Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Machine Learning towards Screening Solid-state Lithium Ion Conductors

Machine learning is an emerging method to discover new materials with specific characteristics.An unsupervised machine learning research is highlighted to discover new potential lithium ionic conductors by screening and clustering lithium compounds,providing inspirations for the development of solid-state electrolytes and practical batteries.     

Surface defect-rich ceria quantum dots anchored on sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced charge separation for solar hydrogen production

Designing defect-engineered semiconductor heterojunctions can effectively promote the charge carrier separation.Herein,novel ceria(CeO2) quantum dots(QDs) decorated sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes(SCN NTs) were synthesized via a thermal polycondensation coupled in situ depositionprecipitation method without use of template or surfactant.The structure and morphology studies indicate that ultrafine CeO2 QDs are well distributed inside and outside of SCN NTs offering highly dispersed active sites and a large contact interface between two components.This leads to the promoted formation of rich Ce³⁺ ion and oxygen vacancies as confirmed by XPS.The photocatalytic performance can be facilely modulated by the content of CeO2 QDs introduced in SCN matrix while bare CeO2 does not show activity of hydrogen production.The optimal catalyst with 10% of CeO2 loading yields a hydrogen evolution rate of 2923.8 μmol h-1 g-1 under visible light,remarkably higher than that of bare SCN and their physical mixtures.Further studies reveal that the abundant surface defects and the created 0 D/1 D junctions play a critical role in improving the separation and transfer of charge carriers,leading to superior solar hydrogen production and good stability.     

Superfast and solvent-free core-shell assembly of sulfur/carbon active particles by hail-inspired nanostorm technology for high-energy-density Li-S batteries

The demand on low-carbon emission fabrication technologies for energy storage materials is increasing dramatically with the global interest on carbon neutrality.As a promising active material for metal-sulfur batteries,sulfur is of great interest due to its high-energy-density and abundance.However,there is a lack of industry-friendly and low-carbon fabrication strategies for high-performance sulfur-based active particles,which,however,is in critical need by their practical success.Herein,based on a hail-inspired sulfur nano-storm(HSN)technology developed in our lab,we report an energy-saving,solvent-free strategy for producing core-shell sulfur/carbon electrode particles(CNT@AC-S)in minutes.The fabrication of the CNT@AC-S electrode particles only involves low-cost sulfur blocks,commercial carbon nanotubes(CNT)and activated carbon(AC)micro-particles with high specific surface area.Based on the above core-shell CNT@AC-S particles,sulfur cathode with a high sulfur-loading of 9.2 mg cm^-2 delivers a stable area capacity of 6.6 mAh cm^-2 over 100 cycles.Furthermore,even for sulfur cathode with a super-high sulfur content(72 wt%over the whole electrode),it still delivers a high area capacity of 9 mAh cm^-2 over50 cycles in a quasi-lean electrolyte condition.In a nutshell,this study brings a green and industryfriendly fabrication strategy for cost-effective production of rationally designed S-rich electrode particles.     

Unraveling the stabilization mechanism of solid electrolyte interface on ZnSe by rGO in sodium ion battery

Transition metal selenides have been widely studied as anode materials of sodium ion batteries(SIBs),however,the investigation of solid-electrolyte-interface(SEI)on these materials,which is critical to the electrochemical performance of SIBs,remains at its infancy.Here in this paper,ZnSe@C nanoparticles were prepared from ZIF-8 and the SEI layers on these electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide(rGO)layers were examined in details by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies at varied charged/discharged states.It is observed that fast and complicated electrolyte decomposition reactions on ZnSe@C leads to quite thick SEI film and intercalation of solvated sodium ions through such thick SEI film results in slow ion diffusion kinetics and unstable electrode structure.However,the presence of rGO could efficiently suppress the decomposition of electrolyte,thus thin and stable SEI film was formed.ZnSe@C electrodes wrapped by rGO demonstrates enhanced interfacial charge transfer kinetics and high electrochemical performance,a capacity retention of 96.4%,after 1000 cycles at 5 A/g.This study might offer a simple avenue for the designing high performance anode materials through manipulation of SEI film.     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

Regulation of carbon distribution to construct high-sulfur-content cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)battery is regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to the ultra-high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg^-1.To address the insulation nature of sulfur,nanocarbon composition is essential to afford acceptable cycling capacity but inevitably sacrifices the actual energy density under working conditions.Therefore,rational structural design of the carbon/sulfur composite cathode is of great significance to realize satisfactory electrochemical performances with limited carbon content.Herein,the cathode carbon distribution is rationally regulated to construct high-sulfur-content and high-performance Li-S batteries.Concretely,a double-layer carbon(DLC)cathode is prepared by fabricating a surface carbon layer on the carbon/sulfur composite.The surface carbon layer not only provides more electrochemically active surfaces,but also blocks the polysulfide shuttle.Consequently,the DLC configuration with an increased sulfur content by nearly 10 wt%renders an initial areal capacity of 3.40 mAh cm^-2 and capacity retention of 83.8%during 50 cycles,which is about two times than that of the low-sulfur-content cathode.The strategy of carbon distribution regulation affords an effective pathway to construct advanced high-sulfur-content cathodes for practical high-energy-density Li-S batteries.     

