单层石墨相氮化碳负载Pt_4团簇吸附O_2的第一性理论研究（英文）

采用第一性原理密度泛函理论结合周期性平板模型模拟研究了Pt_4团簇吸附单层石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)的几何结构和电子性质,以及氧气在其表面上的吸附行为。同时,对比分析了氧气在纯净的石墨相氮化碳和Pt_4团簇上的吸附行为。计算结果表明,Pt_4团簇吸附在3-s-三嗪环石墨相氮化碳表面,并与四个边缘氮原子成键,形成两个六元环时为最稳定构型。Pt_4团簇倾向于吸附在三嗪环石墨相氮化碳的空位并与邻近三个氮原子成键。由于Pt与N原子较强的杂化作用,以及金属与底物之间较多电子转移增强了Pt_4团簇吸附g-C_3N_4的稳定性。另外,对比分析了氧气在纯净的g-C_3N_4和金属吸附的g-C_3N_4上吸附行为,发现金属原子的加入促进了电子转移,同时拉长了O―O键长。Pt_4吸附3-s-三嗪环g-C_3N_4比Pt_4吸附三嗪环g-C_3N_4表现出微弱的优势,表现出明显的基底扭曲以及较大的吸附能。这些结果表明,化学吸附通过调节电子结构和表面性质增强催化性能的较好方法。     

类石墨相C3N4复合光催化剂

利用半导体光催化技术将太阳能转化为化学能或直接降解和矿化有机污染物,是解决能源短缺和环境污染等问题的有效途径。聚合物类石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)具有类似石墨烯的结构,由于其优异的化学稳定性和独特的电子能带结构,可作为太阳能转化、环境污染物降解的催化剂而得到了广泛关注。g-C₃N₄制备原料便宜易得、制备方法简单,可作为廉价、稳定、不含金属的可见光光催化剂应用于光催化降解污染物、水分解制氢制氧及有机合成领域。然而光生电荷易复合,使得g-C₃N₄的催化活性还不能满足大规模应用的需求。本文针对g-C₃N₄光催化活性的提高,综述了国内外在g-C₃N₄复合改性方面的重要研究进展,如金属/非金属掺杂、半导体复合、表面金属沉积等,并讨论了复合物的催化机理。     

类石墨相C3N4光催化剂改性研究

半导体光催化技术不仅可以将太阳能转化为化学能,还可以直接降解和矿化有机污染物,因此其在抑制环境污染和解决能源短缺方面具有广阔的应用前景。类石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)具有独特的电子能带结构、优异的热稳定性以及化学稳定性,因此g-C₃N₄作为一种廉价的无金属光催化剂被广泛应用于光解水制氢产氧、污染物降解、光催化CO₂还原、抗菌和有机官能团选择性转换等领域。然而,传统热缩聚法合成的g-C₃N₄光催化剂比表面积小、禁带宽度大、光生电子-空穴易于复合、光生载流子传输慢,抑制了其光催化活性。为了进一步提高g-C₃N₄的光催化活性,出现了多种改性方法。本文针对g-C₃N₄光催化剂的改性研究,综述了近年来国内外在g-C₃N₄光催化剂改性方面的重要研究进展,如采用模板法优化g-C₃N₄的纳米结构、元素掺杂及共聚合调控g-C₃N₄的能带结构、贵金属沉积或半导体复合提高光生载流子分离效率等。最后,本文还展望了g-C₃N₄光催化剂在改性方面的未来发展趋势。     

氮化碳聚合物半导体光催化

半导体光催化技术通过太阳光驱动一系列重要的化学反应,将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的化学能或直接降解和矿化有机污染物,在解决能源短缺和环境污染等问题方面具有重要的应用前景。最近,聚合物半导体石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,由于优异的化学稳定性和独特的电子能带结构,被作为一种廉价、稳定、不含金属组分的可见光光催化剂广泛应用于太阳能的光催化转化,如光解水产氢产氧、有机选择性光合成和有机污染物的降解等,引起人们的关注。本文将围绕g-C₃N₄光催化剂的改性研究,综述国内外近年来在g-C₃N₄光催化领域所取得一些重要进展,比如理论研究g-C₃N₄的组成结构及化学性质、金属/非金属掺杂调控g-C₃N₄的半导体能带结构、软/硬模板法优化g-C₃N₄的纳米结构、表面化学修饰改进g-C₃N₄的表面反应动力学过程及半导体复合提高光生载流子的分离效率等。最后,本文还对g-C₃N₄光催化的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

