4 with d10-d10 configuration for water decomposition

The ruthenium oxide-loaded composite p-block metal oxide LiInGeO4 with d10-d10 configuration exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the overall splitting of water to produce H2 and O2 under UV irradiation. Changes in the photocatalytic activity with the calcination temperature of LiInGeO4, the amount of RuO2 loaded, and the states of RuO2 indicated that the combination of highly crystallized LiInGeO4 and a high dispersion of RuO2 particles resulted in high photocatalytic activity. Structurally, LiInGeO4 contained heavily distorted InO6 octahedra and GeO4 tetrahedra, generating a dipole moment inside. The high photocatalytic performance of RuO2-loaded LiInGeO4 supports the existing view that the photocatalytic activity correlates with the dipole moment. The DFT calculation showed that the top of the valence band (HOMO) was composed of the O 2p orbital while the bottom of the conduction band (LUMO) was formed by the hybridized In 5s5p + Ge 4s4p + O 2p orbitals. The highly dispersed conduction band, indicative of a high mobility of photoexcited electrons, was responsible for the high photocatalytic performance.     

Photocatalyst of lamellar aggregates of RuOx-loaded perovskite nanosheets for overall water splitting

Overall photocatalytic splitting of water was achieved using a restacked aggregate of exfoliated nanosheets of Ca(2)Nb(3)O(10), which was synthesized by flocculating a colloidal suspension of the nanosheets with alkali-metal ions and a trace amount of ruthenium red, a trinuclear complex of ([(NH(3))(5)Ru-O-Ru(NH(3))(4)-O-Ru(NH(3))(5)]Cl(6). The as-restacked material showed the evolution of H(2) gas from water immediately after UV irradiation, while O(2) evolution was observed only after some induction time, which may be understood by the possible oxidation of ruthenium red to RuO(x) in the initial stage. The restacked aggregate, which was heated at 773 K to convert the ruthenium complex to the oxide, underwent the stoichiometric splitting of water upon initiation of UV illumination, verifying the hypothesis. Total decomposition of water could not be attained with the bulk layered host of KCa(2)Nb(3)O(10) as well as its RuO(x)-loaded forms obtained via a conventional impregnation procedure. This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the present exfoliation-restacking route for loading RuO(x) to improve and enhance the photocatalytic activities of layered semiconducting materials. A homogeneous distribution of RuO(x)was suggested by XPS depth-profile analysis on the materials obtained through the exfoliation-restacking process.     

Ni/Zn/Cr系复合金属氧化物的制备及其光催化还原二氧化碳性能研究

以共沉淀法合成的Ni/Zn/Cr系层状金属氢氧化物(LDHs)经不同温度焙烧获得相应的复合金属氧化物,利用XRD、TG、XPS、TEM、BET和UV-Vis等表征手段对所制备样品的结构、组成、形貌以及吸光特性等进行了分析,并考察了样品在常温常压下光催化还原CO2(g)+H2O(g)的性能.结果表明,以Ni/Zn/Cr-LDHs为前驱体经5 00℃焙烧后可得到晶粒尺寸小、分散均匀度高的多相复合金属氧化物,主晶相为纳米尺度的NiO、Cr2O3、ZnCr2O4和NiCr2O4,在这些金属氧化物的协同作用下,样品表现出较好的光催化还原二氧化碳活性,主产物为CH4和CO.     

Heterometallic cubane-like {M2Ln2} (M = Ni, Zn; Ln =, Gd, Dy) and {Ni2Y2} aggregates. Synthesis, structures and magnetic properties

