聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的结构和催化性能影响

以乙二醇为还原剂,通过微波热辐射制备得到稳定的Pt/Ru双金属胶体纳米簇,各颗粒粒径在1~2 nm范围。考察了聚合物聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇表面原子组成及催化性能的影响。结果表明,PVP与金属前体之间的不同相互作用影响Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的形成。在Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇形成之前加入PVP,Pt原子更容易富集在双金属表面,有利于增加Pt在催化反应中的作用。在PVP稳定的Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇中,除了零价态的Pt、Ru单质外,还存在氧化态的Pt化合物,归因于PVP与Pt前体的相互作用。在环己烯加氢反应中,PVP-Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇显示出比单金属纳米簇更优越的催化性能。     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的结构和催化性能影响（英文）

以乙二醇为还原剂,通过微波热辐射制备得到稳定的Pt/Ru双金属胶体纳米簇,各颗粒粒径在1~2 nm范围。考察了聚合物聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇表面原子组成及催化性能的影响。结果表明,PVP与金属前体之间的不同相互作用影响Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的形成。在Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇形成之前加入PVP,Pt原子更容易富集在双金属表面,有利于增加Pt在催化反应中的作用。在PVP稳定的Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇中,除了零价态的Pt、Ru单质外,还存在氧化态的Pt化合物,归因于PVP与Pt前体的相互作用。在环己烯加氢反应中,PVP-Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇显示出比单金属纳米簇更优越的催化性能。     

原位红外光谱法研究中孔炭限域钌纳米催化剂的形成机理（英文）

炭载金属纳米催化剂广泛应用于精细化学品加氢反应及燃料电池等许多领域.炭载体因具有较高的表面积、易于调控的表面化学官能团以及特有的耐酸耐碱等性质而经常用作负载型金属催化剂的载体.但是相对于氧化物载体,炭载体表面较为惰性,与金属纳米粒子的相互作用较弱,采用后引入金属前体,如沉淀-沉积法和浸渍法等方法制备的催化剂,在液相和高温反应条件下,金属纳米粒子易流失和烧结.因此制备高稳定性的炭负载金属纳米催化剂仍是多相催化剂制备领域的一个重要课题.随着新型炭材料的出现及纳米孔材料制备科学的发展,极大丰富和推动了炭载金属催化剂制备方法的发展.近年来,通过炭热还原法即在制备中孔炭的过程中引入金属前体,一步制备炭载金属催化剂已经成为炭载金属催化剂的一个新的制备方法.此法制备的催化剂通常具有金属纳米粒子分散均匀、炭和金属活性中心之间的作用力强、热稳定性好、炭载体对负载金属纳米粒子具有限域作用等诸多优点,而且在诸多催化反应中具有优异的催化性能.例如本课题组曾以RuCl_3/SBA-15为硬模板,采用原位碳热还原法制备了Ru-OMC催化剂,它在液相苯环加氢、合成氨及费托合成反应中均具有优异的催化性能及稳定性,但是对于中孔炭中均匀分散的钌纳米颗粒形成的机理尚不清楚.基于此,本文采用原位的红外光谱结合热重表征技术对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程钌物种的形成过程及机理进行了研究,探讨了蔗糖在炭化过程中对高分散钌纳米颗粒形成过程的稳定机制.研究发现,尽管经历了高达850 oC的高温炭热处理,所得Ru-OMC催化剂中钌纳米粒子仍然可以均匀分散,钌粒径在1-2 nm之间.同时,由于这种方法中钌前体预先负载在SBA-15载体表面,在炭化过程中,钌纳米粒子可以均匀地分散在模板氧化硅和形成的炭骨架之间的界面上,去除氧化硅模板后,钌纳米粒子可以更多的暴露在中孔炭的孔道内侧,因而具备更好的催化剂性能.通过对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化过程中原位红外光谱表征发现,Ru~(3+)在炭化过程中逐步被还原,并和具有含氧官能团的炭前体形成类金属羰基配合物Ru(CO)x.这种配合物的生成可以有效抑制钌纳米粒子在热处理过程的迁移乃至长大,因而对得到均匀分散的钌纳米粒子具有至关重要的作用.同时Ru(CO)_x周围刚性的氧化硅模板和碳骨架可以有效地防止钌纳米粒子在高温处理过程中烧结和团聚.对sucrose-RuCl_3/SBA-15炭化中间体的X射线光电子能谱表征进一步证明了Ru~(3+)在350 oC之前即可被还原,钌的3p轨道结合能发生了位移,说明钌和炭载体之间具有较强的相互作用.该结果可为炭载贵金属催化剂的调控制备及高活性纳米催化剂的形成机理研究提供一定的参考.     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的结构和催化性能影响

