基于室温离子液体的电导型气体传感器

本文利用室温离子液体对水或有机蒸气吸收后其离子导电性的改变,研制了以离子液体BmimPF6为敏感材料的电导型气体传感器.考查了BmimPF6用量对传感器响应的影响,测定了传感器对不同浓度的水蒸汽及乙醇、二氯甲烷等饱和有机蒸气的响应.实验结果显示,该传感器具有制作方便、结构简单、稳定性高及线性范围宽等优点,可被用于不同浓度的水或有机蒸气/氮气混合气氛中,水蒸汽或有机蒸气浓度的测定.此外,还针对该传感器对乙醇等不同饱和有机蒸气响应信号与这些有机溶剂的理化性质参数间的定量关系,采用化学计量学方法进行了建模分析.     

基于氢键作用的杯芳烃超分子识别乙醇的传感机理及分析应用

采用4种杯芳烃衍生物为吸附涂膜材料, 考察了涂膜石英晶体微天平(QCM)传感器对环境大气中微量乙醇气体的识别性能, 发现C-乙基杯[4]连苯三酚芳烃(3)是识别乙醇气体最有效的活性涂膜材料. 制备了C-乙基杯[4]连苯三酚芳烃·2CH₃CH₂OH(5)单晶体并进行X射线衍射结构解析, 发现其识别机制是基于超分子主体3与客体乙醇分子之间形成的C-H…π, O-H…π及O-H…O氢键作用. 当涂膜质量为24.70 μg 时, 涂膜QCM传感器对乙醇的响应最灵敏, 达到10.53 Hz/(mg·L^-1). 分析了乙醇气体的吸附和解吸附动力学过程, 得到传感器对乙醇气体吸附和解吸附的初速度分别为-0.04600 Hz/s和0.03896 Hz/s. 该方法响应快, 具有选择性、 可逆性、 重现性和稳定性好的优点, 对乙醇样品测定的回收率为94.8% ~105.2%, 与气相色谱法的测定结果一致, 表明该方法可用于生活环境中乙醇气体的检测.     

纳米颗粒的超临界干燥法制备及用于醋酸乙烯蒸气的催化发光检测

利用乙醇超临界流体干燥技术 (SCFD)(280 ℃× 7.0 MPa×30 min)制备了纳米MgO及Y2O3颗粒,发现其对一些有害气体的催化发光强度远高于普通干燥技术制备的纳米MgO及Y2O3.设计了一种以SCFD技术合成的纳米MgO为敏感材料,催化发光检测醋酸乙烯蒸气的传感器.此传感器具有很高的灵敏度及优异的选择性,在温度279 ℃、波长425 nm、空气流速为160 mL/min的最佳条件下,催化发光强度与醋酸乙烯蒸气浓度在1.8～1800 mg/m3内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.7 mg/m3.当浓度相同的丙酮、乙醛、乙酸乙酯、乙酸、甲醛、氨水、乙醇、苯和甲醇蒸气通过此传感器时,除乙醇引起3.56%的干扰外,其它气体基本不干扰醋酸乙烯的测定.应用本方法可快速测定车间空气中的醋酸乙烯.     

四苯基卟啉锌薄膜/K+交换玻璃光波导传感器检测挥发性有机化合物气体

利用Alder法合成了四苯基卟啉锌配合物并对它进行表征;用匀胶机将一定浓度的四苯基卟啉锌溶液做成薄膜固定在钾离子(K⁺)交换玻璃光波导表面研制了高灵敏的四苯基卟啉锌薄膜/K⁺交换玻璃光波导传感器,并对挥发性有机气体进行检测。 实验结果表明,在室温下该传感器对低浓度的苯乙烯、二甲苯、甲苯等蒸气具有一定的响应,其中对苯乙烯的响应最大;能够检测到1×10^-9(V(苯乙烯)/V(空气))的苯乙烯蒸气,其响应和恢复时间分别为2和7 s。 该传感器具有灵敏度高,回复-响应时间快,可逆性等特点。     

基于提取两级催化发光信号以鉴别醚蒸气的传感器

本研究基于两个催化敏感材料, 建立了一种鉴别不同醚蒸气的新方法. 分别让四种醚蒸气经过纳米MgO(或ZrO₂)表面进行催化发光(Cataluminescence, CTL)反应(称其为一级反应), 产生CTL响应信号I₁. 再让反应后的尾气作为新的反应物经过纳米MgO(或ZrO₂)表面进行CTL反应(称其为二级反应), 产生新的CTL响应信号I₂. 实验发现: 在波长425 nm、流速220 mL/min、温度240 ℃的检测条件下, 四种醚蒸气分别依次经过MgO-MgO和ZrO₂-MgO材料时产生的一、二级CTL信号比值I₁/I₂是常数, 不随浓度变化而变化, 可以鉴别和区分不同的醚蒸气. 通过改变分析气体流经ZrO₂-MgO的方向, 可以得到每种醚蒸气的四组CTL强度比值I₁/I₂, 据此可获得多维信息来增强传感器鉴别醚蒸气的能力. 该传感器具有稳定性好、造价低和鉴别能力强的优点.     

