液态Ca7Mg3合金快速凝固过程中团簇结构的形成特性

采用分子动力学方法对液态Ca7Mg3合金凝固过程中团簇结构的形成特性进行了模拟研究. 采用双体分布函数、Honeycutt-Andersen(HA)键型指数法、原子团类型指数法(CTIM)以及遗传跟踪等方法对凝固过程中团簇结构的形成演变特性进行了分析. 结果表明: 在以冷速为1×1012 K·s-1 的快速凝固条件下, 系统形成以1551、1541、1431键型为主的非晶态结构; 二十面体基本原子团(12 0 12 0)在快速凝固过程中对非晶态结构的形成起决定性作用; 在合金凝固过程中, 团簇的稳定性不仅与构成团簇的基本原子团类型有关, 还与中心原子类型以及中心原子之间的连接方式有关. 由于(12 0 12 0)基本原子团能量较低并且在低温具有较好的遗传特性, 基本原子团之间很容易连接在一起组成更大的团簇. 所形成的团簇结构显著不同于那些由气相沉积、离子溅射等方法所获得的团簇结构.     

冷却速率对液态金属Zn快速凝固过程中微观结构的影响

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了六种不同冷却速率对液态金属Zn凝固过程微观结构的影响. 采用双体分布函数g(r)曲线、平均原子总能量、Honeycutt-Andersen(HA)键型指数法和原子团类型指数法(CTIM-2)对凝固过程中微观结构的变化进行了分析. 结果表明, 冷却速率对微观结构的转变有决定性影响, 当冷却速率为1×10¹⁴、5×10¹³、2×10¹³、1×10¹³、5×10¹² K·s-1时, 系统形成以1551、1541、1431键型为主体的非晶态结构; 当冷却速率为1×10¹² K·s-1时, 系统形成以1421、1422键型为主或以密排六方(hcp)基本原子团(12 0 0 0 6 6)和面心立方(fcc)基本原子团(12 0 0 0 1 2 0)共存的部分晶态结构. 同时发现, 在形成非晶的五个系统中,玻璃化转变温度Tg随着冷速的降低而降低.     

液态金属Al凝固过程中的团簇结构与幻数特性

采用分子动力学方法,对含有100000个Al原子的液态金属系统在凝固过程中团簇结构的形成特性进行了模拟研究,并采用原子团类型指数法(CTIM)来描述各种类型的团簇结构组态.研究结果显示:在液态金属Al的凝固过程中,只有与1551键型相关的二十面体原子团(12 0 12 0)及其组合形成的各种团簇结构,对微结构的演变起着关键的、决定性的作用;由不同数目、不同类型基本原子团组成的各种层次的团簇结构,都在一定的原子数区段内呈现出峰值,即幻数点;系统的幻数序列为:13(13), 19(21), 25～28(27), 31～33(29～30) ,37、39,…(括号内为液态时对应的幻数值),与Harris等人的实验结果甚为相符.本模拟研究所用的团簇结构按层次区段来研究幻数序列的方法,可为实验结果提供更为合理的模型解释.     

金属间化合物Al~3Fe熔体结构的温度变化特性研究

利用分子动力学模拟技术,详细考察了在快速凝固条件下AL~3Fe熔体结构的温度变化特征。结果表明:Al~3Fe熔体中存在不同类型的原子基团.原子集团是以各种各样的键对和多面体的形式存在的.利用键对分析技术,计算出了不同温度下的键对类型数和二十面体的两类键取向序参数,分析了Al-Fe合金在快速凝固条件下非晶形成的演化特点。     

冷却速率对液态Ni凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

用分子动力学方法和EAM模型势对液态金属Ni原子系统在不同冷却速率下凝固过程中微观结构的演变进行了模拟研究.结果表明, 冷却速率对微结构演变有决定性影响, 当冷速为1.0×10¹⁴和 4.0×10¹³ K•s^-1时, 系统将形成以1551、1541和1431三种键型为主的非晶态结构. 当冷速为2.0×10¹³和 1.0×10¹² K•s^-1时, 系统将形成不同的晶态结构；前者形成以1421、1422二种键型为主的 fcc 与hcp结构共存的晶态结构；后者形成以1421键型为主的fcc 结构占绝对优势的晶态结构, 其结晶起始温度Tc分别为1073 K和1173 K.同时发现, 原子的平均配位数（最近邻数）对温度和冷速的变化相当敏感, 且其突变点正好与结晶转变温度Tc相对应, 这将为液态金属结晶转变过程的研究提供一条新途径.     