以乙二醇为还原剂,通过微波热辐射制备得到稳定的Pt/Ru双金属胶体纳米簇,各颗粒粒径在1~2nm范围。考察了聚合物聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）对Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇表面原子组成及催化性能的影响。结果表明,PVP与金属前体之间的不同相互作用影响Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇的形成。在Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇形成之前加入PVP,Pt原子更容易富集在双金属表面,有利于增加Pt在催化反应中的作用。在PVP稳定的Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇中,除了零价态的Pt、Ru单质外,还存在氧化态的Pt化合物,归因于PVP与Pt前体的相互作用。在环己烯加氢反应中,PVP-Pt/Ru双金属纳米簇显示出比单金属纳米簇更优越的催化性能。     

氧化铁负载铂纳米簇催化卤代硝基苯本体氢化性质研究

复相金属催化剂中的载体效应研究具有重要意义。我们以结构不同的氧化铁载体吸附"非保护型"Pt金属纳米簇制备了具有相同Pt纳米簇的Pt/Fe_3O_4、Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3催化剂,考察了其在无溶剂条件下(本体条件)催化邻氯硝基苯(o-CNB)选择性氢化反应的性能,发现三种铂/氧化铁催化剂的催化选择性远高于商购铂/碳催化剂,Pt/γ-Fe_2O_3和Pt/α-Fe_2O_3的催化选择性明显高于Pt/Fe_3O_4,而Pt/Fe_3O_4的催化活性较Pt/α-Fe_2O_3高50%。铂/氧化铁对不同卤代硝基苯的本体选择性氢化反应表现出优良的催化性能,相应卤代苯胺产物的选择性均可达到99%以上。考察了温度、氢气压力对Pt/Fe_3O_4催化o-CNB本体氢化性能的影响。本工作为理解氧化铁负载金属纳米簇催化剂的特殊催化性质,进而发展高效金属纳米簇基催化体系提供了新的基础。     

有机钌螯合物/TiO_2杂化膜修饰电极上Pt纳米团簇的光电流增强效应

利用LB膜技术可控制备了纳米单层和多层的二氧化钛-有机钌螯合物杂化膜,并研究了上述无机-有机杂化膜修饰电极在Pt纳米团簇敏化后的光电流增强效应.实验结果表明:(1)纳米单层TiO2/[Ru(phen)2(dC18bpy)]2+(简称为TiO2-Ru)杂化膜的平均厚度为(3.6±0.5)nm;(2)在光照条件下TiO2-Ru杂化膜能有效催化还原[Pt(NH3)6]4+形成粒径位于20～160nm之间的Pt纳米团簇;(3)Pt纳米团簇的引入消除了金属钌螯合物中配体对电子传递的阻碍作用,改变了电子传递途径,从而有效减少了电子空穴对的复合,提高了Pt纳米团簇敏化的n层杂化膜修饰电极(ITO/(TiO2-Ru)n/Pt)在支持电解质中的光电流.与纳米单层TiO2-Ru杂化膜修饰的ITO电极(ITO/TiO2-Ru)相比,当工作电压为900mV时,ITO/TiO2-Ru/Pt在0.1mol·L-1的NaClO4电解质溶液中和光照(λ360nm)条件下,单位面积的光电流提高了约5倍;(4)ITO/(TiO2-Ru)n/Pt电极光电流的大小与杂化膜的层数密切相关,当TiO2-Ru杂化膜的层数从一层、二层增加到四层时,光电流呈现先升高后下降行为,这表明ITO/(TiO2-Ru)n/Pt电极的电子传递过程直接通过非电活性的二氧化钛纳米单层进行.     

