镀金石英砂吸附大气中痕量汞的直接测定方法

采用镀金石英砂来富集大气中的气态总汞,AMA(advanced m ercury analyzer)254测汞仪测定。结果表明,不同采样时间下的单级吸附管的吸附效率均在90%以上,采样40 m in时的相对标准偏差为5%左右。与巯基棉吸附及吸收液吸收方法的对比显示该方法具有吸收效果好、多次采样的精密度高、操作简便并且可以再生重复使用等优点。运用该法对上海徐家汇等几个地点的大气总汞进行了测定。     

KMnO4溶液改性半焦对烟气中气态Hg0的吸附性能研究

在小型固定床实验台上利用半焦及其KMnO₄溶液改性样品进行气态Hg⁰吸附实验。结果表明,在低温时原料半焦对气态Hg⁰具有良好的吸附性能,升温则使其吸附性能迅速降低;经高锰酸钾溶液浸渍处理后,改性半焦在高温140 ℃时吸附性能明显提高,对浸渍样品在250 ℃进行热处理可使其吸附性能进一步提高。BET结果表明,原料半焦具有较发达的微孔结构,改性处理使微孔比例下降,孔隙结构发达程度降低;XPS测试表明,改性半焦表面的汞主要以氧化态(Hg²⁺)形式存在,高价锰化合物(KMnO₄、K₂MnO₄、MnO₂)是主要的氧化活性物质。     

海水中溶解态硝酸盐的氮同位素分析的预处理方法

建立了一套适合海水中溶解态硝酸盐的氮同位素分析的预处理方法.以蒸馏为基础,先去除海水样品中的NO-2-N和NH+4-N,然后加入达氏合金将海水样品中的NO-3-N还原为NH+4-N,并通过蒸馏富集,馏出液用沸石吸附后,经过滤等步骤,送入同位素质谱仪检测15N.研究了预处理过程中的蒸馏条件、盐度影响、沸石吸附效率以及大体积水样预处理方法的改进等.结果表明,每300 mL水样中加入0.5 g达氏合金在强碱性条件下蒸馏30 min,氮回收率平均可达(104.9±4.2)%(n=6);当盐度从0%增加至0.5%时,同位素分馏程度迅速减小盐度再增大时(1%～3.5%),同位素分馏变化不明显.沸石对铵氮的平均吸附率较高,约为(95.96±1.08)%(n=6);处理大体积水样时多次蒸馏并改进了馏出液的收集方式,实验效果较好.应用此方法对长江口海域水样进行了分析,结果表明,这一方法可以应用于海水中溶解态硝酸盐的氮同位素分析,为海水中溶解态氮的来源问题及循环机理研究等提供了有效信息.     

粉煤灰物化性质对单质汞吸附性能的影响

在固定床实验台上考察了三种不同来源粉煤灰对单质汞的吸附性能,采用X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、激光粒度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜等对不同粉煤灰的物化性质进行了表征,并探讨了物化性质对汞吸附性能的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰对汞的吸附包括物理吸附和化学吸附;粉煤灰中未燃尽碳是影响粉煤灰汞吸附性能的重要因素之一,其中,表面C元素与Ti、Si等元素(M)相互作用形成的"C-M"化学键促进了单质汞的氧化,同时粉煤灰中含有的无机化合物Fe₂O₃等也对单质汞的氧化有促进作用;增大比表面积和减小孔径,及适中的颗粒粒径均有利于提高粉煤灰单质汞吸附性能。     

氧化-吹扫-金柱捕集-(双柱)热脱附-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定液体和固态样品中痕量汞同位素含量

建立了液体和固态环境样品中痕量Hg同位素的氧化-吹扫-金柱捕集-热脱附-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定法。样品采用美国环保局(USEPA)1631方法预处理,气液分离降低基底干扰,金柱富集提高灵敏度;将Hg蒸气直接引入ICP-MS,利用ICP-MS的分辨能力,测定Hg同位素。198 Hg和201 Hg的检测限分别为0.07、0.11ng/L;土壤、沉积物和生物等固体样品中198 Hg和201 Hg的检测限分别为0.15、0.20ng/g。在最佳条件下,连续7次测定198 Hg和201 Hg基底加标水样,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均为7.0%,同位素比值(201 Hg/198 Hg)的内精度为0.26%(I RSD)。痕量198 Hg和201 Hg海水样基底加标回收率分别为98.3%～116.0%、92.4%～109.4%,生物样198 Hg和201 Hg的基底加标回收率分别为88.4%～106.7%、79.7%～88.0%。与标准参考溶液198 Hg和201 Hg的相对偏差分别为-0.15%、-0.09%。对于褶牡蛎的同位素组成分析,2次测定同位素比值(201 Hg/198 Hg)与自然界Hg同位素比理论值的相对偏差分别为0.4‰、-6.0‰。该方法成功用于标准参考样品和实际生物样品的同位素组成分析,并可成为Hg迁移和转化示踪实验的分析技术手段。     