热释电研究聚碳酸酯掺杂染料体系的玻璃化转变

采用热刺激电流 /松弛谱图分析法 (TSC/RMA)研究了聚碳酸酯掺杂染料体系 (TDAA/PC)的玻璃化转变 ,发现染料含量增加 ,体系的玻璃化转变温度 (Tg)随之降低 ,玻璃化转变的温度范围变宽 .在TDAA掺杂质量比达到 4wt%时 ,其玻璃化转变 (协同松弛 )延伸至 95℃ ,温度范围增加到 3 5℃ .在较大的温度范围内存在协同松弛 ,说明在低于Tg 数十度的温度时 ,染料发色体的极化松弛仍然主要受聚合物玻璃化转变的控制 .     

Ni3Al合金液态与非晶中的原子团簇

采用常温常压分子动力学模拟技术，模拟了液态Ni3Al中原子团簇在快速凝固条件下的演变过程，模型采用的是TB(tight binding)作用势.用偶分布函数、键对和多面体等结构参数来描述快速凝固条件下团簇种类和数量的变化，并将团簇结构可视化.在2 000 K下，液态Ni3Al中团簇数量较少，且都是由缺陷二十面体构成；在4×1013 K•s－1的冷速下，团簇的数量随温度的降低不断增加，且出现完整二十面体团簇，体系最终形成了由二十面体和缺陷二十面体团簇网络所组成的非晶结构.     

DTA中升温速率及样品热导率对Tg测量值影响的模拟研究

就不同升温速率和实际样品的不同热导率对差热分析(DTA)中高分子材科的玻璃化转变曲线的影响进行了MonteCarlo模拟研究,发现当所有样品刚完成玻璃化转变时,在Tg曲线中该特征点要低于Tg的转变中点.转变中点所对应的样品温度肯定要高于实际的玻璃化转变温度.如果以玻璃化转变曲线的转变中点所对应的样品温度作为该材料的玻璃化转变温度,那么,升温速率越快、样品的热导率越小,所测得的玻璃化转变温度就越大,反之亦然.DTA测得的玻璃化转变温度与升温速率间有很好的线性依赖关系,但与样品热导率间的关系是非线性的.     

热处理条件对R-PET/LLDPE-g-MA共混物中PET玻璃化转变行为的影响

对回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(R-PET)/LLDPE-g-MA马来酸酐改性的线性低密度聚乙烯共混物进行不同条件的热处理, 采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究共混物基体PET的玻璃化转变行为. 结果表明, 当热处理温度低于PET的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)时, PET的玻璃化转变区域出现热焓松弛现象. 随着热处理温度的增加, PET的Tg逐渐升高; 在50~70 ℃下热处理48 h后, PET的Tg逐渐稳定. 当热处理温度高于PET的Tg而低于100 ℃时, PET的玻璃化转变区域出现2个热流转变, FTIR分析表明, PET分子构象开始发生变化. 当热处理温度为100 ℃时, DSC曲线上PET的玻璃化转变消失, PET的结晶度明显增加, 说明PET开始冷结晶的温度在90~100 ℃之间.     

用正电子湮没谱研究聚酯型聚氨酯的微观结构和自由体积特性

用正电子湮没谱研究了两类分别由聚己二酸丁二醇酯多元醇和聚ε 己内酯多元醇合成的线型聚酯型聚氨酯 (PBU和PCU)在 140～ 36 0K温度范围内的结构转变和自由体积特性 .研究结果表明 ,两类聚氨酯(PU)在 140～ 36 0K温度范围内 ,都存在三个转变点 ,其中较低温度的转变 (约 2 0 0K)对应于PU中软段的玻璃化转变温度 (Tg) ,2 75K处的转变可能与样品吸附少量水分有关 ,较高温度的转变 (约 310K) ,对于PBU而言对应于软段结晶的熔点 ,而对于PCU则与在无序的硬段中混入一定量的软段后形成的相容区的Tg 有关 .当温度低于PU软段的Tg 时 ,两类PU的自由体积尺寸和浓度都随温度升高而增大 .当温度高于软段的Tg 但低于2 75K时 ,自由体积尺寸较快地增加 ,而自由体积浓度保持不变 .温度高于 2 75K并低于软段的熔点或硬段 软段相容区的Tg 时 ,自由体积尺寸增加速度最快 ,自由体积浓度却保持同样的数值 .当温度进一步升高时 ,自由体积尺寸和浓度都随温度增大而增加 .最后研究了这两类PU的自由体积分布与温度的关系 .所有这些实验现象均与大分子链的运动有关 ,并与通过DSC和WAXD表征的材料的形态一致     