取向纳米ZnO/Cu_2O异质结阵列的制备及光电特性

以水热合成法制备的一维取向n型ZnO纳米线阵列为衬底,采用电化学沉积法在其上沉积生长一层p型Cu2O半导体包覆层,制备出了新型ZnO/Cu2O异质结纳米线阵列光敏器件.利用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS、PL及光响应特性等测试方法对样品的形貌、晶体结构、化学成分及光电特性进行了分析表征.研究了生长条件对ZnO/Cu2O异质结纳米线阵列各种特性的影响.研究发现,适宜的沉积电压和沉积时间是保证ZnO/Cu2O异质结光敏器件具有适宜厚度核壳包覆层及较好光响应特性的关键因素.研究结果为ZnO及Cu2O半导体材料在光敏器件中的应用提供了实验基础.     

八-n-丁氧基萘酞菁铜LB膜的制备及气敏特性研究

研究了八 -n-丁氧基萘酞菁铜 [Cu Nc( OBu) 8]在水亚相表面上单分子膜的形成过程 ,并在亲水基片上以Z型拉膜方式成功地拉制了多层 LB膜 .研究结果表明 ,八 -n-丁氧基萘酞菁铜在表面压为 1 5～ 5 0 m N/m条件下可形成稳定的固态膜 ,其分子极限面积为 0 .74 nm2 ,崩溃压为 5 5 m N/m;多层 LB膜八 -n-丁氧基萘酞菁铜以面对面的形式有序排列 .该膜对醇类蒸气具有较好的敏感特性 ,灵敏度顺序为异丙醇 >乙醇 >甲醇 ,其响应范围为 ( 1～ 5 )× 1 0 - 5(体积分数 ) ,且响应时间短 ( 2 s内 ) ,恢复快 ( 5 s内 ) ;而对氨气 (体积分数1× 1 0 - 4 )响应时间长 ( 30～ 60 s) ,恢复慢 ( 4～ 5 min     

新型室温硫化氢纳米传感器的制备及性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在叉指金电极表面制备纳米二氧化钛(TiO₂)多孔薄膜, 并用浓度为2.5×10⁴ mol/L的花青素对其进行敏化, 制备了一种能在室温条件下检测硫化氢(H₂S)的高灵敏度传感器. 从材料的光谱特性、 微观结构和传感器的灵敏度等方面对该传感器的性能进行了评价, 并讨论了传感器的响应机理以及温度和湿度对灵敏度的影响. 结果表明, 材料表面的可见吸收光谱比花青素红移了约50 nm, 吸收能力有所提高; 纳米TiO₂颗粒呈层状堆积排列, 颗粒之间具有较多缝隙, 比表面积大. 在室温下, 该气体传感器对浓度为5~50 mL/m³的H₂S具有良好的敏感特性, 传感器灵敏度与H₂S浓度呈线性相关, 相关系数为0.939, 响应时间为50~70 s, 恢复时间为160~180 s. 计算和测试结果表明, 环境湿度约为50%时传感器的灵敏度最佳; 在10~50 ℃范围内, 温度与传感器的灵敏度存在负相关性. 该方法为简单、 经济制备室温条件下工作的气体传感器提供了新思路和新方法.     

成膜因素控制的SIS膜表面环境响应行为

利用和频振动光谱、原子力显微镜及接触角技术研究了不同成膜溶剂、制膜方式所得苯乙烯/异戊二烯/苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SIS)膜的表面结构及其对溶剂蒸气的响应行为.发现环己酮为溶剂的浇铸膜及甲苯为溶剂的旋涂膜表面润湿性随环己烷和丁酮蒸气交替处理发生变化;甲苯和环己烷为溶剂的浇铸膜表面性质不随溶剂蒸气处理而变化.原因是不同制样条件所获SIS膜具有不同的初始相分离结构.当聚合物膜形成远离平衡态的相分离结构时,分子聚集态转变的能垒较低,易于在溶剂蒸气诱导下转变为新的结构.反之,则不利于链构象转变,形成不同的聚集态结构.这将导致不同制备条件所得SIS膜经溶剂蒸气处理后形成不同的表面结构,呈现出各异的环境响应行为.本研究为智能界面材料的设计和制备提供了新思路.     

