X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法测定土壤污染样品中9种重金属元素

采用粉末压片法制样,利用理学ZSX PrimusⅡX射线荧光光谱仪,用国家标准物质土壤(GSS系列)、沉积物(GSD系列)、环境保护部标准样品研究所研制的土壤标准样品GSB Z 50011-88(黑钙土)、GSB Z 50012-88(棕壤)、GSB Z 50013-88(红壤)、GSB Z 50014-88(褐土)、湖南污染土壤标准(GBW0732729)作标准样品,建立了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法测定农业地质土壤污染物样品中的Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Co、As、Mn、V等9种重金属元素的方法,采用经验系数法校正谱线重叠干扰和基体校正。用3个土壤考核样品和环境保护部标准样品研究所研制的GSB07-3272-2015作为样品评估方法的准确度和精密度,结果符合《全国土壤污染状况详查土壤样品分析测试方法技术规定》中规定的Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Co、As、Mn、V元素检测方法质量要求。     

X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法测定土壤污染样品中9种重金属元素

采用粉末压片法制样,利用理学ZSX PrimusⅡX射线荧光光谱仪,用国家标准物质土壤(GSS系列)、沉积物(GSD系列)、环境保护部标准样品研究所研制的土壤标准样品GSB Z 50011-88(黑钙土)、GSB Z 50012-88(棕壤)、GSB Z 50013-88(红壤)、GSB Z 50014-88(褐土)、湖南污染土壤标准(GBW0732729)作标准样品,建立了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法测定农业地质土壤污染物样品中的Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Co、As、Mn、V等9种重金属元素的方法,采用经验系数法校正谱线重叠干扰和基体校正。用3个土壤考核样品和环境保护部标准样品研究所研制的GSB07-3272-2015作为样品评估方法的准确度和精密度,结果符合《全国土壤污染状况详查土壤样品分析测试方法技术规定》中规定的Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Co、As、Mn、V元素检测方法质量要求。     

不锈钢中铬的X射线荧光光谱分析

以北京钢铁研究院研制的GSB 03-2028系列不锈钢标准物质作为光谱标样,采用基本参数法校正基体效应,建立了X射线荧光光谱测定不锈钢中铬元素的方法.用该方法对标准样品进行分析,分析结果和化学法分析值相吻合,10次制样测量,测定结果的相对标准偏差约为0.14%.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定石膏中11种元素的含量

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定石膏中钠、镁、铝、硅、硫、钾、钙、钛、锰、铁、锶等11种元素的含量。样品研磨30s后压片,样片用于X射线荧光光谱分析。以GBW 03109、GBW 03110、GBW 03111、GBW 03109a、GBW 03111a、GSB 08-1352-2001、GSB 08-1352-2006、GSB 08-1352-2009等8种标准物质为基础制作校准曲线,优化了各元素的基体校正数学模型。各元素的检出限在0.001 4%~0.27%之间。对同一石膏样品平行测定10次,其相对标准偏差(n=10)在0.51%~4.0%之间。方法用于3个石膏样品的分析,所得结果与国家标准方法测定结果相符。     

高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法-标样基体匹配法测定土壤、沉积物中多种元素

高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法目前已广泛应用于地质与环境样品分析。土壤和沉积物样品基体成分复杂,干扰严重。采用际样基体匹配的方法可抵消元素间光谱干扰与样品导入及雾化有关的干扰。15种元素以标样相应元素含量值为标准,Cu、Pb、P 采用人工基体标准,于扰系数校正法消除干扰。样品用HF-HNO)3-HClO_4消解,5%盐酸介质。18种元素经多种标准样品对照分析结果满意,相对标准偏差0.42～0.84%。方法简便、可靠。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钒钛磁铁矿中的主次量元素

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定钒钛磁铁矿中铁、钛、硅、铝、锰、钒、钙、镁等8种主次量元素。样品以四硼酸锂、偏硼酸锂和氟化锂(质量比为4.5比1比0.4)为熔剂,脱模所得熔块用于X射线荧光光谱分析。以GBW 07224、GBW 07225、GBW 07227、YSBC 19701-76、GSB 03-2584-2010、YSBC 19722-2011等6种标准物质和光谱纯二氧化硅、氧化钙、氧化铝、五氧化二钒、二氧化钛为基础制作校准曲线。优化了各元素的基体校正数学模型。各元素的检出限在3.79~39.06mg·kg-1之间。对钒钛磁铁矿标准样品GBW 07225重复测定10次,测得其相对标准偏差(n=10)在0.83%~2.9%之间。方法用于钒钛磁铁矿标准样品GBW 07225,GBW 07227的分析,所得结果与认定值相符。     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定火力发电厂烟气脱硫石膏中主次量元素