石墨相氮化碳纳米管的合成及光催化产氢性能

通过硬模板法,采用氰胺前驱物和二氧化硅纳米管(SiO₂-NTs)模板,合成石墨相氮化碳纳米管(CN-NTs)光催化剂。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气吸附/脱附测试、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱、热重分析(TGA)等手段对CN-NTs催化剂的结构与性能进行表征。结果表明,CN-NTs的化学组成是石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄),形貌为均匀的纳米管,且是介孔材料。与体相氮化碳(B-CN)和介孔石墨相氮化碳(mpg-CN)相比,CN-NTs的光吸收带边蓝移到440 nm,荧光发射谱的峰强减弱。在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下,CN-NTs具有较高的光催化分解水活性,产氢速率为58 μmol/h,且表现出良好的光催化活性稳定性和化学结构稳定性。研究结果表明纳米管状结构能有效促进g-C₃N₄半导体激子解离,提高光生电子-空穴的分离效率,进而显著优化g-C₃N₄的光催化产氢性能。     

基于g-C3N4/P25复合光电敏感体系的中草药抗氧化容量测定

采用粒径为25 nm的锐钛矿和金红石型混合相二氧化钛(TiO₂)材料(P25)替代常规锐钛矿型TiO₂, 制备了基于石墨氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)/混合相TiO₂(g-C₃N₄/P25)的可见光激发光电敏感体系. 研究结果表明, 石墨氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)大的平面结构不仅能够成为TiO₂纳米材料合适的高分散载体, 其高效载流子传输能力还赋予了复合体系优异的光电性能. 当g-C₃N₄掺杂质量分数仅为0.5%时, 复合体系的光电流响应信号可提高至原来的4.5倍, 增敏效果最好. 该光敏体系的研制显著简化了制备工艺并降低了成本, 同时有效提高了体系的可见光利用效率. 基于该g-C₃N₄/P25光电敏感复合体系, 首次采用光电化学方法实现了中草药抗氧化容量的测定, 为量化中药体系抗氧化性能评估提供了新的思路.     

石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

研制了一种石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰(g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃)复合型光催化剂。 由于该催化剂在g-C₃N₄的基础上有效拓展了π共轭体系,同时引入氯原子,使带隙位置上移,改善了光生电荷的还原能力,在可见光照射下,能有效降解有机污染物。 实验结果表明,20 min内对RR染料废水的降解率达94.7%,重复使用5次后,降解率仍达94%。 通过在降解体系中加入氧化性活性物种捕获剂的方法,研究了g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃吸收可见光降解有机污染物的机理。     

正二十面体Au13和Pt13团簇上肉桂醛的吸附

运用广义梯度近似(GGA)密度泛函理论的Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh (PBE)方法, 研究了肉桂醛在正二十面体Au₁₃和Pt₁₃团簇上的吸附行为. 通过分析不同吸附模式的吸附能和几何构型发现: 同一金属团簇, 顺式肉桂醛的吸附能强于反式肉桂醛的吸附能. 对于Au₁₃团簇, 肉桂醛的稳定吸附构型为C＝C和C＝O共吸附模型; 对于Pt₁₃团簇, 肉桂醛的稳定吸附构型为C＝O吸附. 比较二者发现, 肉桂醛在Pt₁₃团簇的吸附能力强于Au₁₃团簇.分析Au₁₃和Pt₁₃团簇上肉桂醛最稳定吸附构型的电子结构表明, 电子由肉桂醛原子的2s、2p轨道向金属表面转移, 同时金属部分电子反馈到肉桂醛的反键轨道, 最终肉桂醛稳定吸附于金属团簇. 此外, 肉桂醛在团簇模型上的吸附能大于其在平板模型上的吸附能.     

石墨相氮化碳材料在水环境污染物去除中的研究

水污染是世界性问题,严重影响了人类的身体健康和环境的可持续性。迫切需要一种高效环保的吸附剂材料用于水体污染治理。石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)材料具有与石墨类似的层状结构,具有许多优异性质,如大的表面积、高的热稳定性和化学惰性,成为新兴的吸附剂材料。本文主要介绍了g-C₃N₄基材料在重金属、放射性核素以及有机污染物去除方面的应用。通过批实验、光谱分析、表面配位模型和理论计算等技术系统分析了g-C₃N₄基材料与污染物之间的作用机理。g-C₃N₄基材料与污染物之间的相互作用主要归因于表面配位、π-π作用、离子交换作用和静电作用。本文有助于读者进一步了解g-C₃N₄基材料与污染物之间的作用机理,并且发掘更多的g-C₃N₄改性材料,将其应用于环境修复领域当中。     