直接进样-冷原子吸收分光光度法测定大气颗粒物中汞的含量

<正>大气中汞的来源主要有自然源和人为源,自然源包括土壤、水体、植被、森林火灾、火山爆发等,人为源包括化石燃料燃烧、金属冶炼、水泥制造等^[1-2]。据统计,全球每年向大气中排放汞的总量为5 000 t, 其中4 000 t来自人为排放。大气中的汞可以通过皮肤和呼吸进入人体,并且对神经系统造成危害^[3]。大气中的汞按照物理化学特性分类,一般可被分为气态元素汞、活性气态汞和颗粒态汞3种形态。     

吹扫捕集-原子荧光光谱与同位素稀释质谱法结合测定海水中痕量汞

建立了吹扫捕集-原子荧光光谱,结合同位素稀释质谱法测定海水中痕量汞的高准确度的分析方法,以HNO_3消解样品,通过吹扫捕集、金柱吸附的方式实现痕量汞与高盐基体的分离并进一步富集,与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用,采用同位素稀释质谱法进行准确测定。对影响样品准确测定结果的消解用HNO_3体积、消解时间、SnCl_2用量、基体影响、本底控制等因素进行了选择和优化。吹扫捕集-同位素稀释质谱法的检出限为3.7 pg/g。在优化的条件下,分别对国际比对海水样品和采自渤海、舟山岛附近海水中的总汞含量进行了6次测定,国际比对样品海水测定结果的相对标准偏差为4.11%。在30 pg/g和50 pg/g加标水平上,海水样品的加标回收率分别为98.1%和104%。以国际比对海水样品测定为例进行了不确定度评定,测定结果的扩展不确定度5%(k=2),为常规海水和国际比对、海水标准物质等样品中痕量汞的高准确度测定提供了有力的技术手段。     

氧瓶燃烧法测定煤中痕量汞的改进

在氧瓶中采用镍铬电炉丝加热燃烧煤样,燃烧过程中形成的汞蒸气被酸性高锰酸钾溶液吸收并氧化成汞离子,经还原后用流动注射-氢化物发生冷原子吸收法测定。方法的相对标准偏差4.8%,相关系数0.999 7,回收率在91.4%~97.3%间,此方法特别适用于批量样品常规分析。     

改性SCR催化剂对单质汞氧化性能的研究

在模拟SCR反应器烟气组分下,考察了过渡金属改性掺杂对SCR催化剂单质汞(Hg0)氧化性能的影响。采用N2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂理化性能进行表征。结果表明,金属改性掺杂减小了催化剂的比表面积和总孔容,但对催化剂的孔径分布没有太大的影响。XRD谱图中出现了微弱的过渡金属氧化物衍射峰。8%Ce/SCR和8%Cu/SCR催化剂表现出了相对稳定和高效的Hg~0氧化效率,而8%Co/SCR催化剂Hg~0氧化效率受温度影响较大。金属改性掺杂的催化剂在低NH_3和NO烟气组分中表现出较好的Hg~0氧化效率,当烟气组分中存在HCl时,促进更加明显;而当催化剂在高NH3和NO烟气组分条件下,即使有HCl的存在对Hg~0氧化效率影响也不大。     

聚苯胺及其复合物对重金属离子的高效吸附性能

基于国外最新文献,系统总结了近年来聚苯胺及其复合物的制备方法及其重金属离子吸附性能,重点分析了吸附性能特征,指出聚苯胺及其复合物具有吸附下限浓度低、达到吸附平衡快以及解吸附性能优异等特点.填充有聚苯胺颗粒的吸附柱在动态处理初始浓度为83 ng/L的汞离子溶液时,经一次吸附与解吸循环操作后,汞离子的富集倍数可达120倍.应用于冷原子吸收光谱的待测样品的浓缩与富集,可以将汞的测试下限拓展到0.05 ng/L.聚苯胺及其复合物在痕量重金属离子的高效富集与灵敏探测等方面展示了广阔的应用前景.     