Boost oxygen reduction reaction performance by tuning the active sites in Fe-N-P-C catalysts

Cost-effective atomically dispersed Fe-N-P-C complex catalysts are promising to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and replace Pt catalysts in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,it remains a challenge to increase the number of atomically dispersed active sites on these catalysts.Here we report a highly efficient impregnation-pyrolysis method to prepare effective ORR electrocatalysts with large amount of atomically dispersed Fe active sites from biomass.Two types of active catalyst centers were identified,namely atomically dispersed Fe sites and Fe_xP particles.The ORR rate of the atomically dispersed Fe sites is three orders of magnitude higher than it of Fe_xP particles.A linear correlation between the amount of the atomically dispersed Fe and the ORR activity was obtained,revealing the major contribution of the atomically dispersed Fe to the ORR activity.The number of atomically dispersed Fe increases as the Fe loading increased and reaching the maximum at 1.86 wt%Fe,resulting in the maximum ORR rate.Optimized Fe-N-P-C complex catalyst was used as the cathode catalyst in a homemade Zn-air battery and good performance of an energy density of 771 Wh kgZn^-1,a power density of 92.9 m W cm^-2 at 137 m A cm^-2 and an excellent durability were exhibited.     

The pseudocapacitance mechanism of graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives:Are all the modifications beneficial?

Cobalt-Aluminum layered double hydroxide(CoAl LDH) is a hopeful electrode material due to the advantage of easy modifiability for preparing LDH-based derivatives.However,there is short of modification methods to prepare the Co-based derivatives from CoAl LDH and also short of an intuitive perspective to analyze the pseudocapacitance mechanism of CoAl LDH and its derivatives.Herein,Graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives including Graphene/CoS,Graphene/CoS-1,Graphene/CoOOH,Graphene/CoP were prepared by reasonably using alkali etching treatment,sulfofication and phosphorization.The specific capacitance of Graphene/CoAl LDH,Graphene/CoS,Graphene/CoS-1,Graphene/CoOOH,Graphene/CoP at1 A g^-1 are 260.7,371.3,440.8,61.4 and 122.2 F g^-1,especially.The pseudocapacitance mechanism of Graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives was analyzed.Due to the positive effect of sulfofication on the electrical conductivity of GO and cobalt sulfide,the Graphene/CoS and Graphene/CoS-1 exhibit the optimal electrochemical performance and superior rate capability.In addition,due to the repulsion effect between Graphene and OH-,the Graphene/CoAl LDH exhibits optimal cycling stability of 224.1% capacitance retention after 20000 cycles.Besides,the reason of terrible specific capacitance of Graphene/CoOOH is that the presence of H bond in interlayer of CoOOH inhibits the interaction between Co3+ and OHspecies.Hence,not all modifications will increase the specific capacitance of the electrode materials.Overall,this work provides us with a detailed analysis of the electrochemical mechanism and correlation of CoAl LDH and its derivatives from the perspective of crystal structure and composition.     

四元体系MCl-GdCl~3-HCl-H~2O(M=K,Rb, Cs; 20℃)的研究

本文研究了四元体系MCl-GdCl~3-HCl-H~2O(M=K, Rb, Cs; 20℃)在不同酸浓度下的溶度, 绘制了相应的溶度图, 当M=K, HCl wt%=14~23%的平行截面时, 体系中无化合物形成; 当M=Rb, HCl wt%=13%时, 体系中无化合物形成, 但在HCl wt%=22的平行截面时, 体系中形成固液异组成的化合物RbCl.GdCl~3.4H~2O(1); 当M=Cs, 在HCl wt%分别为13%5和20%的条件下, 体系均形成4CsCl.GdCl~3.H~2O(2)和2CsCl.GdCl~3.7H~2O(3)两种化合物, 2在两种酸浓度下都是固液异组成的化合物, 3随酸浓度由低到高的变化, 从固液同组成化合物转变为固液异组成化合物。化合物1, 2未见文献报道。本文的研究结果为Meyer的合成反应提供了热力学相平衡基础和新的机理解释, 并可以更好地应用和指导Meyer合成反应。同时, 首次提出了合成RbGd~2Cl~7、Cs~3Gd~2Cl~9两个化合物的可能性。     

SmCl3-CaCl2-LiCl体系相图的研究

利用DTA研究了SmCl3-CaCl2-LiCl三元体系的相图。发现该体系有对应SmCl3,CaCl2, LiCl, 2SmCl3·LiCl的四个液相面、五条两次结晶线、一个三元低共熔点E[23.0(mol%)SmCl3, 19.5(mol%)CaCl2, 282℃]、一个三元转熔点P[28.5(mol%)SmCl3,22.0(mol%)CaCl2, 370℃]。     

HoCl~3-MCl~n体系相图的研究(M=Li,Mg, Ca,Pb; n=1, 2)