石墨相氮化碳/蒙脱石复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能

为提高石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)对可见光的利用率及光催化效率,采用热聚合与直接负载等方法,将g-C₃N₄负载于蒙脱石表面,制备了g-C₃N₄/蒙脱石复合光催化材料,其结构经SEM, FT-IR及XRD表征。以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,研究了不同负载量g-C₃N₄/蒙脱石复合光催化剂的可见光催化性能。并分别以对苯醌、碘化钾和异丙醇为自由基捕获剂,研究了复合材料的光催化机理。结果表明：当g-C₃N₄的质量分数为83%(CN/M-83%)时,RhB经可见光照射1 h后,降解率达到99.2%。光催化速率常数为纯g-C₃N₄光催化速率常数的3.2倍。     

Pt-M (M = Co,Ni, Fe)/g-C3N4复合材料构建及其高效光解水制氢性能

Platinum (Pt) is recognized as an excellent cocatalyst which not only suppresses the charge carrier recombination of the photocatalyst but also reduces the overpotential for photocatalytic H₂ generation. Albeit of its good performance, the high cost and low abundance restricted the utilization of Pt in large-scale photocatalytic H₂ generation. Pt based transition metal alloys are demonstrated to reveal enhanced activities towards various catalytic reactions, suggesting the possibility to substitute Pt as the cocatalyst. In the present work, Pt was partially substituted with Co, Ni, and Fe and Pt-M (M = Co, Ni, and Fe)/g-C₃N₄ composites were constructed through co-reduction of H₂PtCl₆ and transition metal salts by the reductant of ethylene glycol. The crystal structure and valence states were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), respectively. The higher degree of XRD peaks and larger binding energies for Pt 4f_5/2 and Pt 4f_7/2 after incorporating Co²⁺ ions indicated that Co was successfully introduced into the lattice of Pt and Pt-Co bimetallic alloys was attained through the solvothermal treatment. The morphology was subsequently observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), which showed a good dispersion of Pt-Co nanoparticles on the surface of g-C₃N₄. Meanwhile, the shrinkage of lattice fringe after introducing cobalt salt further confirmed the presence of Pt-Co bimetallic alloys. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of g-C₃N₄ and Pt, Pt-Co deposited g-C₃N₄ were subsequently performed. It was found that the absorption edges were all consistent for all three samples as anticipated, implying that the band gap energy was maintained after hybridizing with Pt or Pt-Co alloys. Furthermore, the photocatalytic H₂ generation was carried out over the as-prepared composites with triethanolamine (TEOA) as sacrificial reagent. Under visible-light illumination, the1% (w) Pt_2.5M/g-C₃N₄ (M = Co, Fe, Ni) composites all exhibited higher or comparable activity towards photocatalytic H₂ generation when compared to 1% (w) Pt loaded counterpart. In addition, the atomic ratios of Pt/Co and the loading amount of Pt-Co cocatalyst were modified to optimize the photocatalytic performance, among which, 1% (w) Pt_2.5Co/g-C₃N₄ composite revealed the highest activity with a 1.6-time enhancement. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated that the enhancement might be attributed to improved charge transfer from g-C₃N₄ to Pt_2.5Co cocatalyst and inhibited charge carrier recombination in the presence of Pt_2.5Co cocatalyst. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the great potential to partially replace Pt with low-cost and abundant transition metals and to fabricate Pt based bimetallic alloys as promising cocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic H₂ generation.     

可见光诱导提升Pt/g-C3N4纳米片甲酸氧化性能的研究

以半导体材料类石墨氮化碳纳米片(g-C₃N₄纳米片)为载体,通过微波-多元醇法构筑了Pt/g-C₃N₄纳米片催化剂. 通过TEM、XRD、XPS、紫外-可见吸收光谱等方法对Pt/g-C₃N₄纳米片催化剂的粒径尺寸、组成、结构、光学等性质进行分析. 通过对比可见光照和暗室条件下的甲酸电氧化活性,Pt/g-C₃N₄纳米片催化剂在可见光照射下展现出良好的催化性能. 该性能的提高一方面可能是由于g-C₃N₄纳米片在可见光照射下加速了电子从Pt转移给g-C₃N₄纳米片,Pt处于“电子匮乏”状态,可削弱CO与Pt之间的化学键能,减弱CO在Pt表面的吸附能力,促进了CO的氧化,提高了催化剂抗中毒能力;另一方面,g-C₃N₄纳米片在光照条件下分离出的空穴可有效氧化甲酸分子,提高甲酸氧化活性. 因此,可见光条件下可有效提高Pt/g-C₃N₄纳米片催化剂甲酸催化氧化活性,这为直接甲酸燃料电池的发展提供了新思路.     