Dynamic and sub-ambient thermal transition relationships in water–sucrose solutions

This work was undertaken to investigate thermal and dynamic transitions observed in the temperature range close to the bulk ice melting temperature in sucrose solutions. Measurements of thermal (differential calorimetry) and dynamic (neutron scattering) properties were compared in order to give a physical interpretation of the thermal transitions observed during the thawing of amorphous sucrose solutions. In fact, the freezing of biological material leads to the distinction between different pools of water: bulk water which becomes ice after freezing, unfrozen water trapped in the glassy matrix or close to the interface of solutes can be considered, and finally freezable confined water with a lower melting point than bulk water and with properties depending on both the ice presence and the microstructure of the material. The transition temperatures such as glass transition or melting are dependent on the freezing protocol used and examples of annealing effects are presented, in order to underline the necessity of a good temperature control during freezing for the study of biological material with freezable water.     

Transitions in poly(diethyl siloxane)

An adiabatic heat capacity study of poly(diethylsiloxane) confirms that it has a single glass transition occurring at 130°K, the lowest glass transition reported to date for a high molecular weight polymer. The two previously reported glass transitions are first-order thermodynamic peaks whose location is dependent upon prior thermal history. Combination of these data with low-temperature x-ray diffraction indicates that the transitions in this temperature range are related to a crystal–crystal transformation. A crystal melting transition is observed near 270°K. In addition an anomalous rise in heat capacity near 60°K suggests a sub-glass transition of unknown origin.     

In situ Raman spectroscopic study of the pressure induced structural changes in ammonia borane

The effect of static compression up to 65 GPa at ambient temperature on ammonia borane, BH(3)NH(3), has been investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy in a diamond anvil cells. Two phase transitions were observed at approximately 12 GPa and previously not reported transition at 27 GPa. It was demonstrated that ammonia borane behaves differently under compression at quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions. The ability of BH(3)NH(3) to generate second harmonic of the laser light observed up to 130 GPa suggests that the non-centrosymmetric point group symmetry is preserved in the material up to very high pressures.     

Using modulated DSC to investigate the origin of multiple thermal transitions in frozen 10% sucrose solutions

Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) was used to investigate the effect of annealing on multiple thermal transitions in frozen aqueous sucrose solutions. Two thermal transitions were detected from the reversing heat flow. Here, to maintain consistency with terminology used in the practice of freeze-drying [1], the higher temperature is denoted, T^′g, and the lower transition is given the symbol, T^″g. The transition at low temperature is usually believed to be a true glass transition. However, the origin of the transition at high temperature is still highly controversial. Based upon a study of 10% sucrose solutions with different cooling histories and annealing conditions, we suggest that the transition at high temperature is also a glass transition. We conclude that the lower transition is a glass transition of a phase plasticized by a higher than equilibrium amount of unfrozen water, and the higher transition, T^′g, corresponds to a glass transition in a maximally freeze-concentrated solute phase.     

Calorimetric study and modeling of molecular mobility in amorphous organic pharmaceutical compounds using a modified Adam-Gibbs approach

The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative characterization of the thermal behavior of amorphous organic pharmaceutical compounds across their glass transition temperature, and to assess their molecular mobility as a function of temperature and time by combining theoretical simulations with experimental measurements using differential scanning calorimetry. A computational approach built on the Boltzmann superposition principle of nonexponential decay and the Adam-Gibbs theory of entropic-dependent structural relaxation is presented. The heat capacities of the crystalline and amorphous forms are incorporated into the simulation in order to accurately assess the entropic fictive temperature as functions of temperature and time under any arbitrary set of experimental conditions. Using this method, we evaluated properties of the glass former, D and T0, and the nonexponentiality index beta, for amorphous salicin, felodipine, and nifedipine, by fitting the simulated glass transition profile with the experimentally determined heat capacity across the glass transition region. From this fit, the evolution of the relaxation time of the model compounds following any thermal cycle, including heating, cooling, and isothermal holds can then be estimated a priori. This study reveals the profound and inextricable effect of thermal history on the molecular mobility of the amorphous materials, and the ability of the glass to undergo fast changes in its molecular motions over an aging process even at low temperatures.