VDF-CTFE共聚物在TATB表面吸附链构象的分子动力学模拟

采用COMPASS力场和NVT正则系综的动力学计算模拟了偏氟乙烯(PVDF)与三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)及其共聚物在1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)表面吸附能和吸附链的构象. 结果表明, 氟聚合物链与TATB表面距离小于0.8 nm时, 产生吸附放热效应. 在TATB表面, PVDF有强吸附作用, 而PCTFE的吸附能力差. 对VDF与CTFE单体摩尔比为1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3和1∶4的共聚物吸附模拟结果表明, 共聚物的组成和链的序列结构对其在TATB表面的吸附行为和吸附链构象影响很大. 单体摩尔比为1∶2的交替共聚物链的吸附效果最佳. 随着共聚物链段中PCTFE链节的增加, 聚合物链的刚性增大, 在TATB表面吸附能力逐渐下降、吸附能亦降低, 尾型(tail)或环型(loop)构象数逐渐增多.     

VDF/CTFE共聚物原子转移自由基反应法氢化制备VDF/TrFE/CTFE三元共聚物的研究

报道了一种用于偏氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物(VDF/CTFE共聚物)制备偏氟乙烯/三氟乙烯/三氟氯乙烯共聚物(VDF/TrFE/CTFE共聚物)的新方法,该方法以CuCl与2′,2-Bpy的配合物为催化剂,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,异丙苯(丙酮、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)为链转移剂,通过原子转移法在VDF/CTFE共聚物上产生自由基,进而利用自由基链转移反应将VDF/CTFE共聚物上部分Cl原子用H原子取代以制备VDF/TrFE/CTFE三元共聚物.对该体系的反应机理及其影响因素进行研究发现,随着实验温度的升高(80～140℃),反应时间的延长,氢化量增加,产物中TrFE含量增加;反应温度越高,初始反应速度越快,完全氢化时间越短;催化剂与氢化量的比例基本为1:1,通过控制催化剂的量可以定量控制氢化率;新的反应体系不会对产物的分子量产生大的影响.     

疏水高分子单链在疏水表面上吸附和扩散过程的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究不同聚合度(N)的聚乙烯(PE)单链在Si(111)表面上的吸附和扩散行为. 分别设置相对介电常数为1和78模拟无溶剂和不良溶剂环境. PE单链的平衡吸附构象均呈现为二维吸附构象, 但在这两种截然不同的环境中呈现不同的构象和动力学特征, 说明溶剂环境对于疏水高分子单链在疏水表面上的吸附和扩散起到了很大的作用. 吸附能与聚合度呈线性关系, 单位链长的平均吸附能是-0.38 kJ·mol^-1. 另外, 扩散系数(D)与聚合度之间的标度关系是D~N^-3/2.     

Py-GC/MS在VDF/CTFE共聚物链段结构和其裂解机理研究上的应用

用高分辨裂解气相色谱 质谱联用技术 (Py GC/MS)分析了VDF/CTFE(1∶4)链段结构和裂解机理。通过对实验条件的选择 ,找出了一套适合于VDF/CTFE(1∶4)共聚物的实验操作条件 ,且表明在此条件下所得的裂解谱图的重现性非常好。讨论了该共聚物具有无序的链段结构特征 ;确定此共聚物裂解机理为解聚断裂生成单体 ,还伴随有主链断裂形成低聚物     

Py—GC／MS在VDF／CTF共聚物链段结构和其裂解机理研究上的应用

用高分辨裂解气相色谱－质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）分析了VDF／CTFE（1：4）链段结构和裂解机理。通过对实验条件的选择,找出了一套适合于VDF／CTFE（1：4）共聚物的实验操作条件,且表明在此条件下所得的裂解谱图的重现性非常好。讨论了该共聚物具有无序的链段结构特征;确定此共聚物裂解机理为解聚断裂生成单体,还伴随有主链断裂形成低聚物。     