Nitrogen photofixation on holey g-C3N4 nanosheets with carbon vacancies under visible-light irradiation

Nitrogen photo fixation using g-C3N4-based photocatalysts have attracted abundant of attentions recently.Herein,in this study,holey g-C3N4(HGCN)nanosheets possess a good deal of carbon vacancies were prepared by means of thermally treating bulk g-C3 N4(BGCN)under an NH3 atmosphere.Characterization analysis revealed that the as-synthesized sample have identical crystal structure,la rger BET specific surface area,stronger reduction capability,and higher photogene rated charge carrier separation rate than that of BGCN.These properties may contribute to enhance the nitrogen photofixation activity.It was also found that the rate of NH4^+production for N2 photofixation of HGCN sample reached^25.54 mg L^-1 h^-1 g(cat)^-1,which is approximately^5.87 times higher than that of BGCN sample under optimal reactive conditions.Moreover,a plausible mechanism of HGCN for nitrogen photofixation process was illuminated in detail.     

通过g-C3N4担载MNi12 (Fe,Co, Cu,Zn)纳米团簇调节甲烷化

As a unique two-dimensional material, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has received significant attention for its particular electronic structure and chemical performance. Its instinctive defect can provide a stable anchoring site for metals, potentially improving the surface reactivity. Ni-based catalysts are economical but their activity for CO₂ methanation is lower than that of noble metal catalysts. Ni nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a substrate can further enhance the stability and activity of catalysts. Based on the principles of strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) and the synergistic effect on an alloy, MNi₁₂/g-C₃N₄ composites as novel catalysts are expected to improve stability and catalytic performance of Ni-based catalysts. The configurations are established with core-shell structures of MNi₁₂ (M = Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on g-C₃N₄ in this work. In the CO₂ methanation reaction, the reactivity of CO on slab (E_CO) is a critical factor, which is relative to the catalytic activity. Thus, the catalytic reactivity of these complexes via CO adsorption were explored using density functional theory (DFT). The values of cohesive energy (E_coh) for MNi₁₂ NPs range from -39.90 eV to -34.82 eV, suggesting that the formation of these NPs is favored as per thermodynamics, and E_coh and partial density of state (PDOS) reveal that the central M atom with the less filled d-shell interacts more strongly with surface Ni atoms. Therefore, ZnNi₁₂ is the most unstable structure among all the studied alloy, and the synergistic effect is also the weakest among them. When MNi₁₂ NPs are supported on the g-C₃N₄ substrate, the binding energies (E_b) vary from -9.40 eV to -8.39 eV, indicating that g-C₃N₄ is indeed a good material for stabilizing these NPs. The PDOS analysis of pure g-C₃N₄ suggests the sp² dangling bonds of N atoms in g-C₃N₄ can stabilize these transition metal NPs. Furthermore, the results of CO adsorbed on MNi₁₂ NPs and MNi₁₂/g-C₃N₄ composites show that E_CO and d_CO reduced with the introduction of g-C₃N₄. According to the results of the analysis of the Hirshfeld charges and electrostatic potential (ESP), the reason is that CO obtains less electrons from MNi₁₂ NPs after deposition on the g-C₃N₄ substrate, which lowers the reactivity of CO on catalysts. Additionally, the deformation charge density is analyzed to investigate the interaction between the NPs and g-C₃N₄. With the introduction of g-C₃N₄, charge redistribution indicates the strong metal-support interaction, which further reduces the CO adsorption energy. In summary, MNi₁₂ supported on g-C₃N₄ exhibit not only high stability but also tunable reactivity in CO₂ methanation. These changes are beneficial for CO₂ methanation reaction.     

