不同锌盐改性的HZSM-5催化剂上甲醇芳构化反应

分别用ZnSO4,Zn(AcO)2,Zn(NO3)2和ZnCl2溶液对HZSM-5分子筛浸渍改性得到不同Zn盐改性的HZSM-5催化剂.采用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、热重-质谱分析、氨程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附红外光谱等方法对改性后的催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应装置上考察了其甲醇芳构化反应性能.结果表明,不同Zn盐改性的HZSM-5催化剂上Zn物种的存在形式不同会导致其表面酸中心强度与分布具有较大差异,经ZnSO4改性的HZSM-5催化剂表面上强B酸中心和Zn物种的存在使其表现出最佳的甲醇芳构化反应性能.     

氟硅酸铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯

在静态条件下, 采用不同浓度的氟硅酸铵溶液对纳米ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性处理. 利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、²⁷Al 魔角旋转固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS NMR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂ 吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等技术对改性前后纳米ZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构、织构性质、酸性质进行了表征. 并在常压、反应温度为450℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1的条件下, 研究了改性前后纳米HZSM- 的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能. 结果表明, 合适浓度的氟硅酸铵处 理能够选择性地脱除纳米ZSM-5 分子筛的外表面铝, 从而使得HZSM-5 的酸密度降低, 比表面积和孔容增大, MTP催化性能显著提高. 氟硅酸铵改性后纳米HZSM-5 的丙烯选择性和丙烯/乙烯(P/E)质量比分别由原来的 28.8%和2.6提高到45.1%和8.0, 催化剂寿命增加了近2倍.     

四丙基氢氧化铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛及其在甲醇制汽油中的催化性能

采用四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)溶液对纳米ZSM-5分子筛进行改性, 运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、²⁷Al和²⁹Si固体核磁、X射线光电子能谱、N₂物理吸附脱附法和NH₃程序升温脱附等手段对所制样品进行了表征, 并评价了其催化甲醇制汽油反应性能. 结果表明, 改性后的HZSM-5相对结晶度增加, 晶体形貌更加规整, 表面硅铝比增加, 比表面积和微孔表面积增大, 强酸位酸量增多. 同时, TPAOH改性不仅可以使分子筛脱硅脱铝, 而且伴有二次晶化补硅补铝, 改变了分子筛的硅铝分布. 改性的HZSM-5在甲醇制汽油反应中的稳定性大幅度提高, 其寿命由70h增至170h以上, 随着TPAOH处理时间的增加, 催化剂寿命增加, 氢转移反应加快, 导致油相产品中异构烷烃增多, 烯烃减少.     

表面改性对Cu/活性炭催化剂表面Cu物种和催化活性的影响

通过对活性炭表面改性,研究了醋酸铜溶液浸渍后热分解制备的Cu/AC无氯催化剂对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯催化性能的影响。通过低温氮吸附－脱附、FTIR等表征对改性前后活性炭的比表面积及表面官能团变化进行了分析,发现氨水改性的活性炭比表面积略有增大,表面不饱和还原性官能团(C≡N、C≡C)增加,而KMnO₄改性的活性炭比表面积减小7%,表面C=O、-COOH显著增加。进一步通过XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征分析了催化剂表面铜物种(Cu⁰/Cu^I/Cu^Ⅱ)的形态,发现表面铜物种的价态和配比与活性炭表面性质密切相关,影响催化剂活性。活性炭改性后,表面微观结构和表面化学性质的变化对浸渍醋酸铜的表面分布和热分解过程产生明显影响,导致催化剂表面活性Cu物种发生变化。和其它表面改性方法相比,氨水改性的活性炭更有利于催化剂活性的提高,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率及甲醇转化率分别达到了152.8 mg·g^-1·h^-1和7.4%。     

CMK-5负载Pt-Ni合金催化剂及其甲醇电化学氧化性能

采用NaBH₄还原法将不同原子比的铂镍负载于CMK-5(由SBA-15模板所得的碳载体)表面. X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果表明, 所得催化剂是以铂镍合金的形式存在, 相对于Pt/CMK-5而言, 这种合金化的催化剂中Pt表现出更多的金属态. 电化学测试结果显示, 在催化剂中主要以化合态存在的镍(包括NiO、Ni(OH)₂和NiOOH)可能更有利于甲醇的吸附和氧化产物从催化剂表面的脱附. 另外, 从循环伏安测试结果可知, Pt-Ni/CMK-5 (5:1)(原子比)具有较大的比表面活性, 其电化学活性面积高达63.9 m²·g^-1, 且与Pt/CMK-5相比抗CO中毒能力有明显改善.     