借助于DTA与X射线衍射法研究了HoCl~3-MCl~n(M=Li, Mg, Ca, Pb; n=1或2)二元体系相图, 发现HoCl~3-LiCl体系相图属固液异组成型, 有一化合物Li~3HoCl~6生成, 且在483℃有一相转变。其无变点分别为p(34.0mol%HoCl~3, 506℃)和e(50.5mol%HoCl~3, 452℃); 而HoCl~3-MgCl~2, CaCl~2, PbCl~2体系皆属简单低共熔型相图。其低共熔点e的组成与温度分别为: 50.0mol%HoCl~3(580℃)、49.0mol%HoCl~3(541℃)、37.0mol%HoCl~3(422℃)。HoCl~3-PbCl~2体系在固相下有一不稳定化合物PbHoCl~5生成, 在408℃分解, 同时探讨了RECl~3-LiCl相     

LaCl3-KCl-LiCl三元系统相图的研究

利用DTA研究了LaCl3-KCl-LiCl三元系统相图。发现该相图由二个赝三元相图构成。相图中有五个液相面, 七条二次结晶线, 三个三元无变点, 它们分别为低共熔点E1[W(LaCl3)=0.115, W(KCl)=0.474, W(LiCl)=0.411, 345℃],E2[W(LaCl3)=0.494, W(KCl)=0.216, W(LiCl)=0.290, 410℃]和三元转熔点P[W(LaCl3)=0.600, W(KCl)=0.108, W(LiCl)=0.292, 429℃]。     

固相配位化学反应研究 XXXX: 硝普钠与锰(II)、钴(II)、镍(II)、铜(II)氯化物的固相反应

本文用气相色谱、红外光谱和Mossbauer谱等手段, 研究了硝普钠与锰(II)、钴(II)、镍(II)、铜(II)氯化物在氢气氛中的固相反应, 发现过渡金属盐的存在或多或少地影响了硝普钠的分解方式, 其中CuCl~2.2H~2O与硝普钠室温时就反应生成Cu[Fe(CN)~5NO].χH~2O; 在较高温度下, CoCl~2.6H~2O和NiCl~2.6H~2O与硝普钠的固相反应催化了硝普钠迅速分解; 而氯化锰与硝普钠的固相反应与纯配合物较为接近。探讨了第一步反应可能的机理, 并计算了反应动力学参数。     

SmCl~3-SrCl~2-MgCl~2体系相图的研究

利用DTA研究了SmCl~3-SrCl~2-MgCl~2三元体系相图。发现它有对应SmCl~3、SrCl~2、MgCl~2、SmSr~3Cl~9的四个液相面, 五条二次结晶线, 一个三元低共熔点E(41.8mol% SmCl~3, 30.7mol% SrCl~2, 500℃), 一个三元转熔点P(32.0mol% SmCl~3,39.3mol% SmCl~2, 520℃)。     

PrOH-H2O混合溶剂中LiCl,NaCl的电导研究

本文设计并制作一套可搅拌U型电导池, 并用其测定了LiCl, NaCl在PrOH-H2O二元混合溶剂中的摩尔电导。应用Fuoss-Onsager电导方程关联得到Λ。, a°及Ka, 并据此探讨了LiCl, NaCl-PrOH-H2O的微观结构及相互作用。     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究:LiCl-MgCl~2-H~O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5-19.8mol.kg^-1,0.3-6.0mol.kg^-1)以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6-19.4mol.kg^-1)的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式,用Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的活度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性.用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

球形MgCl2负载的MAO/rac-Et[Ind]2ZrCl2催化剂催化丙烯 聚合

采用只在球形MgCl2上负载MAO,聚合前再同rac--Et[Ind]2ZrCl2预混的负载方式进行丙烯聚合。在少量AlEt3的活化下,很低的Al(MAO)/Zr摩尔比时即可获得比均相催化剂高一个数量级的活性,考察了温度、压力、Al(MAO)/Zr摩尔比和催化剂浓度对聚合的影响,同时用13^CNMR测定了均相和载体催化体系所制备的聚丙烯的微结构,发现负载型茂金属催化剂制得的聚丙烯立构规整性高于均相体系,其五元组立构序列[mmmm]可从均相的52.6%提高到负载催化剂的79.5%。扫描电镜观察表明,聚合物颗粒可较好地复制球形催化剂的颗粒形态。     

PrCI~3-SrCI~2-MgCI~2三元体系相图的研究

借组于DTA研究了PrCI~3-SrCI~2-MgCI~2三元体系相图,发现本体系内有对应于PrCI~3,SrCI~2,MgCI~2和SrCI~9的四个液面,五条两次结晶线,一个三元低共熔点E(25.0wt%PrCI~3,41.5wt%SrCI~2,33.5wt%MgCi~2, 538 ℃) 和三元转熔点P( 23.0wt%PrCI~3,43.5wt%SrCI~2,33.5wt%MGCI~2,544℃)体系内有两个四相平衡反应为:L=PrCI~3+MgCI~2+Sr~3PrCi~9L+SrCi~2=MgCi~2+Sr~3PrCi~9