Spectrofluorometric method for determination of the total mercury content in environmental samples — Waste waters

A highly selective spectrofluorometric method for the determination of total mercury (Hg) in waste waters is described. Fluorescence quenching of rhodamine B with Hg(II) in the presence of iodide, after a concentration step, is the basis of this sensitive method. All forms of mercury, including organic compounds, are pre-oxidized to ionic mercury by acidic potassium permanganate. The final and complete oxidation is achieved by adding potassium persulphate and heating. Hg(II) was reduced by tin(II) chloride and Hg vapour driven by an air stream into an absorption solution containing potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid, using a closed, recirculating air stream. In this solution fluorescence quenching of rhodamine B at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of 586 nm was measured. The recoveries were done by adding 3.0 g Hg/100 ml to each sample before the digestion. It was indicated that the recoveries for determining mercury in waste waters were 98.3%–102.7%. The method gives reliable results down to a concentration of 10 ng Hg/ml waste water.     

The determination of total mercury in biological tissues by a modified potassium permanganate procedure.

A simple cold-tube atomic absorption method with a silver-mercury amalgam trap and potassium permanganate as oxidizing agent is described for the determination of total mercury in tissue homogenates. Results are presented for animals fed inorganic (HgCl₂) and organic (CH₃HgOH) mercury orally at a level of 1 mg Hg kg^?1. Data are presented which compare potassium permanganate oxidation of tissue homogenates with whole tissue analysed by cold-tube atomic absorption after digestion with acid, or by neutron activation. For kidney tissue there is good agreement between all three methods for animals fed inorganic and organic mercury. For liver, however, homogenization produced an average loss of about 50 % of the mercury in rats fed mercury(II) chloride. Factors such as adsorption of mercury on sample container walls, bacterial action on the tissue and inadvertent introduction of reducing agents which could reduce the mercury to its elemental state, are not significant. Despite the loss of mercury in the liver by homogenization, rank ordering of mercury values for potassium permanganate—homogenate versus direct neutron activation analyses was essentially the same.     

A rapid,simple method for the determination of total mercury in fish and hair by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry

Fuming nitric acid and acidified potassium permanganate are used to pre-digest fish or hair samples in Pyrex culture tubes. Cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry is used to detect the elemental mercury which is generated by reduction in a syringe. The absolute detection limit of the method is 0.66 ng Hg, and at levels of 0.14 and 0.60 parts per million (ppm) the standard deviations are ± 0.009 and ±0.008 ppm, respectively. One person can handle batches of 50–100 samples per day including standards and blanks.     

Comparison of methods for particulate phase mercury analysis: sampling and analysis

Accurate and reliable sampling and analysis of mercury forms is an overriding aim of any atmospheric monitoring effort which seeks to understand the fate and transport of the metal in the environment. Although a fraction of the total mercury forms found in the atmosphere, particulate phase mercury, Hg(p), is believed to play a prominent role in both wet and dry deposition to the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Currently, microwave acid extraction and thermoreductive methodologies for analysis of Hg(p) samples are widely used. We report on the potential for the use of a thermoreductive method for Hg(p) analysis to evaluate and optimize it for use in routine monitoring networks. Pre-baked quartz filters can be placed in particulate samplers with well-characterized size cuts, such as dichotomous samplers and microoriface impactors. The thermoreductive methodology facilitates rapid analysis after sample collection. It requires no chemical extraction thereby eliminating the potential for contamination and generation of hazardous waste. Our results indicate that, on average, the thermoreductive method yields 30% lower values for fine fraction Hg(p) when compared with microwave acid digestion. This may be due to matrix interferents that reduce the collection efficiency of mercury onto gold preconcentration traps. Results for total particulate mercury samples indicate that on average the thermoreductive method yields 56% lower values for the coarse fraction when compared with microwave acid digestion.Experiments were also conducted in Detroit, MI, USA to investigate whether elevated reactive gaseous mercury (Hg(2+)(g)) in an urban environment can lead to an artifact during the collection of filters for Hg(p) analysis. Our results indicate a significantly higher amount of Hg(p) collected onto a filter using the conventional methodology as compared to a filter collected downstream of KCl-coated annular denuders in the absence of Hg(2+)(g). These results point to the presence of Hg(2+)(g) as an artifact during Hg(p) measurement. These results indicate that a denuder must be utilized upstream of a filter for Hg(p) collection to prevent significant Hg(2+)(g) artifact formation.     

