掺杂多孔碳材料催化醇选择性氧化研究进展

羰基化合物是重要的有机中间体,醇类化合物的选择性氧化是合成羰基化合物的一类重要反应。在这类反应中,掺杂多孔碳材料因其独特的性能可直接作为催化剂或者催化剂载体。文章综述了单一掺杂多孔碳材料、共掺杂多孔碳材料和负载型掺杂多孔碳材料的制备方法,指出可能存在的活性位点和催化机理。最后,讨论掺杂多孔碳材料目前需要解决的问题,设计绿色高效的负载非贵金属的掺杂多孔碳材料是未来的一种发展方向。     

氮掺杂石墨烯的生长机理及其在乙苯选择性氧化中的应用

以热解氧化石墨烯材料为碳基底,分别使用有机氮源和无机氮源对其进行氮掺杂处理,制备了一系列氮掺杂石墨烯材料.采用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱等表征方法考察了氮掺杂石墨烯的生长机理.结果表明,随着制备过程中退火温度的改变,氮掺杂石墨烯中不同氮物种的含量有显著差别.这种差异是由不同氮物种化学环境的差异所导致的.所制备的含氮石墨烯材料对乙苯选择性氧化制苯乙酮反应均表现出优良的催化活性.其中,石墨氮的含量对于提高苯乙酮收率起到至关重要的作用.此外,通过氧化剂控制活化的方法可以消除过多的结构缺陷和过量氮掺杂对催化反应的不利影响,有效提升氮掺杂石墨烯的催化活性.     

基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的抗团聚高效氧还原电催化剂

氧还原反应是决定燃料电池、金属-空气电池等多种新型清洁能源存储与转化技术之性能与应用的关键反应. 铂及其合金是目前催化活性最好的氧还原反应催化剂,但其高昂的成本限制了规模化应用. 在小尺寸效应作用下,微纳米结构催化剂颗粒在电极制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚限制了催化剂本征催化活性的充分发挥. 本文基于喷雾热解技术,发展了一种基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的高活性、抗团聚非贵金属氧还原反应催化剂. 此结构中,金属有机骨架化合物ZIF-67衍生的钴/氮掺杂多孔碳纳米结构是催化氧还原反应的活性中心,包覆其外的三维石墨烯笼不仅可在钴/氮掺杂碳纳米结构之间构建连续的三维载流子传导网络,且可高效抑制其在催化剂制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚与活性损失. 在碱性电解液中,此类非贵金属催化剂表现出可与铂基催化剂媲美的氧还原反应活性和优异的稳定性.     

生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的研究进展

氮掺杂碳材料是近年来新兴的一种多孔材料,具有高比表面积、高导电性、高活性和良好的稳定性,但制备过程繁琐,成本较高.本文简要介绍了采用廉价生物质制备氮掺杂碳材料的方法,生物质来源广泛、安全无毒且成本低廉,虾壳、藻类、果壳和毛发等生物废弃物中所含木质素、蛋白质和氨基酸等提供了丰富的N、P、C等元素,既可作为氮源也可以作为碳源.生物质经过活化可制成生物质基氮掺杂碳材料,由于N元素改变了碳材料的电荷密度和表面理化性质,提供更多活性位点,使材料不但具有优异的电化学性能,又可作为载体均匀负载金属催化各类反应,能够得到比商业催化剂更好的催化性能.重点介绍生物质基氮掺杂碳材料在燃料电池和超级电容器领域的应用,讨论了生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的制备和应用存在的问题,展望其未来的发展趋势.     

ZIF-67衍生的Ag/Co@NC材料及其氧还原性能的研究

氮掺杂的多孔碳材料可作为氧还原反应的催化剂,本文借助ZIF-67富氮多孔的特殊结构,采用湿式逐步还原法将Ag嵌入ZIF-67孔腔内,然后在Ar中碳化成功地制备了Ag/Co双金属嵌入的氮掺杂的多孔碳复合材料（Ag/Co@NC）作为氧还原反应的催化剂. 为了证明Ag的突出作用,同时在Ar中碳化了ZIF-67制备了Co嵌入的氮掺杂的多孔碳材料（Co@NC）. 利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱以及比表面积分析对材料的显微形貌、物相组成、结构进行分析,采用循环伏安和线性扫描极化曲线对材料的氧还原催化活性和催化稳定性进行研究. 结果表明,Ag的嵌入未改变ZIF-67的晶体结构,但是大大提高了材料的氧还原催化活性. Ag/Co@NC材料的半波电位和起始电位均高于Co@NC材料,且其在1000次循环伏安测试前后的半波电位变化仅为30 mV,显示出很好的催化稳定性和甲醇耐受性,可作为燃料电池和金属-空气电池的阴极催化剂.     

