微孔结构铅(Ⅱ)印迹聚合物的制备及其吸附性能的FAAS法分析

以8-羟基喹啉作为络合剂,Pb(NO_3)_2为模板离子,苯乙烯、EGDMA和AIBN分别为功能单体、交联剂和引发剂,本体聚合技术制备微孔结构Pb~(2+)印迹聚合物,用于从水溶液中快速吸附和选择分离痕量Pb。傅里叶变换红外光谱法和扫描电镜表征Pb-IIPs和NIPs的表面形貌和结构。以FAAS法研究了Pb~(2+)初始质量浓度、溶液pH及吸附时间等因素对聚合物吸附性能的影响。结果表明,Pb~(2+)的最佳吸附条件为:Pb~(2+)初始质量浓度为10mg/L,pH5~6,吸附时间约为4h时,最大吸附容量达到2.86mg/g,是非印迹聚合物吸附容量的3.95倍;印迹聚合物重复使用5次以上,选择分离痕量Pb重复效果较好。     

三维氮掺杂石墨烯对水中铅和镉的吸附

采用多巴胺(DA)作为还原剂和功能化试剂,进行了氧化石墨烯的功能化,制备了三维结构的氮掺杂石墨烯材料(rGO-DA)。与还原性氧化石墨烯(rGO)对比,rGO-DA具有更大的吸附容量。rGO-DA对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附容量分别为91.4,43.5 mg/g。考察了吸附时间、pH值、初始浓度对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附效果的影响。结果表明,rGO-DA对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附达到平衡的时间为120 min,最佳pH值为5.0。在Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)初始浓度小于30μg/m L时,二者的吸附去除率分别为100%和87.7%。在吸附Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+)后,rGO-DA可轻松从水体中移除。用HCl脱附,循环使用3次后,rGO-DA对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附容量无明显变化,可再生并重复使用。     

希夫碱型木质素基吸附材料的制备及其对Pb~(2+)吸附性能研究

以乙酸木质素为原料,通过曼尼希胺化反应和希夫碱反应制备希夫碱型木质素基离子吸附材料(SLA),利用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析等手段对SLA的结构进行表征。考察了溶液pH值、吸附剂用量和离子溶液初始浓度等因素对SLA吸附性能的影响。结果表明,在pH=5.0、吸附剂用量2.0g/L、Pb~(2+)溶液浓度200mg/L条件下,SLA对Pb~(2+)具有较高的吸附量(65.45mg/g)和良好的吸附选择性。研究结果表明,SLA对Pb~(2+)的等温吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,存在非均匀多层吸附现象;SLA对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,表明SLA对Pb~(2+)的吸附作用主要为化学吸附。     

淀粉接枝改性聚丙烯酸/钠高吸水性树脂吸附Pb2+的研究

以可溶性淀粉和丙烯酸为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,通过自由基聚合法制备可溶性淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸/钠高吸水性树脂,研究树脂对Pb~(2+)的吸附性。结果表明,接枝后树脂网络孔径增大,其吸附Pb~(2+)的pH值范围宽,饱和吸附时间短,最大吸附容量为277.7mg/g。吸附过程研究发现,淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸/钠高吸水性树脂对Pb~(2+)的吸附符合准二阶动力学模型,吸附的控速步骤为化学吸附;Langmuir等温吸附方程与实验数据吻合良好,表明对Pb~(2+)的吸附为均匀的单分子层吸附;吸附热力学表明,对Pb~(2+)的吸附为自发进行的放热反应。机理研究表明,吸附过程有树脂与Pb~(2+)的静电作用、羧酸根离子与Pb~(2+)二齿螯合配位作用以及Na+与Pb~(2+)的离子交换等,离子交换程度随着Pb~(2+)浓度的增加而增大。     

萘磺酸根插层类水滑石对水中Pb~(2+)的脱除性能

采用共沉淀法制备得到1,5-萘二磺酸根插层的镁铝类水滑石,将其应用于废水中Pb~(2+)的脱除.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等表征手段对所制备的粉末样品进行了结构表征.插层后的类水滑石对Pb~(2+)表现出较好的络合分离性能,容量高于110mg/g.本文系统探讨了初始pH、类水滑石的用量、接触时间、络合温度以及Pb~(2+)的初始浓度对脱除溶液中Pb~(2+)的影响.实验结果表明,反应条件对Pb~(2+)的脱除有较大的影响,类水滑石对Pb~(2+)的脱除是通过层间1,5-萘二磺酸根和表面羟基与Pb~(2+)的络合作用实现的.处理后,水溶液中残留的Pb~(2+)浓度低于0.04mg/L,这一结果符合国家地表水环境质量标准的第Ⅲ类标准(≤0.05mg/L).     