Ni,Co基硒化物修饰g-C3N4光催化产氢研究

Developing novel and efficient catalysts is a significant way to break the bottleneck of low separation and transfer efficiency of charge carriers in pristine photocatalysts. Here, two fresh photocatalysts, g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ hybrids, are first synthesized by anchoring Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ nanoparticles on the surface of well-dispersed g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. The resulting materials show excellent performance for photocatalytic in situ hydrogen generation. Pristine g-C₃N₄ has poor photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity (about 1.9 μmol·h^-1) because of the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs. However, the hydrogen generation activity is well improved after growing Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ on the surface of g-C₃N₄, owing to the unique effect of these selenides in accelerating the separation and migration of charge carriers. The hydrogen production activities of G-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ are about 16.4 μmol·h^-1 and 25.6 μmol·h^-1, which are 8-fold and 13-fold that of pristine g-C₃N₄, respectively. In detail, coupling Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ with g-C₃N₄ greatly improves the light absorbance density and extends the light response region. The photoluminescence intensity of the photoexcited Eosin Y dye in the presence of g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ is weaker than that in the presence of pure g-C₃N₄. On the other hand, the upper limit of the electron-transfer rate constants in the presence of g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ is greater than that in the presence of pure g-C₃N₄. Among the g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄@FTO, g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂@FTO, and g-C₃N₄@FTO electrodes, the g-C₃N₄@FTO electrode has the lowest photocurrent density and the highest electrochemical impedance, implying that the introduction of CoSe₂ and Ni₃Se₄ onto the surface of g-C₃N₄ enhances the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. In other words, the formation of two star metals selenide based on g-C₃N₄ can efficiently inhibit the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and accelerate photocatalytic water splitting to generate H₂. Meanwhile, the right shift of the absorption band edge effectively reduces the transition threshold of the photoexcited electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. In addition, the more negative zeta potential for the g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ catalysts as compared with that for pure g-C₃N₄ leads to a notable enhancement in the adsorption of protons by the sample surface. Moreover, the results of density functional theory calculations indicate that the hydrogen adsorption energy of the N sites in g-C₃N₄ is -0.22 eV; further, the hydrogen atoms are preferentially adsorbed at the bridge site of two selenium atoms to form a Se―H―Se bond, and the adsorption energy is 1.53 eV. In-depth characterization has been carried out by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transient photocurrent measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the results of these experiments are in good agreement with one another.     

Z型g-C3N4/Pt/TiO2纳米管阵列复合电极的制备及光电氧化甲醇性能

以NH₄Cl为气体模板吹制双氰胺制备g-C₃N₄纳米片, 并将其负载于Pt/TiO₂纳米管阵列(Pt/TiO₂ NTs)上, 制备了一种新型的Z型g-C₃N₄/Pt/TiO₂NTs复合电极材料. 通过扫描电子显微镜、 X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对该材料的结构进行了表征, 采用电化学和光电化学方法研究了材料的性能. 研究结果显示, 在可见光照射下, g-C₃N₄/Pt/TiO₂ NTs复合材料具有高效的光电氧化甲醇的性能. 该复合材料的高性能主要归因于以下两点： (1) g-C₃N₄与Pt/TiO₂NTs的结合有效扩展了其在可见光范围的吸收; (2) Z型电荷转移保留了具有强氧化能力的空穴和强还原能力的电子, 从而使光生中间体作用于电催化过程增强了甲醇氧化效率.     

类石墨烯C3N4纳米片光催化分解水制氢中的量子限域效应

从层状化合物获得的纳米片是一类新型纳米结构材料,这种二维各向异性的纳米甚至亚纳米级的材料具有独特的物理化学性能,其中最好的一个例证就是从石墨烯C₃N₄到石墨烯C₃N₄纳米片的转变。通过高温氧化热刻蚀方法将体相g-C₃N₄剥离成g-C₃N₄纳米片,应用于染料敏化可见光分解水产氢,表现出了较体相g-C₃N₄高于2.6倍的产氢速率。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）、荧光光谱和光电化学等表征研究了g-C₃N₄纳米片的结构及曙红（EY）和g-C₃N₄纳米片之间的电子迁移过程。热剥离后的g-C₃N₄纳米片具有较高的比表面积,不仅可以更为有效地吸附染料分子,还因其量子限域效应大大增强了光生电荷的分离效率和电子转移效率,改善了电子沿平面方向的传输能力以及光生载流子的寿命,从而显著提高g-C₃N₄纳米片的光催化产氢活性。     