淀粉基炭负载纳米铜催化合成碳酸二甲酯

以硝酸铜和可溶性淀粉为原料, 经过溶胶-凝胶化过程、高温炭化和KOH活化得到炭负载铜催化剂(Cu/C), 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、热重-差热分析仪、N₂吸附和CO程序升温脱附对催化剂结构进行了表征, 并考察了它在甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)反应中的催化活性. 结果表明, 活化温度和KOH用量对催化剂的表面结构及金属铜粒子尺寸影响显著, 当活化温度为850℃, KOH:C=1 (质量比)时, Cu/C催化剂的比表面积达到1690 m²/g, 铜纳米粒子平均晶粒尺寸为30.4 nm, 催化活性最高, DMC时空收率达到235.7 mg·g^-1·h^-1, 甲醇转化率和DMC选择性分别为1.6%和76.5%.     

CuCl2和HY分子筛的表面反应及Cu/Y分子筛的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化

以CuCl₂为前驱物与HY分子筛进行固相离子交换制备了Cu/Y催化剂,采用热重方法研究了CuCl₂与HY分子筛的表面固相离子交换反应,结合活性测试表明催化剂中高度分散的CuCl和离子交换形式的Cu⁺物种是甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性中心。X射线光电子能谱表征和元素分析结果表明,活性金属Cu主要以CuCl形式存在于分子筛外表面,而在分子筛笼内则以交换的Cu⁺和少量吸附的CuCl形式存在。与以CuCl为交换铜源所制催化剂相比,以CuCl₂为铜源制备的催化剂Cu含量低,催化活性更高。     

制备方法对Al2O3掺杂Pt/WO3-ZrO2催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应的影响

采用恒pH法和非恒pH法制备了Al₂O₃掺杂的Pt/WO₃/ZrO₂催化剂,并用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射、CO化学吸附、X射线光电子能谱、²⁷Al魔角旋转核磁共振和吡啶吸附红外等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,相比于非恒pH法制备的催化剂,恒pH法制备的催化剂具有较高的比表面积和Pt分散度,在H₂气氛中产生更多的B酸位,从而表现出更高的催化正庚烷临氢异构化反应活性; 在200℃和质量空速0.9h^-1的反应条件下,正庚烷转化率达70.0%,明显高于非恒pH法制备的催化剂(43.5%).     

沉淀方法对铜基甲醇合成催化剂前驱体及其性能的影响

 分别采用共沉淀法 (CP)、两步沉淀法 (TP) 和分步沉淀法 (FP) 制备了 Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ 甲醇合成催化剂. 结果发现, FP 催化剂上甲醇收率比 CP 催化剂上高 46.3%, 比 TP 催化剂上高 9.3%. 采用 X 射线衍射、微分热重分析、红外光谱、N₂ 吸附-脱附、程序升温还原及 N₂O 滴定等方法表征了催化剂. 结果表明, FP 催化剂前驱体中 (Cu,Zn)₂CO₃(OH)₂ 和 (Zn,Cu)₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆ 两种高活性物相较多, 而 (Cu,Zn)₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃•4H₂O 物相较少, 焙烧后形成了较多的 CuO-ZnO 固溶体, 同时形成了较多的碳酸盐, 因而催化活性更高.     

金属改性P/HZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇芳构化

以P/HZSM-5分子筛为基础, 通过浸渍法制备了Cr、Co、Cu、Zn等金属改性的M-P/HZSM-5分子筛. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 比表面积(BET)和氨气程序升温(NH₃-TPD)等方法对其进行了表征, 并考察了其催化乙醇芳构化的活性. 结果表明, 改性后的ZSM-5分子筛保持原有的骨架结构, 但比表面积降低, 酸性分布发生变化; Cu-P/HZSM-5分子筛有较高催化活性. P和Cu的负载量分别为3%和5%, 先浸渍P再浸渍Cu, 反应温度400 °C, 质量空速(WHSV)为1.0 h^-1时轻质芳烃(BTX)收率可达到57.6%.     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thermochemical study of aliphatic and phenyl-substituted geminal diacetates

The standard enthalpies of combustion _c H ^o of aliphatic diacetates1 and aromatic diacetates2 were measured calorimetrically. The enthalpies of vaporization _vap H ^o or sublimation _sub H ^o of1 and2 were obtained from the temperature function of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. From _f H ^o(g) of1 and2 new values of group increments for the estimation of standard enthalpies of formation of these classes of compounds were derived. The geminal interaction energy between the geminal acyloxy groups shows no anomeric stabilization.Geminal Substituent Effects, Part 12, for part 11 see Ref. 7.     

钾明矾溶液水解度计算公式

根据盐类水解关系式和水的离子积计算公式,建立了计算盐类水解度和水解产物离解常数的完全方程式。计算值同实验值比较,钾明矾溶液水解度平均偏差为0.6％,离解常数pK_b=11.6±0.1,水的离子积pK_w平均偏差小于0.06,从而改进了苏联的计算公式。     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。