Pt/三苯胺酸卟啉酯纳米复合物的制备及光催化加氢反应

采用乙二醇还原法,以三苯胺酸卟啉酯分子(TDPAPE)为稳定剂制备了Pt/TDPAPE纳米复合物。通过UV-Vis、TEM、FTIR、XRD、荧光分析等方法对纳米复合物进行了表征。TDPAPE通过卟啉环上的四个N原子与金属Pt纳米粒子配位,Pt/TDPAPE纳米复合物在溶胶中及在反应过程中均具有很好的稳定性。采用Pt/TDPAPE纳米复合物作为催化剂,在光照下,利用光分解水产生的氢气直接还原间苯氧基苯甲醛生成间苯氧基苯甲醇,常压常温下反应12 h转化率可以达到50%。     

双金属催化剂催化间苯氧基苯甲醛加氢反应

利用硼氢化钠还原含其它金属盐的氯铂酸形成双金属合金纳米催化剂.Ru和Co的加入能提高催化剂的活性,当Pt/Ru摩尔比为5∶1、Pt/Co摩尔比为7∶1时,双金属协同效应最明显;Cu、Au、Ni的加入不同程度的降低了催化剂的活性.对Pt/Ru和Pt/Co体系,PVP的含量和反应温度都对催化反应的活性有影响.     

高分子稳定的钌纳米金属簇选择性催化氢化巴豆醛

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮稳定的钌纳米金属簇(PVP-Ru)为催化剂,进行了巴豆醛的选择性催化氢化。结果表明,反应体系中水和氢氧化钠的引入,可提高催化活性,但降低了选择性。某些金属阳离子对PVP-Ru的修饰作用使选择性有所提高,但降低了催化活性。尤其是经Co2 修饰后,巴豆醇的最高产率为5.5%,而催化活性由150.4 mol巴豆醛/mol Ru.h降至96.7 mol巴豆醛/mol Ru.h。     

氧化铈负载钌催化剂中钌表面密度对氨合成活性和氢中毒的影响（英文）

氨是关系国计民生的大宗化学品,也是氢能源的重要载体.目前,世界合成氨工业每年消耗约2%的世界总能源,并排放超过1%的CO_2,节能降耗需求十分迫切,其中的关键在于高性能氨合成催化剂的开发.传统观点认为,B_5活性位是钌催化剂上氮解离和氨合成的活性位,当钌粒子尺寸在1.8～2.5 nm时催化剂的B_5活性位数量最多,而钌尺寸较小(0.7～0.8 nm)的催化剂几乎没有氨合成活性.本文通过改变钌负载量调变了氧化铈负载钌催化剂的钌表面浓度,证实钌粒子尺寸低于2.0 nm时,氧化铈负载钌催化剂也具有较高的氨合成活性.XPS等表征结果证实:钌表面密度低于0.68 Ru nm~(-2)时,钌主要以层状形式存在于氧化铈表面,层状钌与氧化铈紧密接触,电子从氧化铈的缺陷位传递给钌物种,在这种情况下,Ru 3d_(5/2)的结合能有所下降,氮解离能力增强,这有利于提高催化剂的氨合成活性;当钌表面密度约为0.68 Ru nm~(-2)时,钌金属传递电子给氧化铈,此时Ru 3d_(5/2)结合能有所增加;当钌表面密度高于1.4 Ru nm~(-2)后,钌物种优先在层状钌表面聚集成大尺寸钌纳米粒子,此时催化剂中同时存在钌团簇和钌纳米粒子,氧化铈载体对钌粒子电子性质的影响减弱,因此大尺寸钌金属颗粒Ru 3d_(5/2)结合能又有所下降.另一方面,氢分子会在氧化铈表面形成均裂产物(两个OH基团)或异裂产物(Ce-H和OH).同时氢分子还会在0价钌金属表面解离形成氢原子,并进一步溢流到氧化铈表面与氧原子作用形成羟基.钌活性位上的氢物种比氧化铈中的氢更容易脱附,因此氧化铈中钌的存在不仅可以增强其氢吸附量,还降低了氢物种的吸附强度.当钌表面密度低时,氧化铈与钌的相互作用较强,催化剂中的氢物种容易溢流到氧化铈中形成羟基基团,此时催化剂的氢吸附能力增强,氢中毒问题较显著.当钌表面密度较高时,氢原子在大尺寸钌颗粒上移动、反应和脱附,因此催化剂的氢中毒问题也得到显著缓解.总之,对于氧化铈负载钌催化剂,氧化铈与钌金属之间的电子相互作用以及其吸附性质都会影响催化剂的氨合成活性,因此钌表面密度低于0.31 Ru nm~(-2)以及约为2.1 Ru nm~(-2)时,催化剂都展现出了较高的氨合成活性.本文将为设计制备高性能钌基氨合成催化剂提供理论指导.     