高活性氮化碳纳米片的制备策略

Layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a typical polymeric semiconductor with an sp² π-conjugated system having great potential in energy conversion, environmental purification, materials science, etc., owing to its unique physicochemical and electrical properties. However, bulk g-C₃N₄ obtained by calcination suffers from a low specific surface area, rapid charge carrier recombination, and poor dispersion in aqueous solutions, which limit its practical applications. Controlling the size of g-C₃N₄ (e.g., preparing g-C₃N₄ nanosheets) can effectively solve the above problems. Compared with the bulk material, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets have a larger specific surface area, richer active sites, and a larger band gap due to the quantum confinement effect. As g-C₃N₄ has a layered structure with strong in-plane C-N covalent bonds and weak van der Waals forces between the layers, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can be prepared by exfoliating bulk g-C₃N₄. Alternatively, g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can otherwise be obtained through the anisotropic assembly of organic precursors. Nevertheless, some of these methods have various limitations, such as high energy consumption, are time consuming, and have low yield. Accordingly, developing green and cost-effective exfoliation and preparation strategies for g-C₃N₄ nanosheets is necessary. Herein, the research progress of the exfoliation and preparation strategies (including the thermal oxidation etching process, the ultrasound-assisted route, the chemical exfoliation, the mechanical method, and the template method) for two-dimensional C₃N₄ nanosheets are introduced. Their features are systematically analyzed and the perspectives and challenges in the preparation of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets are discussed. This study emphasizes the following: (1) The preparation method of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets should be properly selected according to the practical application needs. Additionally, various strategies (such as chemical method and ultrasonic method) can be combined to exfoliate nanosheets from bulk g-C₃N₄; (2) More reasonable nano- or even subnanostructured g-C₃N₄ nanosheets should be continuously explored; (3) Novel modification strategies, such as defective engineering, heterojunction construction, and surface functional group regulation, should be introduced to improve the reactivity and selectivity of the g-C₃N₄ nanosheets; (4) The application of in situ characterization techniques (such as in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) should also be strengthened to monitor the detailed catalytic process and investigate the g-C₃N₄ nanosheet structure-efficiency relationship. (5) To gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the macroscopic properties and the microscopic structure, the combination of theoretical calculations and experimental results should be strengthened, which will be beneficial for exploiting high-quality g-C₃N₄ nanosheets.      

Identifying the composition and atomic distribution of Pt-Au bimetallic nanoparticle with machine learning and genetic algorithm

Bimetallic nanoparticles(AmBn)usually exhibit rich catalytic chemistry and have drawn tremendous attention in heterogeneous catalysis.However,challenged by the huge configuration space,the understanding toward their composition and distribution of A/B element is known little at the atomic level,which hinders the rational synthesis.Herein,we develop an on-the-fly training strategy combing the machine learning model(SchNet)with the genetic algorithm(GA)search technique,which achieve the fast and accurate energy prediction of complex bimetallic clusters at the DFT level.Taking the 38-atom PtmAu38-mnanoparticle as example,the element distribution identification problem and the stability trend as a function of Pt/Au composition is quantitatively re solved.Specifically,results show that on the Pt-rich cluster Au atoms prefer to occupy the low-coordinated surface corner sites and form patch-like surface segregation patte rns,while for the Au-rich ones Pt atoms tend to site in the co re region and form the co re-shell(Pt@Au)configuration.The thermodynamically most stable PtmAu38-mcluster is Pt6 Au32,with all the core-region sites occupied by Pt,rationalized by the stronger Pt-Pt bond in comparison with Pt-Au and Au-Au bonds.This work exemplifies the potent application of rapid global sea rch enabled by machine learning in exploring the high-dimensional configuration space of bimetallic nanocatalysts.     

高活性位点密度Fe-N共掺杂碳纳米片的制备及氧还原性能

从三聚氰胺和均苯四甲酸酐单体出发, 通过熔融盐法合成了三嗪结构聚酰亚胺纳米片, 借助类石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)与铁离子的配位作用, 经高温热处理形成了高效掺杂的Fe-N/C催化剂. 研究结果表明, 该催化剂为表面粗糙的纳米片结构, 比表面积高达1794 m²/g. 通过g-C₃N₄的引入和含量的调控, 催化剂中铁元素的掺杂量最高可达1.13%(摩尔分数), 为未引入g-C₃N₄的3.3倍, 其原因可归结于g-C₃N₄配位锚定了铁离子, 其较强的配位作用可以避免高温热处理时铁元素的迁移和聚集. 该催化剂在酸性条件下氧还原反应半波电位为0.79 V, 10000周加速测试后的半波电位衰减了30 mV, 表现出较好的氧还原活性.