Carbohydrate Phosphorylation with Phosphoric Acid,Polyphosphoric Acid,Pyrophosphoric Acid,and Anhydrous Phosphoric Acid

Abstract

Pyrophosphoric acid was first reported as a phosphorylating agent for highmolecular weight alcohols in 1934¹. Direct phosphorylating of sugars and sugar derivatives was first carried out by Cherbuliez² who used polyphosphoric acid on alcohols, amines and glycols. These precedents suggested to Seegmiller and Horecker in 1951³ to try tetraphosphoric (polyphosphoric) acid, as supplied by commercs, as the phosphorylating agent of carbohydrate phosphorylation. Carbohydrates can be phosphorylated when all but one of the positions is blocked by suitable protective groups, or, on rare occasions, in the unblocked, “natural” stata.? The latter method can be used only on terminal, C₅ or C₆ positions as the 5-phosphates of pentoses and the 6-phosphates of hexoses are more stable at low pH than other phosphates and can withstand an acidic hydrolysis of the mixture of phosphorylated sugars resulting from such phosphorylation. For the phosphorylation of easily available, cheap pentoses and hexoses in the 5- and 6-positions respectively, with cheap polyphosphoric acid, this is the method of choice.     

肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸酸盐体系的振动光谱研究

报道了肉豆蔻酸和榈酸酸盐体系的振动光谱，结果表明，脂肪酸与其碱金属盐之间通过氢键和羧基配位形成酸盐络合物。酸盐体系中氢键具有不同于普通氢键的性质，本文结合振动光谱讨论了酸盐的结构和氢键性质。     

离子色谱法测定乙醛酸中的顺丁烯二酸和乙二酸

采用抑制电导离子色谱法测定高浓度乙醛酸基体中痕量的顺丁烯二酸和乙二酸。将乙醛酸样品稀释至1 000倍体积后,采用高浓度的淋洗液,以高容量色谱柱对样品进行分析。实验结果表明,顺丁烯二酸和乙二酸最低检出限分别为12.7,19.6μg/L,重现性(n=5)分别为1.13%,1.11%,回收率分别为97.9%,94.7%。该方法具有较高的灵敏度,适用于乙醛酸的例行检测。     

电堆集富集非水毛细管电泳同时测定水杨酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸

建立了同时分离测定水杨酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸的电堆集富集-非水毛细管电泳(NACE)的新方法。运行缓冲溶液为40mmol/L乙酸钠-2.5mmol/L氢氧化钠甲醇溶液,电压-25kV,在225nm波长下紫外检测。对电压、乙酸钠浓度、氢氧化钠浓度、进样时间、样品溶液等因素对电堆集及分离的影响做了系统的研究。水杨酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸分别在1.4~28mg/L、0.40~8.0mg/L、0.7~18mg/L和0.7~30mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999、r=0.9997、r=0.9994、r=0.9997);回收率分别为95.8~99.6%、96.2~98·2%、95.7~105%和98.9~103%,基于3倍信噪比(S/N=3),4种有机酸的检出限分别为0.069、0.051、0.107和0.089mg/L。     

Bromine-Catalyzed Isomerization of Maleic Acid to Fumaric Acid

The presence of small amounts of ceric and bromide ions in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution of maleic acid can catalyze the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid rapidly and quantitatively at room temperature. A qualitative kinetic study was carried out to see how the rate and the yield of this reaction depend on the relative amounts of maleic acid, ceric ion, and bromide ion. In general, the rate increases asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration of maleic acid, ceric or bromide ion increases. Sulfuric acid has both the chemical and physical effects on the rate of isomerization. If the relative amounts of the reactants is in the order of [maleic acid]≥[Br^?]≥[Ce(IV)], a very high yield up to 98% can easily be obtained. Sulfuric acid does not have major effect on the yield. A mechanism was proposed to rationalize the experimental results.     

Mechanochemical Complexation between Deoxycholic Acid and Salicylic Acid

A complex between deoxycholic acid (DCA) and salicylic acid (SA) was prepared by grinding and coprecipitation methods. The resultant complex was characterized by means of powder X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The stoichiometry (DCA : SA 1 : 1) of the complex obtained by grinding was identical to that obtained by coprecipitation. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the DCA–SA complex differed from the typical pattern of DCA–guest complexes such as DCA–camphor and DCA–phenanthrene complexes. IR spectra suggested that a different kind of hydrogen bonding was formed in the crystal of the DCA–SA complex, compared with the other DCA–guest complexes. This was in good agreement with data from the crystal structure.     

非标记电化学DNA杂交指示剂

电化学DNA杂交检测技术因其快速、灵敏、低消耗和易于操作等优点而在临床医学、环境监测和药物分析等领域受到普遍关注。电化学DNA杂交指示剂是DNA电化学杂交传感器的重要组成部分,能与单链DNA和双链DNA通过不同的模式和作用力进行差异性结合。本文介绍了电化学杂交指示剂的定义及其在DNA电化学传感器中的重要性,根据分子结构上的特征差异,将非标记型电化学杂交指示剂分为有机染料（荧光素）、药物分子和金属配合物三类,并从中选取了各个类型中具有代表性的指示剂对它们的工作原理、研究进展和应用现状进行了比较和评述。对杂交指示剂的设计和开发前景,特别是满足基因芯片应用等方面做出了展望。     

Cyclotrimethylenetriphosphinic Acid

The cyclotrimethylenetriphosphinic acid ( 1 ), isoelectronic to the cyclotriphosphoric acid, is formed in the hydrolysis of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexakis(dimethylamino)-1λ⁵,3λ⁵,5λ⁵-[1,3,5]triphosphinine. Compound 1 is stable to acids and bases. On heating for a longer period of time in D₂O each of the three methylene groups is monodeuterated.     

酸雨

本文介绍什么是酸雨,酸雨区的分布,酸雨中的主要成分及其前体物,酸雨的形成、输送和危害,以及人类的对策。