反相气相色谱法研究1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯的表面特性

采用反相气相色谱技术(IGC)研究了4种不同粒度的1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)的表面性质。4种不同粒度的TATB表面自由能的色散分量（γds）随着温度的升高而增加;粒度越大的粒子,其色散自由能上升越快;在较高温度下,粗颗粒TATB显示了更强的色散作用(γds=193.2 mJ/m2,353 K),粒度最小的亚微米TATB显示了最弱的色散作用(γds=64.0 mJ/m2,353 K)。由于制备方法不同和粒子大小的差异,4种TATB的表面酸碱性质显示了明显的差别,细颗粒TATB表面有较强的亲电子特性;而其他3种TATB在极性探针分子的作用下的吸附均表现为吸热吸附,表现出在分子内和分子间具有强烈的相互作用,其Ka和Kb值均为负。     

HMX/TATB复合材料弹性性能的MD模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法COMPASS力场, 分别在正则系综(NVT)和等温等压系综(NPT)下, 模拟计算了著名常用高能炸药HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)与著名钝感炸药TATB (1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6三硝基苯)所构成的混合体系在室温时的弹性性能和结合能. 结果表明, 在NVT和NPT两种系综下模拟所得结果呈平行一致的趋势; 与纯HMX相比, HMX/TATB复合材料的拉伸模量、体模量和剪切模量均有所下降; 在NVT系综下, 还完成了HMX/TATB混合体系的不同温度的MD模拟. 发现当温度在245～345 K范围时, 体系的刚性和弹性变化很小; 但当温度达到395 K时, 材料的刚性减弱, 柔性增强.     

PEO-PPO聚醚嵌段共聚物的表面活性及其在溶液界面的结构

利用和频振动光谱及表面张力测定技术对两亲性聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯(PEO-PPO)表面活性剂的表面活性及溶液界面结构进行了研究。结果表明:疏水PPO链段在溶液界面吸附并紧密排列是溶液表面张力降低的主要原因。增加溶液浓度、增大共聚物链内PPO与PEO聚合度比值可增加高分子链在界面的吸附,并使PPO在界面紧密排列,侧基(甲基)有序取向。另外,PPO在分子链中的位置也对这一行为产生影响,PPO位于分子链两端时的结构更有利于PPO在表面紧密堆积,降低界面高分子链间相互作用,减小溶液表面张力。     

TATB固体与表面吸附水的相互作用研究

TATB（1，3，5-三氨基-2，4，6-三硝基苯）是最著名的耐热钝感炸药；水在 TATB表面的吸附作用研究具有理论和实用双重意义。在B3LYP/6-31G~（**）水平上 ，在对TATB晶体（001）表面作周期性计算的基础上经基组叠加误差（BSSE）校正 ，求得TATB的表面能为-19.90 kJ·mol~(-1)，与实验值良好相符；首次求得水在 TATB（001）面的吸附能为-10.25kJ·mol~(-1)；重点讨论了吸附前后能带和电子 结构的变化。     

三氟氯乙烯与甲基异丙烯基醚的光诱导共聚反应

氟聚合物综合性能优异,在诸多领域发挥了重要作用.三氟氯乙烯(chlorotrifluoroethylene,CTFE)与乙烯基醚共聚物被用于高性能涂料,但其较低的玻璃化转变温度对应用场景带来了局限.在本工作中,发展了CTFE与甲基异丙烯基醚(methyl isopropenyl ether, MIE)的光照自由基共聚反应,在室温常压条件下合成了全新化学结构的氟烯烃与烯基醚共聚物.聚合反应过程符合一级动力学与交替共聚特征,通过控制链转移剂用量与MIE转化率可合成不同分子量的共聚物,表明该聚合反应具备一定的可控性,但共聚物分子量分布较宽、链末端保真度有限.在此基础上,本工作首次揭示了CTFE-MIE共聚物比CTFE-乙烯基乙醚共聚物的玻璃化转变温度提高了近50℃,有助于进一步开发高性能氟聚合物材料.     