基于氧化锌/聚苯胺复合材料的薄膜型甲醇传感器研究

采用低温水热法制备了纳米氧化锌(ZnO),并利用原位聚合法制备了ZnO/聚苯铵复合材料。将制备的ZnO/PANI纳米晶粒均匀涂覆于刻有叉指Pt电极玻璃基底表面形成敏感薄膜,设计了一种薄膜型甲醇传感器。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)仪表征了ZnO/PANI纳米晶粒的相组成和微观形貌,分析了敏感薄膜成分配比对甲醇气敏机理和电化学特性,测试了甲醇传感器敏感特性、温度特性、湿度特性、动态响应和选择稳定性。结果表明,以PZ50纳米晶粒为敏感薄膜的甲醇传感器,在温度为30℃、甲醇气体浓度为25 mg/m~3时,传感器响应最大值为1795.6,相对湿度限值为90%,动态响应和恢复时间分别为6.9和19.6 s。此传感器对N_2O、甲醛、乙醇、丙酮和1,3-丁二烯等气体无明显响应,在汽车上连续使用12周后,响应衰减了2.3%。     

ZnO掺杂的SnO_2纳米纤维的制备、表征及气敏机理(英文)

以二水氯化亚锡(SnCl2·2H2O)为盐原料,采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO2纳米纤维.为了研究ZnO掺杂对SnO2形貌、结构及化学成分的影响,分别制备了不同含量ZnO掺杂的SnO2/ZnO复合材料.利用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪、扫描电镜(SEM)及能量色散X射线(EDX)光谱对材料的结晶学特性及微结构进行了表征.制备的SnO2/ZnO复合材料是由纳米量级的小颗粒构成的分级结构材料.ZnO含量不同,对应的SnO2/ZnO复合材料结构不同.表征结果表明ZnO的掺杂量对SnO2材料的形貌及结构均起着重要作用.将制备的不同ZnO含量的SnO2/ZnO复合材料进行气敏测试,测试结果表明,Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1制作的气敏元件对甲醇的灵敏度优于其它摩尔比的气敏元件.讨论了SnO2/ZnO复合材料气敏元件的敏感机理.同时针对Sn:Zn摩尔比为1:1时表现出最好的气敏响应,分析了其原因,包括Zn的替位式掺杂行为、ZnO的催化作用、过量ZnO对SnO2生长的抑制作用以及SnO2与ZnO晶粒界面处的异质结.     

Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维材料的制备及其气敏传感器作用机理

采用静电纺丝法成功制备了Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维.并通过X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能量色散X射线(EDX),透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及热重差热分析(TG-DTA)等手段对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征分析.同时用纯的ZnO和Y掺杂的ZnO纳米纤维制备了传感器,对浓度为(1-200)×10^-6 (体积分数)丙酮的气敏特性进行了测试分析.测试结果表明,可以通过简单控制纳米纤维中Y的含量,来微调该传感器的气敏特性.同时也发现通过Y掺杂, ZnO纳米纤维对丙酮的气敏特性有所改善,表现出很高的响应.纯ZnO和Y掺杂ZnO制成的传感器对几种潜在干扰气体表现出良好的选择性,比如氨气、苯、甲醛、甲苯以及甲醇.本文最后也讨论了该传感器的气敏作用机理.     

Preparation and Ethanol Sensing Properties of ZnO Nanofibers

ZnO nanofibers with an average diameter of about 90 nm were prepared by an electrospinning method combined with a calcination process. The as-electrospun nanofibers before and after calcination were characterized by means of differential thermal analysis(DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The fibers after calcination at 600 °C belong to the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The sensor based on ZnO nanofibers exhibited excellent ethanol sensing properties at 206 °C such as good linear dependence in the low concentration(1―100 μL/L), high response, and good selectivity. Fast response(less than 2 s) and recovery(about 16 s) were also observed in our investigations.     

Preparation and characterization of porous TiO_2/ZnO composite nanofibers via electrospinning

<正>Porous TiO_2/ZnO composite nanofibers have been successfully prepared by electrospinning technique for the first time.It was generated by calcining TiO_2/ZnCl_2/PVP[PVP:polyvinyl pyrrolidone)]nanofibers,which were electrospun from a mixture solution of TiO_2,ZnCl_2 and PVP.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses were used to identify the morphology of the TiO_2/ZnO nanofibers and a formation of inorganic TiO_2/ZnO fibers.The porous structure of the TiO_2/ZnO fibers was characterized by N_2 adsoption/desorption isotherm.Surface photovoltage spectroscopy(SPS) and photocatalytic activity measurements revealed advance properties of the porous TiO_2/ZnO composite nanofibers and the results were compared with pure TiO_2 nanofibers,pure ZnO nanofibers and TiO_2/ZnO nanoparticles.     