铅—锶—偶氮氯膦Ⅲ体系极谱吸附波的研究及应用

在NaNO_2底液中,Pb~(2+)与偶氮氯磷Ⅲ形成2:1的络合物,于-0.60 V(vs.SCE)处产生一与Pb~(2+)浓度有关的极谱吸附波。加入Sr~(2+)后,形成铅-锶-偶氮氯膦Ⅲ三元异双核络合物,其极谱波灵敏度增加、稳定性更好,峰电位负移至-0.61 V。利用此波建立了测定痕量铅的极谱吸附波分析法,用以测定蕃茄叶标样(美国NBS,SRM-1573)中痕量铅,结果良好。还研究了此络合物组成及极谱波性质。     

一步电化学法制备聚L-赖氨酸/石墨烯修饰电极及对铅镉的测定

采用一步电化学聚合方法将L-赖氨酸和石墨烯聚合到玻碳电极表面上,制备了聚L-赖氨酸/石墨烯修饰电极。采用电化学阻抗及差示脉冲伏安法对修饰电极进行表征。由于电极活性面积的增加及石墨烯导电性,修饰电极对Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+)表现出较好的测试性能。实验表明,在pH 4. 0的乙酸缓冲溶液中,Bi~(2+)质量浓度为0. 6 mg/L,富集电位为-1. 0 V,富集时间为390 s的最佳测定条件下,Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+)浓度在0. 1～5. 0 mmol/L范围内与目标离子的溶出峰电流呈现良好的线性关系,Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+)的检出限分别为7. 0 nmol/L和90 nmol/L。方法已用于实际水样中Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+)的测定。     

盐酸水解汰头对重金属Pb~(2+)吸附性能的研究

用盐酸对汰头进行部分水解,水解产物用扫描电镜和XRD进行表征,并运用汰头材料对重金属铅离子的吸附性能进行研究。结果表明,盐酸对汰头进行部分水解后,汰头主体保持完整,表面微观形貌发生变化,比较粗糙且有不规则的微孔结构及少量的裂缝。吸附后,Pb~(2+)被吸附在汰头材料的微孔结构、细纹及裂缝中。盐酸处理不会改变汰头晶型,结构趋于无定形化。在100mL溶液中,吸附温度25℃、吸附时间20min、溶液p H 5.0、初始Pb~(2+)浓度为10mg/L、投入量0.2g的条件下,该盐酸水解汰头对Pb~(2+)有较强的吸附能力。用质量分数1%的盐酸溶液可快速洗脱吸附在汰头上的Pb~(2+),洗脱率达90%以上。     

基于离子印迹聚合物微球固相萃取/微波等离子体发射光谱法测定地表水中痕量铅

建立了地表水中痕量Pb~(2+)的离子印迹聚合物固相萃取/微波等离子体发射光谱测定方法(IISPE/MP-AES)。以Pb~(2+)为模板离子,采用皮克林乳液聚合法制备离子印迹聚合物微球(IIPMs),填装成固相萃取柱对样品中Pb~(2+)进行富集。IIPMs的平均粒径为26.6μm,表面分布有丰富的具特异性吸附性能的多孔状结构,等温吸附实验表明其对Pb~(2+)的吸附属于单分子层吸附。通过对IIPMs固相萃取柱的性能及最优富集条件进行考察,样品富集后采用5%HNO_3洗脱,IIPMs固相萃取柱对水中Pb~(2+)的最大富集倍数为250倍,可重复利用12次以上;在最优萃取条件下,方法的检出限为0.26μg/L,实际地表水样的加标回收率为92.4%~98.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于4.1%。IIPMs固相萃取与MP-AES联用可用于地表水中痕量Pb~(2+)的准确测定。     