Synthesis of functional polymers—Vinylidene fluoride based fluorinated copolymers and terpolymers bearing bromoaromatic side‐group

The radical co‐ and terpolymerization of 4‐[(α,β,β‐trifluorovinyl)oxy]bromo benzene (TFVOBB) with 1,1‐difluoroethylene (or vinylidene fluoride, VDF, or VF₂), hexafluoropropene (HFP), perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE), and chlorotrifluroroethylene (CTFE) is presented. Although TFVOBB could be thermocyclodimerized, it could not homopolymerize under radical initiation. TFVOBB could be copolymerized in solution under a radical initiator with VDF or CTFE comonomers, while its copolymerization with HFP or PMVE were unsuccessful. The terpolymerization of TFVOBB with VDF and HFP, or VDF and PMVE, or VDF and CTFE also led to original fluorinated terpolymers bearing bromoaromatic side‐groups. The conditions of co‐ and terpolymerization were optimized in terms of the nature of the radical initiators, and of the nature of solvents (fluorinated or nonhalogenated). Various monomer concentrations in the co‐ and terpolymers were assessed by ¹⁹F and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The thermal and physico chemical properties were also studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5077–5097, 2004     

Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene)‐graft‐poly(styrene sulfonic acid)

Graft copolymers comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) backbone and poly(styrene sulfonic acid) side chains, i.e. P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐PSSA were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Direct initiation of the secondary chlorinated site of CTFE units facilitates grafting of PSSA, as revealed by FT‐IR spectroscopy. The successful “grafting from” method and the microphase‐separated structure of the graft copolymer were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) also showed the decrease in the crystallinity of P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) upon graft copolymerization. Composite NF membranes were prepared from P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐PSSA as a top layer coated onto P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) ultrafiltration support membrane. Both the rejections and the flux of composite membranes increased with increasing PSSA concentration due to the increase in SO₃H groups and membrane hydrophilicity, as supported by contact angle measurement. The rejections of NF membranes containing 47 wt% of PSSA were 83% for Na₂SO₄ and 28% for NaCl, and the solution flux were 18 and 32 L/m² hr, respectively, at 0.3 MPa pressure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and characterization of grafted/crosslinked proton conducting membranes based on amphiphilic PVDF copolymer

A novel graft copolymer consisting of a poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) backbone and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) side chains, that is, P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐PGMA, was synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using CTFE units as a macroinitiator. Successful synthesis and microphase‐separated structure of the polymer were confirmed by ¹H NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and TEM. As‐synthesized P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐PGMA copolymer was sulfonated by sodium bisulfite, followed by thermal crosslinking with sulfosuccinic acid (SA) via the esterification to produce grafted/crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes. The IEC values continuously increased with increasing SA content but water uptake increased with SA content up to 10 wt %, above which it decreased again as a result of competitive effect between crosslinking and hydrophilicity of membranes. At 20 wt % of SA content, the proton conductivity reached 0.057 and 0.11 S/cm at 20 and 80 °C, respectively. The grafted/crosslinked P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐PGMA/SA membranes exhibited good mechanical properties (>400 MPa of Young's modulus) and high thermal stability (up to 300 °C), as determined by a universal testing machine (UTM) and TGA, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1110–1117, 2010     

Fluorinated copolymers and terpolymers based on vinylidene fluoride and bearing sulfonic acid side‐group