建立了熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRFS)测定火力发电厂烟气脱硫石膏中9种主次量元素(以元素氧化物形式表示)的方法,并用正交试验优化了熔融制样条件。将样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂混合熔剂(质量比12∶22)按1∶8的质量比混合,加入40 g·L~(-1)溴化锂溶液0.6 mL,在自动燃气熔样机上于1 050℃熔融4.5 min,冷却脱模后即得玻璃样片,在优化的XRFS条件下测定。采用硫酸钙、氧化钙、石膏成分分析标准物质和煤灰成分分析标准物质配制的标准样品系列制作校准曲线,并用理论α系数法校正基体效应。结果显示:9种主次量元素氧化物线性相关系数均大于0.990 0,检出限为0.006 4%～0.059 9%。方法用于2个烟气脱硫石膏样品的分析,2次平行测定值的差值均小于国家标准GB/T 5484-2012规定的重复性限,且测定值和GB/T 5484-2012的基本一致。     

全自动消解电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定环境土壤中铍钡铊银

采用HNO3-HF-HCl O_4消解体系,利用全自动消解仪优化的程序消解土样,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)碰撞气流速3.0~4.0 mL/min,以7Li,~(103)Rh,~(209)Bi作为内标,通过编辑干扰元素校正方程校正质谱干扰,建立全自动消解电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤中铍、钡、铊、银4种元素的新方法。结果表明:铍、钡、铊、银校准曲线r0.999,方法检出限在0.005~0.1μg/g之间,RSD为0.19%~2.0%,加标回收率在100.0%~109.2%,该方法用GSS-13和GSS-10标准样品验证,相对误差-3.8%~1.7%,与标准值吻合。采用实验方法对松花江河岸土壤中4种元素进行测定,并用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)进行仪器比对,结果基本一致。     

分类消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定环境土壤中15种金属元素的含量

测定土壤中铍、锌、钼、铊、钛、锑等6种元素以硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸为消解体系,采用全自动消解法进行消解;测定土壤中钒、锰、钴、镍、铜、镉、钡、铅、铬等9种元素以硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸混合酸为消解体系,采用微波消解法进行消解。以氩为内标元素校正土壤基体的雾化效率及电离效率。电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)采用多向观测模式,结合多重谱线拟合技术(MSF)校正光谱干扰,测定环境土壤中上述15种元素的含量,检出限为0.1~3.7 mg·kg~(-1)。按上述方法测定标准样品GSS~(-1)0和GSS~(-1)3,各元素的测定值与认定值吻合,相对标准偏差(n=11)为0.15%~2.6%。以吉林市某河岸土壤为实际测定样品,各元素的测定值与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)的测定值一致,相对标准偏差(n=11)为1.6%~4.5%。     

土壤类标准样品的稳定性研究方法探讨

<正>土壤、沉积物等标准样品在地质、环保、农业和水利等监测系统和领域得到了广泛应用~([1-4])。稳定性是标准样品的三大基本特性之一,是确保标准样品在有效期限内量值稳定可靠的前提条件,它指的是在规定的保存和使用条件下,定值组分量值在规定时间间隔内保持在规定范围内的能力。随着土壤类标准样品研制工作由无机元素总量向元素价态和     

土壤中多种微量元素的分析方法应用研究与环境及地球化学土壤标样定值的评述

土壤中微痕量元素的分析具有重要意义。与此相关的分析方法研究及方法的可行性、适用性是前提。我们利用开展化探扫面分析中所使用的行之有效的和较成熟的方法，对地矿部颁发的8个国家级地球化学土壤标准参考样（GSS1－8）和受中国环境监测总站委托定值的4个国家级环境土壤标样（ESS1－4）进行了分析定值，经分析数据的对比证明，文中简述的分析方法准确可靠，有使用推广价值。     

An automated neutron activation procedure for screening PCB content of oil

An analytical procedure for rapidly screening large numbers of oils for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content has been developed and is now in routine use. Pontential levels of PCBs are inferred from chlorine concentrations as determined using the automated neutron activation analysis (NAA) facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Omega West Reactor. The technique is designed to screen up to 200 oil samples per eight hour working day, using a sample volume of approximately 1 milliliter. Because of the automated nature of the analysis, elements in addition to chlorine are determined, when present. These include fluorine, bromine, iodine and sulfur. U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Standard Reference Materials are routinely analyzed for quality assurance purposes. The results of our analyses of these materials for certified elements is discussed as well as results for other non-certified elements observed in the standard materials.     

The development and certification of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to assess and ensure accurate measurement of Pb in the environment

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has had a major quality-assurance role in the federal effort to reduce lead poisoning of children in the United States through its mission of ensuring the accuracy of chemical measurements. NIST certifies reference materials (standard reference materials--SRMs) that are used to benchmark measurements by secondary and field methods of analysis--to ensure that decisions of great health and economic impact are soundly based on good measurement science. Over the past 10 years, in cooperation with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), NIST has prepared and certified SRMs for lead content in soil, indoor dust, and paint. The role of these materials in meeting regulatory and abatement needs is described and their certified values are summarized.     

The development and certification of Standard Reference Materials® (SRMs) to assess and ensure accurate measurement of Pb in the environment

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has had a major quality-assurance role in the federal effort to reduce lead poisoning of children in the United States through its mission of ensuring the accuracy of chemical measurements. NIST certifies reference materials (standard reference materials – SRMs) that are used to benchmark measurements by secondary and field methods of analysis – to ensure that decisions of great health and economic impact are soundly based on good measurement science. Over the past 10 years, in cooperation with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), NIST has prepared and certified SRMs for lead content in soil, indoor dust, and paint. The role of these materials in meeting regulatory and abatement needs is described and their certified values are summarized.     