自组装制备高路易斯碱度和优异电子特性的3D碳网络电催化剂在碱性金属-空气电池中的应用（英文）

碳材料具有良好的稳定性,且容易在碳晶格形成缺陷,具备一定的催化活性,因此碳材料作为一种可替代贵金属电催化剂的材料是催化领域的研究热点.通过杂原子的引进,可以改变相应碳原子的结构特性,进而提升其催化活性.其中N的电负性强于C,N元素的引入影响C的原子结构使其作为活性位点催化氧气还原.S元素与C元素的电负性相近,S掺杂的过程中会增大C原子周围的自旋电子密度,从而增大其对0_2的吸附能力,提高其催化活性.两种作用方式不同的掺杂元素之间会形成一种协同效应,进而提高碳材料的催化活性.本文采用三聚氰胺的溶剂法制备了三维结构N,S共掺杂碳网络.三聚氰胺和十二烷基苯磺钠在溶液中分布以正、负离子团存在,以其在二氧化硅模板外形成的缔合物作为前驱体,直接制备活性材料.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),拉曼光谱(Raman)等手段研究了材料的合成过程及具有优良催化活性的原因.SEM,TEM和BET结果表明材料具有良好的孔道结构和较高的比表面积(385.09 m~2/g).Raman和XPS分析证明了N,S共掺杂后的材料中碳晶格的缺陷程度明显增大,而其中存在的吡啶N位于石墨平面的边缘部位,与两个C原子相连,这种N影响了相连C的路易斯碱度,改善了其吸附氧气能力.同时,由DFT计算结果可知,噻吩S的存在可以改变相连C原子的自旋电子密度,与掺杂的N原子形成有效的防协同作用,提高其对氧气的催化活性.相应的电催化性能测试表明,在0.1 mol/L KOH溶液中,共掺杂材料的起始电位为-0.08 V,优于其他两种对比材料,与商用Pt/C催化剂相近.N,S掺杂显著提高了碳材料的催化性能,共掺杂材料表现出了较单一N掺杂更为优异的催化性能.在铝空气电池放电过程中,以共掺杂碳材料制备的空气电极具有优良的放电性能,在50 mA/cm~2的电流密度下放电,电压达到1.34 V.共掺杂材料良好的催化活性显著减少了空气电极处的极化,提高了铝空气电池的放电电压.这种制备方法可为具有此类溶液特性的物质提供参考,用以合成相应的掺杂碳材料作为催化剂材料和电极材料。     

碳基非贵金属氧还原催化剂活性位点的研究进展

铂基催化剂是目前氢氧燃料电池中实际应用的阴极氧还原催化剂,由于铂昂贵的价格以及稀缺性,开发非贵金属氧还原催化剂对于氢氧燃料电池的规模化应用非常必要.碳基非贵金属氧还原催化剂,包括金属-氮掺杂碳(M–N–C)材料和非金属杂原子掺杂碳材料,是目前最重要也是研究最广泛的两类非贵金属氧还原催化剂.对其活性位点的认知是研究热点之一,也是明显提高性能和宏量制备的关键所在.对于金属-氮掺杂碳催化剂,目前受到广泛认可的活性位点包括:M–N_x/C(x=1,2,3,4)、Nx–C、包覆的纳米金属粒子活化的碳层等.对于非金属杂原子掺杂碳材料(如氮掺杂碳材料),氮原子毗邻的碳原子一般被认为是活性位点.但由于原料本身、制备过程等因素,可能引入痕量的金属元素,严格意义上的非金属杂原子掺杂碳材料难以制备,使得明确其活性位点非常困难.结合本研究组在该领域的工作,本文介绍了当前上述两类催化剂在研究方面的进展,总结分析了几种对活性位点探索和确认的主流认识,以期有助于碳基非贵金属氧还原催化剂的进一步研究.     

氮掺杂多孔石墨烯对硝基和偶氮化合物的催化还原性能——化学相关专业综合实验的设计与实践

针对溶有常见含硝基和偶氮化合物废水处理的问题，设计了无金属碳基催化剂制备及其对此类化合物催化还原的综合实验。实验以氧化石墨烯为原料，经水热法合成碳基催化剂氮掺杂多孔石墨烯或氮掺杂石墨烯，通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、比表面分析仪、X射线光电子能谱等对其结构、形貌和元素组成等进行表征，并研究其对硼氢化钠还原硝基和偶氮化合物的性能。该实验涉及碳基催化剂制备、表征和废水处理等多个实验环节，涵盖了物理化学、材料化学和环境化学等多个学科领域。通过该实验可以培养学生的科研思维，提高学生的科研动手能力和用化学知识解决实际问题的能力。     