The radical co‐ and terpolymerization of perfluoro(4‐methyl‐3,6‐dioxaoct‐7‐ene) sulfonyl fluoride (PFSVE) with 1,1‐difluoroethylene (or vinylidene fluoride, VDF or VF₂), hexafluoropropene (HFP), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), and bromotrifluoroethylene (BrTFE) is presented. Although PFSVE could not homopolymerize under radical initiation, it could be copolymerized in solution under a radical initiator with VDF, while its copolymerizations with HFP or CTFE led to oligomers in low yields. The terpolymerizations of PFSVE with VDF and HFP, with VDF and CTFE, or with VDF and BrTFE also led to original fluorinated terpolymers bearing sulfonyl fluoride side‐groups. The conditions of co‐ and terpolymerization were optimized in terms of the nature and the amount of the radical initiators, of the nature of solvents (fluorinated or nonhalogenated), and of the initial amounts of fluorinated comonomers. The different mol % contents of comonomers in the co‐ and terpolymers were assessed by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. A wide range of co‐ and terpolymers containing mol % of PFSVE functional monomer ranging from 10 to 70% was produced. The kinetics of copolymerization of VDF with PFSVE enabled to assess the reactivity ratios of both comonomers: r_VDF = 0.57 ± 0.15 and r_PFSVE = 0.07 ± 0.04 at 120 °C. The thermal and physicochemical properties were also studied. Moreover, the glass transition temperatures (T_gs) of poly(VDF‐co‐PFSVE) copolymers containing different amounts of VDF and PFSVE were determined and the theoretical T_g of poly(PFSVE) homopolymer was deduced. Then, the hydrolysis of the ? SO₂F into ? SO₃H function was investigated and enabled the synthesis of fluorinated copolymers bearing sulfonic acid functions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1814–1834, 2007     

Cu(0)/2,6‐bis(imino)pyridines catalyzed single‐electron transfer‐living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene)

A series of 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridines, as common ligands for late transition metal catalyst in ethylene coordination polymerization, were successfully employed in single‐electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by using poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)) as macroinitiator with low concentration of copper catalyst under relative mild‐reaction conditions. Well‐controlled polymerization features were observed under varied reaction conditions including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, as well as monomer amount in feed. The typical side reactions including the chain‐transfer reaction and dehydrochlorination reaction happened on P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) in atom‐transfer radical polymerization process were avoided in current system. The relationship between the catalytic activity and the chemical structure of 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridine ligands was investigated by comparing both the electrochemical properties of Cu(II)/2,6‐bis(imino)pyridine and the kinetic results of SET‐LRP of MMA catalyzed with different ligands. The substitute groups onto N‐binding sites with proper steric bulk and electron donating are desirable for both high‐propagation reaction rate and C? Cl bonds activation capability on P(VDF‐co‐CTFE). The catalytic activity of Cu(0)/2,6‐bis(imino)pyridines is comparable with Cu(0)/2,2′‐bipyridine under the consistent reaction conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4378–4388     

Antifouling poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes containing amphiphilic comb polymer additive

An amphiphilic comb polymer consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)] main chains and poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM) side chains was synthesized using direct initiation of the chlorine atoms in CTFE units through atom transfer radical polymerization, as confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐POEM comb polymer was introduced as an additive to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride) antifouling ultrafiltration membranes. As the contents of comb polymer increased, the mechanical properties of membranes slightly decreased due to the decreased crystallinity of the membranes, as revealed by universal testing machine and X‐ray diffraction. However, water contact angle measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the hydrophilic POEM segments spontaneously segregated on the membrane surfaces. As a result, the antifouling property of the membranes containing P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐POEM comb polymer was considerably improved with a slight change of water flux. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 183–189, 2010     

Proton conducting grafted/crosslinked membranes prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer

Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)) backbone was grafted with crosslinkable chains of poly(hydroxyl ethyl acrylate) (PHEA) and proton conducting chains of poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) to produce amphiphilic P(VDF‐co‐CTFE)‐g‐P(HEA‐co‐SSA) graft copolymer via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Successful synthesis and microphase‐separated structure of the copolymer were confirmed by ¹H NMR, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and TEM analysis. Furthermore, this graft copolymer was thermally crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid (SA) to produce grafted/crosslinked membranes. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) increased continuously with increasing SA contents but the water uptake increased up to 6 wt% of SA concentration, above which it decreased monotonically. The membrane also exhibited a maximum proton conductivity of 0.062 S/cm at 6 wt% of SA concentration, resulting from competitive effect between the increase of ionic groups and the degree of crosslinking. XRD patterns also revealed that the crystalline structures of P(VDF‐co‐CTFE) disrupted upon graft polymerization and crosslinking. These membranes exhibited good thermal stability at least up to 250°C, as revealed by TGA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.