Trace analysis of explosives in soil: pressurized fluid extraction and gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Soil samples are collected from the former Open Burn/Open Detonation Unit, Makua Military Reservation, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The soil is the Helemano series. The soil samples are fortified with eight explosives for development of the analytical method. These analytes are 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene; 1,3-dinitrobenzene; 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); nitrobenzene (NB); octogen; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. The analytes are recovered with pressurized fluid extraction and measured with liquid chromatography (LC), LC-mass spectrometry (MS), and gas chromatography-MS. Average recoveries of the seven analytes, except for NB, range from 67% to 110% from freshly fortified samples. The procedure fails to extract NB in soil. The average recoveries decrease from 67-110% to 41-81% as the soil is aged for 1 day to 6 months after fortification of the soil with the seven explosives. The field samples are analyzed for the presence of explosives, of which DNT and RDX are indeed detected. The results obtained with this procedure agree well with those obtained by an independent laboratory following the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method SW-846 8330. Compared with the EPA method, this new method provides MS confirmation of the analytes, and the extraction requires approximately 15 min, rather than 18 h by the EPA method.     

High energy electron impact ionization for elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry

A method has been demonstrated in which the emission of characteristic X-rays following impact ionization by electrons of several MeV energy is used for quantitative elemental analysis. Because of the unique properties of MeV electrons with respect to their X-ray production yield and range in solids, the method has comparable sensitivity over a wide range of elements and relatively less stringent sample preparation requirements. By using energy dispersive techniques to detect the X-rays, a simultaneous determination of the weight fraction of the elements in an unknown sample is possible from a procedure based entirely on empirically determined relative X-ray yields. The method was tested by analyzing three standard metal alloy samples obtained from the National Bureau of Standards. Elements reaging from iron (Z=26) to lead (Z=82) with concentrations from 0.06% to 88% were quantitatively determined. In general, good approximate agreement was found wit the reported assays even for the minor constituents.     

一次消解土壤样品测定汞、砷和硒

建立了测定土壤中3种挥发性元素(汞、砷、硒)的一次消解方法,确定以程序控温石墨自动消解仪+王水-氢氟酸-硼酸络合敞开体系为最佳消解体系,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)分别测定同一消解液中汞、砷、硒的含量.采用国家标物中心有证标准物质土壤环境样品GSS-1~GSS-8进行了方法验证,结果均符合标准偏差的允许范围.此消解方法相比于现行标准方法,避免了针对各元素的分次处理,简化了消解步骤,节省了前处理时间,减少了试剂消耗,提高了实验效率,适用性广、灵敏度高、检出限低,尤其适合批量样品的微量/痕量元素分析,可作为一种大规模土壤样品中重金属污染监测和治理的快捷方法.     

畜禽养殖场土壤中砷的测定-以水作载流的氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法

为监测畜禽养殖场对周围土壤环境的污染程度,选择重庆市50个养殖场作为样本,对其附近的土壤进行采样分析。将新鲜的土壤样品加入适量的硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸高温消解后赶酸,最后定容至50 mL,利用以水作载流的氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱仪(WC-HG-AFS)测定了其中的砷(As)含量。结果表明,在5.000~100.000 mg/kg范围内线性相关系数R²=0.99997,检出限为0.074 mg/kg,样品的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%,5份平行样品分析结果的相对偏差分别为6.86%、7.68%、1.12%、13.10%、11.25%,均小于实验室分析质量控制标准相对偏差允许限25.84%,三种标准物质分析结果的标准推荐值的相对误差为2.3%、1.9%、3.1%,均小于其对应的相对误差允许限14.1%、9.8%、12.4%,数据可靠。检测结果表明,除一个检测点外(011属于Ⅱ类土壤),其他养殖区土壤中的总As含量低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)中规定的一级标准中As的最高限值15 mg/kg,属于Ⅰ类土壤,目前环境质量较好,畜禽养殖并未对当地环境造成明显危害。     

Evaluation of Colilert-18 for detection and enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria in wastewater using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Alternative Test procedure Protocol

This study compared recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from sewage by Colilert-18 and Standard Methods 9222D (membrane-Fecal Coliform medium) in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Alternative Test Protocol (ATP). Samples were collected from 10 different wastewater treatment plants in the northeastern United States and tested in a single laboratory. Twenty replicates of each sample were analyzed by each method, and 200 positive and 200 negative responses were confirmed for each method. Recovery of fecal coliforms by Colilert-18 was significantly higher than (8 of 10 sites) or statistically equivalent to (1 of 10 sites) recovery by the reference method (Standard Methods 9222D) for samples from all but one site. Both methods had low false-positive rates (< 2%); however, the false-negative rate observed with Standard Methods 9222D (21.5%) was substantially higher than that observed with Colilert-18 (7%). The accuracy rates of the two methods were calculated as 96.5 and 88.9% for Colilert-18 and Standard Methods 9222D, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that Colilert-18 meets the acceptance criteria for alternative methods specified in the EPA ATP.