Ruthenium nanoclusters anchored on cobalt phosphide hollow microspheres by green phosphating process for full water splitting in acidic electrolyte

Transition metal phosphide(TMP) based electrocatalysts possessing special crystal and electronic structures attract broad attention in the field of electrocatalysis.Immense effort is made to optimize TMP catalysts aiming to satisfy the electrochemical catalysis performance.In this work,an environmentally friendly in situ green phosphating strategy and spatial limiting effect of the RuCo precursor is employed to fabricate the ruthenium nanoclusters anchored on cobalt phosphide hollow microspheres(Ru NCs/Co₂P HMs).The obtained Ru NCs/Co₂P HMs electrocatalysts exhibit high hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) activity at wide pH ranges,which require an overpotential of 77 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA/cm² in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ and 118 mV in 1.0 mol/L KOH.Besides,the multifunctional Ru NCs/Co₂P HMs exhibit good oxygen evolution reaction(OER) activity with an overpotential of 197 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA/cm² in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄,which is below that of the commercial RuO₂ electrocatalyst(248 mV).A two-electrode electrolyzer is assembled as well,in acid electrolyte,it achieves a current density of 10 mA/cm² at a voltage of 1.53 V,which is superior to that of the benchmark of precious metal-based electrolyzer(1.58 V).     

Various ligand‐stabilized metal nanoclusters as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the liquid phase

Ligand‐stabilized noble metal nanoclusters, prepared by various chemical methods by different research groups in Japan and Germany, were characterized and examined by a common method for application to the catalysis for hydrogenation of olefins in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems in the liquid phase. The mean diameters of palladium, platinum, rhodium and Pd/Pt nanoclusters stabilized by various ligands range from 1.3 to 3.2 nm if prepared by a single reaction, and from 2.2 to 4.0 nm if prepared by a stepwise growth method. The Stokes radii of metal nanoclusters stabilized by surfactants range from 1.7 to 2.1 nm, suggesting a thickness of the protective layer from 1.1 to 1.4 nm, whereas those stabilized by polymers give much larger values, suggesting the formation of aggregates. The catalytic activities of the metal nanoclusters, evaluated by hydrogenation of 1,3‐cyclooctadiene and methyl acrylate, depend mainly upon the particle size, i.e. the smaller the size, the higher the activity. However, a strongly interacting ligand like tetraoctylammonium halide and 1,10‐phenanthroline can disturb the hydrogenation. In contrast, the activities of heterogeneous catalysts supported on charcoal depend strongly on the covering strength of the stabilizer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of PtRu nanoparticles from the hydrosilylation reaction and application as catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell

Nanosized Pt, PtRu, and Ru particles were prepared by a novel process, the hydrosilylation reaction. The hydrosilylation reaction is an effective method of preparation not only for Pt particles but also for other metal colloids, such as Ru. Vulcan XC-72 was selected as catalyst support for Pt, PtRu, and Ru colloids, and TEM investigations showed nanoscale particles and narrow size distribution for both supported and unsupported metals. All Pt and Pt-rich catalysts showed the X-ray diffraction pattern of a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, whereas the Ru and Ru-rich alloys were more typical of a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. As evidenced by XPS, most Pt and Ru atoms in the nanoparticles were zerovalent, except a trace of oxidation-state metals. The electrooxidation of liquid methanol on these catalysts was investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results concluded that some alloy catalysts showed higher catalytic activities and better CO tolerance than the Pt-only catalyst; Pt56Ru44/C have displayed the best electrocatalytic performance among all carbon-supported catalysts.     

化学镀制备高性能直接乙醇燃料电池(DEFC)阳极催化剂PtRu/C和PtRuSn/C

应用化学镀方法,以活化-敏化处理的活性炭作载体,制备高分散催化剂PtRu/C和PtRuSn/C.XRD、TEM及电化学测试表明,该催化剂Pt、Ru、Sn形成合金.金属颗粒的平均粒径约为3 nm.PtRu/C和PtRuSn/C二者对乙醇的阳极氧化都具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.     

Electrodeposition of Pt nanoclusters on the surface modified by monolayer poly(amidoamine) dendrimer film

Preparation of Pt nanoclusters on the poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) modified surface by electrodeposition was firstly reported. The presence of PAMAM could affect the growth of Pt nanostructures. Field-emitted scanning microscopy images showed that these nanoclusters were not common nanoparticles but were consisted of many small nanoparticles. The size of them could be controlled and the deposition mechanism was also discussed. This method would give a route of preparing novel nanostructures by electrodeposition.     

Acetate stabilization of metal nanoparticles and its role in the preparation of metal nanoparticles in ethylene glycol

Acetate-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles were prepared by the NaBH4 reduction of the metal precursor salt at room temperature. Nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 2.20 nm and a standard deviation of 1.03 nm could be obtained under experimental conditions. The Ru nanoparticles so obtained could be easily extracted to a toluene solution of alkylamine, giving rise to alkylamine-stabilized Ru nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 2.96 nm and a standard deviation of 0.92 nm. The new found role of acetate stabilization was used to formulate a mechanism for the formation of metal (Pt, Ru) nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. In this mechanism metal nanoparticles are stabilized in ethylene glycol by adsorbed acetate ions, which are produced as a product of the OH- catalyzed reaction between the metal precursor salt and ethylene glycol.     

Structural Evolution of Anatase-Supported Platinum Nanoclusters into a Platinum-Titanium Intermetallic Containing Platinum Single Atoms for Enhanced Catalytic CO Oxidation

Strong metal-support interactions characteristic of the encapsulation of metal particles by oxide overlayers have been widely observed on large metal nanoparticles, but scarcely occur on small nanoclusters (<2 nm) for which the metal-support interactions remain elusive. Herein, we study the structural evolution of Pt nanoclusters (1.5 nm) supported on anatase TiO₂ upon high-temperature H₂ reduction. The Pt nanoclusters start to partially evolve into a CsCl-type PtTi intermetallic compound when the reduction temperature reaches 400 °C. Upon 700 °C reduction, the PtTi nanoparticles are exclusively formed and grow epitaxially along the TiO₂ (101) crystal faces. The thermodynamics of the formation of PtTi via migration of reduced Ti atoms into Pt cluster is unraveled by theoretical calculations. The thermally stable PtTi intermetallic compound, with single-atom Pt isolated by Ti, exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and promoted catalytic durability for CO oxidation.