Direct determination of mercury in cosmetic samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after dissolution with formic acid

A new method was proposed for the accurate determination of mercury in cosmetic samples based on isotopic dilution (ID)-photochemical vapor generation (PVG)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) measurement. Cosmetic samples were directly dissolved in formic acid solution and subsequently subjected to PVG for the reduction of mercury into vapor species following by ICP MS detection. Therefore, the risks of analyte contamination and loss were avoided. Highly enriched ²⁰¹Hg isotopic spike is added to cosmetics and the isotope ratios of ²⁰¹Hg/²⁰²Hg were measured for the quantitation of mercury. With ID calibration, the influences originating from sample matrixes for the determination of mercury in cosmetic samples have been efficiently eliminated. The effects of several experimental parameters, such as the concentration of the formic acid, and the flow rates of carrier gas and sample were investigated. The method provided good reproducibility and the detection limits were found to be 0.6 pg mL⁻¹. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of mercury in six cosmetic samples and a spike test was performed to verify the accuracy of the method.     

Potentiometric stripping analysis for mercury after preconcentration in a potassium permanganate trap

Water samples of total volume 0.5–5 l, containing mercury in the range 0.05–5 μg l^-1 are oxidized with excess of potassium permanganate and then reduced with tin(II) chloride. The mercury is transferred to 5–10 ml of a dilute potassium permanganate trap solution by cycling air through the sample and the trap solution. The mercury(II) content of the trap solution is determined by potentiometric stripping analysis. The accuracy, precision and detection limit of the technique are discussed.     

Noble metals as permanent chemical modifiers for the determination of mercury in environmental reference materials using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and calibration against aqueous standards

Iridium, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, thermally deposited on the platform, were investigated as permanent modifiers for the determination of mercury in ash, sludge, marine and river sediment reference materials, ground to a particle size of 50 μm, using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. A total mass of 250 μg of each modifier was applied using 25 injections of 20 μl of modifier solution (500 mg l⁻¹), and executing a temperature program for modifier conditioning after each injection. The performance of palladium was found to be most consistent, taking the characteristic mass as the major criterion, resulting in an excellent correlation between the measured integrated absorbance values and the certified mercury contents. Mercury was found to be lost in part from aqueous solutions during the drying stage in the presence of all the investigated permanent modifiers, as well as in the presence of the palladium and magnesium nitrates modifier added in solution. A loss-free determination of mercury in aqueous solutions could be reached only after the addition of potassium permanganate, which finally made possible the use of aqueous standards for the direct analysis of solid samples. A characteristic mass of 55–60 pg Hg was obtained for the solid samples, using Pd as a permanent modifier, and also in aqueous solutions after the addition of permanganate. The results obtained for mercury in ash, sludge and sediment reference materials, using direct solid sapling and calibration against aqueous standards, as well as the detection limit of 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ were satisfactory for a routine procedure.     

Determination of the purity of methyl nitrite

The purity of methyl nitrite prepared by the esterification of methanol with aqueous nitrous acid was determined by absorbing gaseous samples in solutions of acidic potassium permanganate and hydriodic acid. Nitrate formed in the oxidation reaction was determined by steam distillation, and iodomethane formed in hydriodic acid was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The method was used to evaluate purification procedures.     

Flow-through stripping chronopotentiometry for the monitoring of mercury in waste waters

A simple method for the determination of total mercury in waste waters is described. It makes use of a flow system incorporating a wall-jet cell equipped with a gold working electrode. The untreated sample is mixed on-line with the acidic carrier electrolyte which contains potassium permanganate and transforms the various species of mercury, especially elementary Hg, to Hg(II). The pre-treated solution enters the cell where mercury is deposited on the gold electrode. In the next step the deposit is stripped at constant current and the time corresponding to the dissolution of the deposit is obtained from the chronopotentiometric signal. The method enables it to determine and monitor Hg in the concentration range of 1 to 1000 μg/L in 5 min intervals. Received: 20 October 1997 / Revised: 23 December 1997 / Accepted: 30 December 1997     

Flow-through stripping chronopotentiometry for the monitoring of mercury in waste waters

A simple method for the determination of total mercury in waste waters is described. It makes use of a flow system incorporating a wall-jet cell equipped with a gold working electrode. The untreated sample is mixed on-line with the acidic carrier electrolyte which contains potassium permanganate and transforms the various species of mercury, especially elementary Hg, to Hg(II). The pre-treated solution enters the cell where mercury is deposited on the gold electrode. In the next step the deposit is stripped at constant current and the time corresponding to the dissolution of the deposit is obtained from the chronopotentiometric signal. The method enables it to determine and monitor Hg in the concentration range of 1 to 1000 μg/L in 5 min intervals. Received: 20 October 1997 / Revised: 23 December 1997 / Accepted: 30 December 1997