Hierarchically Structure SnO2/ZnO Nanocomposites: Preparation,Growth Mechanism and Gas Sensing Property

SnO₂/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized from mixed ethanol and water systems and the ethanol-sensing properties of sensors based on SnO₂/ZnO were investigated. The structure and morphology of the products was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The results showed that the diameter of the liked pine needle SnO₂ was about 40 nm with a length about 300 nm, which are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the ZnO nanosheets. The growth process of the SnO₂/ZnO nanocomposite was discussed. The results of gas sensing properties of SnO₂/ZnO nanocomposite sensor showed high and quick response to ethanol vapor at 5.0 v. This sensor showed the advantages of high selectivity, strong stability, and prompt response/recovery characteristics in detecting ethanol vapor at 5.0 v.     

Highly Responsive and Selective Ethanol Gas Sensor Based on Co3O4-Modified SnO2 Nanofibers

SnO₂ nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning and modified with Co₃O₄ via impregnation in this work. Chemical composition and morphology of the nanofibers were systematically characterized, and their gas sensing properties were investigated. Results showed that Co₃O₄ modification significantly enhanced the sensing performance of SnO₂ nanofibers to ethanol gas. For a sample with 1.2 mol% Co₃O₄, the response to 100 ppm ethanol was 38.0 at 300℃, about 6.7 times larger than that of SnO₂ nanofibers. In addition, the response/recovery time was also greatly reduced. A power-law dependence of the sensor response on the ethanol concentration as well as excellent ethanol selectivity was observed for the Co₃O₄/SnO₂ sensor. The enhanced ethanol sensing performance may be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions between the two oxides.     

p-CuO/n-In_2O_3异质结纳米纤维的制备及气敏特性

以电纺In_2O_3纳米纤维为模版,通过溶剂热法构建了p-CuO/n-In_2O_3异质结纳米纤维.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对所得材料的形貌和结构进行表征.结果表明,CuO纳米颗粒可以均匀地负载在超细In_2O_3纳米纤维表面;随着反应液中乙酸铜浓度的增加,负载的CuO纳米颗粒密度也逐渐增加.通过制备旁热式气敏器件对复合纳米纤维材料的气敏特性进行了研究.结果表明,与纯In_2O_3纳米纤维相比,p-CuO/n-In_2O_3异质结纳米纤维对H_2S气体具有较高的灵敏度和较低的工作温度.     

Hydrothermal Growth of Ag‐Doped ZnO Nanoparticles on Electrospun Cellulose Nanofibrous Mats for Catechol Detection

We fabricated a novel hierarchical composite mat composed of electrospun cellulose nanofibers decorated with Ag‐doped ZnO (Ag‐ZnO) nanoparticles and further demonstrated its potential application as the efficient laccase (Lac) biosensor substrate material. The cyclic voltammograms revealed that the Ag‐ZnO/cellulose nanofibrous mat provided an excellent microenvironment for Lac immobilization and benefited direct electron transfer of Lac. The fabricated Lac/Ag‐ZnO/cellulose/GCE exhibited a highly sensitive detection of catechol with a wide linear range from 0.995 to 811 µM and a low detection limit of 0.205 µM. The results indicated that Ag‐ZnO/cellulose nanofibers were the promising nanostructured materials for the construction of different biosensors.     

Mg/Na-doped rutile TiO2 nanofiber mats for high-speed and anti-fogged humidity sensors

Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ doped rutile TiO₂ nanofibers have been prepared through in situ electrospinning technique and calcination with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers as sacrificed template. The as-prepared composite nanofibers are spin-coated onto a ceramic substrate with three pairs of carbon interdigital electrodes to measure its humidity sensing behaviors. The product exhibits high-speed response (2 s) and recovery (1 s) for detecting moisture. Additionally, under UV irradiation, a water contact angle (θ) of nearly 0° has been observed based on the product, providing our humidity sensor with the anti-fogged properties.     

Gas sensing performance of polyaniline/ZnO organic-inorganic hybrids for detecting VOCs at low temperature

Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline, and ZnO, with the mean particle size of 28 nm, was synthesized by a non-aqueous solvent method. The organic-inorganic PANI/ZnO hybrids with different mass fractions of PANI were obtained by mechanically mixing the prepared PANI and ZnO. The gas sensing properties of PANI/ZnO hybrids to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methanol, ethanol and acetone were investigated at a low operating temperature of 90°C. Compared with the pure PANI and ZnO, the PANI/ZnO hybrids presented much higher response to VOCs. Meanwhile, the PANI/ZnO hybrid exhibited a good reversibility and a short response-recovery time, implying its potential application for gas sensors. The sensing mechanism was suggested to be related to the existence of p-n heterojunctions in the PANI/ZnO hybrids.