The syntheses, structural determinations and magnetic studies of tetranuclear M(II)Ln(III) complexes (M = Ni, Zn; Ln = Y, Gd, Dy) involving an in situ compartmentalized schiff base ligand HL derived from the condensation of o-vanillin and 2-hydrazinopyridine as main ligand are described. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that all complexes are closely isostructural, with the central core composed of distorted {M(2)Ln(2)O(4)} cubes of the formulas [Ni(2)Ln(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)(L)(2)(OAc)(4)(H(2)O)(3.5)](ClO(4))(2)·3H(2)O (Ln = Y 1 and Gd 2), [Ni(2)Dy(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)(L)(2)(OAc)(5)(EtOH)(H(2)O)(1.5)](ClO(4))·EtOH·H(2)O (3) and [Zn(2)Ln(2)(μ(3)-OH)(2)(L)(2)(OAc)(5)(EtOH)(H(2)O)](ClO(4))·2EtOH·1.5H(2)O (Gd 4 and Dy 5). The Ln(III) ions are linked by two hydroxo bridges and each M(II) ion is also involved in a double phenoxo-hydroxo bridge with the two Ln(III) ions, so that each hydroxo group is triply linked to the two Ln(III) and one M(II) ions. The magnetic properties of all complexes have been investigated. Ni(2)Y(2) (1) has a ferromagnetic Ni(II)Ni(II) interaction. A weak ferromagnetic Ni(II)Ln(III) interaction is observed in the Ni(2)Ln(2) complexes (Ln = Gd 2, Dy 3), along with a weak antiferromagnetic Ln(III)Ln(III) interaction, a D zero-field splitting term for the nickel ion and a ferromagnetic Ni(II)Ni(II) interaction. The isomorphous Zn(2)Ln(2) (Ln = Gd 4, Dy 5) does confirm the presence of a weak antiferromagnetic Ln(III)Ln(III) interaction. The Ni(2)Dy(2) complex (3) does not behave as a SMM, which could result from a subtractive combination of the Dy and Ni anisotropies and an increased transverse anisotropy, leading to large tunnel splittings and quantum tunneling of magnetization. On the other hand, Zn(2)Dy(2) (5) exhibits a possible SMM behavior, where its slow relaxation of magnetization is probably attributed to the presence of the anisotropic Dy(III) ions.     

Coordination polymers of macrocyclic oxamide with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate: syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties

Solvothermal reactions of mixed ligands H(3)BTC and macrocyclic oxamide complexes (ML, M = Cu, Ni) with M(ClO(4))(2)·6H(2)O (M = Co, Zn, Ni and Cd) afford six new complexes, including [M'(4)(BTC)(2)(ML)(2)(OH)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2H(2)O (M' = Co, M = Ni, for (1); M' = Zn, M = Ni, for (2); M' = Zn, M = Cu, for (3)), [Ni(3)(BTC)(2)(NiL)(2)(H(2)O)(6)]·2CH(3)OH·2H(2)O (4), [Cd(4)(BTC)(2)(HBTC)(NiL)(4)(H(2)O)]·3H(2)O (5) and [Cd(HBTC)(CuL)]·H(2)O (6) (ML, H(2)L = 2, 3-dioxo-5, 6, 14, 15-dibenzo-1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclo-pentadeca-7,13-dien; H(3)BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid). Complexes 1-3 consist of a 2D layer framework formed by the linkage of M(II)(M = Ni, Cu) and M'(4) (M' = Co, Zn) cluster via the oxamide and BTC(3-) bridges and display a (3,6)-connected network with a (4(3))(2)(4(6).6(6).8(3)) topology. The structure of 4 consists of pentanuclear [Ni(II)(5)] units and arranges in a 1D cluster chain. Complex 5 exhibits a 2D layered structure characterized by 3,4,3-connected (4.6(2))(3)(4.6(3).8(2))(4(2).6(3).8)(4(2).6) topology. Complex 6 possesses a 3D network with sra topology. The magnetic properties of complexes 1 and 4 were investigated.     

无模板合成微米管状Co3O4基复合材料高效催化电解水析氧反应

电解水制氢因具有清洁高效的优点而被认为是大规模生产氢能最有希望的技术之一.然而,电解水半反应之一的析氧反应(OER)需经历复杂且动力学缓慢的4电子转移过程.加之热力学上的阻碍,OER实际需要的电位远大于1.23 V的理论值,导致其能耗高,限制了电解水的效率和商业化应用.因此,亟待开发高效的OER电催化剂.管状结构具有较高的比表面积、充分暴露的活性位点和丰富的短路径扩散通道,是一种理想的电催化结构.同时,Co3O4基材料因其制备容易、成本低和OER电催化学活性较高等特点,成为近年来电催化材料的研究热点.此外,非金属元素P的掺杂条件温和,并且可以有效改变过渡金属电子结构.因此,本文通过合理设计管状的Co3O4基电催化剂并进行P掺杂,尝试将形貌调控和元素改性的优势发挥到最大.为了解析影响生成管状结构的因素,本文通过控制变量法系统地研究了管状Ni/Co3O4的制备条件,包括阳离子种类和含量、添加剂种类和含量、阴离子种类等对催化剂形貌和性能的影响.表征结果表明,初始的乙酸钴镍氢氧化物棱柱对反应环境较为敏感,从而成为直接影响最终微米管状结构的关键因素.此外,对Ni/Co3O4微米管进行适量的P掺杂,能提高材料的电子传输性能和优化材料的电子结构;而且P的掺杂直接提高了样品中的M3+/M2+比例(M代表Co和Ni),而M3+是M基电催化材料的活性位点,这进一步增加了OER的活性位点进而提高其催化活性.总之,通过结构和成分的优化,得到了OER催化性能显著提高的微米管状P-Ni/Co3O4,其性能甚至超过了商业化RuO2电催化剂.     