一种高效的多孔氮掺杂碳基气凝胶催化剂及其催化乙苯氧化性能

通过水热合成和高温煅烧的方法制备了多孔氮掺杂碳基复合气凝胶,其可作为一种高效的催化剂.该方法是以蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶作为碳源和模板,尿素作为氮源.分别采用XRD,FT-IR,Raman和TEM对这些催化剂进行表征分析.以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,探究该复合气凝胶在乙苯选择性氧化生成苯乙酮的反应体系中的催化性能,实验结果表明,该复合气凝胶在该体系中具有优异的催化活性,苯乙酮的选择性可达92%以上.这是由于复合气凝胶中的多孔结构,氮元素的掺杂以及蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶之间的相互作用.将生物质蒲绒转化为高催化活性碳材料,这种新颖的方法为寻找高性能催化氧化乙苯的催化剂提供了新的设计前景.     

蚕茧衍生的氮氟共掺杂碳基催化剂在碱性介质中的氧还原电催化性能的研究

本文通过水热预处理,利用热解工艺从蚕茧中成功的制备了一种高性能的掺杂碳基催化剂. 研究了制备条件及氟原子掺杂对催化剂性能的影响. 在最优化条件下制备出的氮氟共掺杂碳基催化剂具有超过1000 m²•g^-1的比表面积,N元素和F元素含量可达3.5 %及7.3 %. 在碱性条件下,所制备的催化剂具有可与商业铂碳催化剂相媲美的氧还原催化活性,同时展示出优异的抗甲醇中毒性能及稳定性. F原子的掺杂对催化剂性能的提高效果显著.     

Sulfur‐Doped Graphene Derived from Cycled Lithium–Sulfur Batteries as a Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Heteroatom‐doped carbon materials have been extensively investigated as metal‐free electrocatalysts to replace commercial Pt/C catalysts in oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells and Li–air batteries. However, the synthesis of such materials usually involves high temperature or complicated equipment. Graphene‐based sulfur composites have been recently developed to prolong the cycling life of Li–S batteries, one of the most attractive energy‐storage devices. Given the high cost of graphene, there is significant demand to recycle and reuse graphene from Li–S batteries. Herein, we report a green and cost‐effective method to prepare sulfur‐doped graphene, achieved by the continuous charge/discharge cycling of graphene–sulfur composites in Li–S batteries. This material was used as a metal‐free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction and shows better electrocatalytic activity than pristine graphene and better methanol tolerance durability than Pt/C.     

Heavily Doped and Highly Conductive Hierarchical Nanoporous Graphene for Electrochemical Hydrogen Production

Heavy chemical doping and high electrical conductivity are two key factors for metal‐free graphene electrocatalysts to realize superior catalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution. However, heavy chemical doping usually leads to the reduction of electrical conductivity because the catalytically active dopants give rise to additional electron scattering and hence increased electrical resistance. A hierarchical nanoporous graphene, which is comprised of heavily chemical doped domains and a highly conductive pure graphene substrate, is reported. The hierarchical nanoporous graphene can host a remarkably high concentration of N and S dopants up to 9.0 at % without sacrificing the excellent electrical conductivity of graphene. The combination of heavy chemical doping and high conductivity results in high catalytic activity toward electrochemical hydrogen production. This study has an important implication in developing multi‐functional electrocatalysts by 3D nanoarchitecture design.     

One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reactions

A high amount of heteroatom doping in carbon, although favorable for enhanced density of catalytically active sites, may lead to substantially decreased electroconductivity, which is necessary for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, a relatively low amount of nitrogen was successfully doped into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a hydrothermal approach in one step, and the synthesized nitrogen‐doped CNT (CNT‐N) materials retained most of the original, excellent characteristics, such as the graphitic structure, tubular morphology, and high surface area, of CNTs. The resultant CNT‐N materials, although containing a relatively low amount of nitrogen doping, exhibited high electrocatalytic ORR activity, comparable to that of 20 wt % Pt/C; long durability; and, more importantly, largely inhibited methanol crossover effect.     

Generation of Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polyethylene from Metallocenes Immobilized onto N‐Doped Graphene Nanoplatelets

Catalytic natures of organometallic catalysts are modulated by coordinating organic ligands with proper steric and electronic properties to metal centers. Carbon‐based nanomaterials such as graphene nanoplatelets are used with and without N‐doping and multiwalled carbon nanotube as a ligand for ethylene polymerizations. Zirconocenes or titanocenes are immobilized on such nanomaterials. Polyethylenes (PEs) produced by such hybrids show a great increase in molecular weight relative to those produced by free catalysts. Specially, ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight PEs are produced from the polymerizations at low temperature using the hybrid with N‐doped graphene nanoplatelets. This result shows that such nanomaterials act a crucial role to tune the catalytic natures of metallocenes.     

Boron‐Doped,Carbon‐Coated SnO2/Graphene Nanosheets for Enhanced Lithium Storage

Heteroatom doping is an effective method to adjust the electrochemical behavior of carbonaceous materials. In this work, boron‐doped, carbon‐coated SnO₂/graphene hybrids (BCTGs) were fabricated by hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose in the presence of SnO₂/graphene nanosheets and phenylboronic acid or boric acid as dopant source and subsequent thermal treatment. Owing to their unique 2D core–shell architecture and B‐doped carbon shells, BCTGs have enhanced conductivity and extra active sites for lithium storage. With phenylboronic acid as B source, the resulting hybrid shows outstanding electrochemical performance as the anode in lithium‐ion batteries with a highly stable capacity of 1165 mA h g^?1 at 0.1 A g^?1 after 360 cycles and an excellent rate capability of 600 mA h g^?1 at 3.2 A g^?1, and thus outperforms most of the previously reported SnO₂‐based anode materials.     

Metal–Organic Framework‐Templated Porous Carbon for Highly Efficient Catalysis: The Critical Role of Pyrrolic Nitrogen Species

Metal‐free catalysts are of great importance and alternative candidates to conventional metal‐based catalysts for many reactions. Herein, several types of metal–organic frameworks have been exploited as templates/precursors to afford porous carbon materials with various nitrogen dopant forms and contents, degrees of graphitization, porosities, and surface areas. Amongst these materials, the PCN‐224‐templated porous carbon material optimized by pyrolysis at 700 °C (denoted as PCN‐224‐700) is composed of amorphous carbon coated with well‐defined graphene layers, offering a high surface area, hierarchical pores, and high nitrogen content (mainly, pyrrolic nitrogen species). Remarkably, as a metal‐free catalyst, PCN‐224‐700 exhibits a low activation energy and superior activity to most metallic catalysts in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol. Theoretical investigations suggest that the content and type of the nitrogen dopant play crucial roles in determining the catalytic performance and that the pyrrolic nitrogen species makes the dominant contribution to this activity, which explains the excellent efficiency of the PCN‐224‐700 catalyst well.     

Facile One‐Pot,One‐Step Synthesis of a Carbon Nanoarchitecture for an Advanced Multifunctonal Electrocatalyst

A one‐pot/one‐step synthesis strategy was developed for the preparation of a nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoarchitecture with graphene‐nanosheet growth on the inner surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The N‐graphene/CNT hybrids exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic activity for several important electrochemical reactions as a result of their unique morphology and defect structures, such as high but uniform nitrogen doping, graphene insertion into CNTs, considerable surface area, and the presence of iron nanoparticles. The high‐yield synthetic process features high efficiency, low‐cost, straightforward operation, and simple equipment.     

“Metal‐Free” Catalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Heteroatom‐Doped Graphene is Caused by Trace Metal Impurities

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of high industrial importance. There is a large body of literature showing that metal‐based catalytic nanoparticles (e.g. Co, Mn, Fe or hybrid Mn/Co‐based nanoparticles) supported on graphene act as efficient catalysts for the ORR. A significant research effort is also directed to the so‐called “metal‐free” oxygen reduction reaction on heteroatom‐doped graphene surfaces. While such studies of the ORR on nonmetallic heteroatom‐doped graphene are advertised as “metal‐free” there is typically no sufficient effort to characterize the doped materials to verify that they are indeed free of any trace metal. Here we argue that the claimed “metal‐free” electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction on heteroatom‐doped graphene is caused by metallic impurities present within the graphene materials.     

Effect of microstructure of nitrogen-doped graphene on oxygen reduction activity in fuel cells

The development of fuel cells as clean-energy technologies is largely limited by the prohibitive cost of the noble-metal catalysts needed for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. A fundamental understanding of catalyst design principle that links material structures to the catalytic activity can accelerate the search for highly active and abundant nonmetal catalysts to replace platinum. Here, we present a first-principles study of ORR on nitrogen-doped graphene in acidic environment. We demonstrate that the ORR activity primarily correlates to charge and spin densities of the graphene. The nitrogen doping and defects introduce high positive spin and/or charge densities that facilitate the ORR on graphene surface. The identified active sites are closely related to doping cluster size and dopant-defect interactions. Generally speaking, a large doping cluster size (number of N atoms >2) reduces the number of catalytic active sites per N atom. In combination with N clustering, Stone-Wales defects can strongly promote ORR. For four-electron transfer, the effective reversible potential ranges from 1.04 to 1.15 V/SHE, depending on the defects and cluster size. The catalytic properties of graphene could be optimized by introducing small N clusters in combination with material defects.