红霉素A肟与过渡金属配合物的合成、表征及其抑菌活性

红霉素A肟(HL)与MAc_2·nH_2O(M＝Cu,Zn,Co和Ni)反应,合成了4个新的配合物ML_2,其结构和性能经IR,摩尔电导,XRD,DTA-TGA及倒置生物显微镜表征.研究了ML_2对大肠杆菌(A),枯草芽孢杆菌(B),金葡萄球菌(C)及沙门氏菌(D)的生物活性,并与HL和M(Ac)_2·nH_2O进行了比较,结果表明4个配合物对A～D的抑菌效果均比HL和M(Ac)_2·nH_2O好.     

Bis-qtpy (qtpy = 2,2':6',2'':6'',2'"-quaterpyridine) metal complexes, [M(qtpy)(2)]2+

Reactions of perchlorates of iron(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) with 2,2':6',2':6',2'"-quaterpyridine (qtpy) gave the first crystallographically established bis-qtpy metal complexes of formula [M(qtpy)(2)][ClO(4)](2) (M = Fe, Ni, Zn). Coordination of two terdentate quaterpyridines to the same center produces a distorted octahedron of six nitrogen atoms around the metal, leaving two pendant pyridyl groups, one for each quaterpyridine. For the diamagnetic zinc system, an NMR investigation has been carried out in order to establish the conditions to obtain the intermediate mono-qtpy complex, of formula [Zn(qtpy)(H(2)O)(2)][ClO(4)](2), which has also been crystallographically established. The corresponding hexafluorophosphate derivatives [M(qtpy)(2)][PF(6)](2) (M = Ni and Zn) were prepared in DMF at room temperature.     

Polysulfonylamine. LXXXIV [1]. Zur Isotypie in den Dimesylamid-Komplexreihen [M(H2O)4{(CH3SO2)2N}2] (MMg,Ca, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd) und [M(py)4{(CH3SO2)2N}2] (MNi,Cu, Zn,Cd)

Polysulfonylamines. LXXXIV. Isotypic Structures in the Dimesylamide Complex Series [M(H₂O)₄{(CH₃SO₂)₂N}₂] (M?Mg, Ca, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) and [M(py)₄{(CH₃SO₂)₂N}₂] (M?Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) The crystal structures of the trans-octahedral complexes [M(H₂O)₄{(CH₃SO₂)₂N}₂] (M?Ca, Cd), in which the dimesylamide anion acts as a monodentate O-ligand and a tetrafunctional hydrogen bond acceptor, were determined by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. Both belong to an isotypic series (triclinic, space group P1 , Z = 1) that had previously been characterized for M?Mg, Ni, Cu and Zn (Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1996 , 622, 1065). In this structure there exists an extended network of strong hydrogen bonds which is probably the underlying reason why the structure type surprisingly persists across the whole series. To support this explanation by indirect evidence from comparison with suitable structures devoid of strong hydrogen bonding, the analogous trans-octahedral complexes [M(py)₄{(CH₃SO₂)₂N}₂] (M?Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) were prepared by treating M[(CH₃SO₂)₂N]₂ with pyridine, and the crystal structures of the Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd compounds were studied by low-temperature X-ray crystallography. As anticipated, the four pyridine complexes do not form an isotypic series but instead two isotypic pairs consisting of the Ni and Zn compounds (monoclinic, space group P2₁/n, Z =2) and of the Cu and Cd complexes (triclinic, space group P1, Z = 1). All molecules of the aqua and the pyridine complexes display crystallographic centrosymmetry. In the hydrates, the mean M? OH₂ and the M? O(anion) distances are 232.6 and 232.7 pm for M ? Ca, 225.5 and 230.3 pm für M ? Cd. The mean M? N and the M? O(anion) bond lengths of the pyridine species amount to 211.8 and 213.1 pm for M ? Ni, 217.0 and 218.5 pm for M ? Zn, 232.8 and 234.4 pm for M ? Cd; the corresponding values for the severely Jahn-Teller distorted Cu complex are 203.6 and 254.5 pm. In the crystals of the pyridine complexes, each methyl group is connected through a weak C? H…?O bond to a sulfonyl oxygen atom of an adjacent molecule.     

Plasma-promoted dielectric heating in the microwave synthesis of spinels

Comparison between the rates of synthesis of the spinel phases (MAl2O4, M = Mg, Zn, Ni; and MFe2O4, M = Mg, Zn, Mn) using an O2 microwave-induced plasma (MIP) and conventional (tube furnace) methods indicate that a MIP promotes microwave dielectric heating at elevated temperatures.