β-环糊精辅助四(对羟基苯基)卟啉与铅(Ⅱ)离子显色反应

利用四(对羟基苯基)卟啉(TOPPH_2)为显色剂,在β-环糊精作用下,研究了TOPPH_2与Pb~(2+)的显色反应。结果显示,在pH 10.0,沸水浴加热15 min,Pb~(2+)与TOPPH_2形成稳定的配合物TOPPPb(Ⅱ),在λ_(max)=436 nm检测吸光度,发现该条件下显色剂吸收峰较宽。当显色液冷却至室温,加入一定量β-环糊精,震荡20 min,调节pH为4.6,发现溶液在426 nm处有较窄的吸收峰,显色反应得到增强,当Pb(NO_3)_2质量浓度范围为0~0.15 mg/L,吸收峰强度与溶液中Pb~(2+)的浓度成正比,符合比尔定律。     

原位微区同步辐射X射线荧光和近边吸收谱研究铅耐受细菌吸附-转化铅机理

为了从微观水平研究细菌生物吸附及转化铅机理,利用原位微区同步辐射X射线荧光(μ-SRXRF)及X射线吸收近边结构谱( XANES)研究云南兰坪铅锌矿区农田土壤样品中筛选的铅耐受性细菌吸附铅的分布特征及铅形态转化规律。土壤中具有铅耐受性的菌株主要为Arthrobacter sp.属(节杆菌属),采用μ-SRXRF对其吸附铅的含量进行快速简单直接分析,部分细菌吸附铅的含量高达5925μg/g,富集系数达14.8。XANES结果表明,细菌吸附 Pb 后存在形态为 PbS、(C17 H35 COO)2Pb 和 Pb5(PO4)3Cl 分别占58.0％,22.2％和19.8％,与培养基本身以有机态为主的Pb形态有明显差异,表明培养基中铅被细菌吸附后有向硫化物转化的趋势,这为研究重金属生物有效性的影响因素提供了实验参考。     

蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯的制备及稳定性研究

以甘蔗渣为原材料,于20％(wt)的NaOH溶液中碱化24 h,在碱性条件下加入用量为0.5 mL/g的CS2,在30℃反应2.5 h,合成了蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯(BCX)；并对其合成条件进行了优化,对其处理重金属离子的效果进行了评价.研究结果表明,BCX对重金属废水中的Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、pb2+的去除率均在...     

Equilibrium properties of charged spherical colloidal particles suspended in aqueous electrolytes: finite ion size and effective ion permittivity effects

The adsorption behaviour and mechanism of As(III) and Se(IV) oxyanion uptake using a mixed inorganic adsorbent were studied. The novel adsorbent, based on Fe(III)-Mn(III) hydrous oxides and manganese(II) carbonate, was synthesised using a hydrothermal precipitation approach in the presence of urea. The inorganic ion exchanger exhibited a high selectivity and adsorptive capacity towards As(III) (up to 47.6 mg/g) and Se(IV) (up to 29.0 mg/g), even at low equilibrium concentration. Although pH effects were typical for anionic species (i.e., the adsorption decreased upon pH increase), Se(IV) was more sensitive to pH changes than As(III). The rates of adsorption of both oxyanions were high. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies showed that the ion exchange adsorption of both anions took place via OH(-) groups, mainly from Fe(III) but also Mn(III) hydrous oxides. MnCO(3) did not contribute directly to As(III) and Se(IV) removal. A higher adsorptive capacity of the developed material towards As(III) was partly due to partial As(III) oxidation during adsorption.     

浮石负载壳聚糖吸附去除水中丙溴磷

通过浮石负载壳聚糖制备了吸附剂壳聚糖/浮石复合物,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等技术手段表征了吸附剂性质,考察了吸附剂量、吸附时间、溶液pH值、离子强度和温度对该吸附剂吸附去除水中丙溴磷的影响,研究了再生吸附剂的吸附性能。结果表明,负载在浮石上的壳聚糖占吸附剂总量的8.69%;在p H值3.0~7.0内,壳聚糖/浮石对丙溴磷的吸附率大于90%;这种吸附剂对丙溴磷的吸附受溶液离子强度影响较小,随温度升高而稍微减小。在溶液温度25℃、pH=7.0、丙溴磷浓度40 mg/L、壳聚糖/浮石剂量为0.7 g/L和吸附平衡时间为90 min条件下,此吸附剂对丙溴磷最大吸附率为93.3%(最大吸附量为53.4 mg/g)。壳聚糖/浮石连续经过3次吸附/再生循环,每次循环对丙溴磷的吸附率下降约12%。可见壳聚糖/浮石通过吸附可有效地去除水中的农药丙溴磷。     

New inorganic (an)ion exchangers based on Mg-Al hydrous oxides: (alkoxide-free) sol-gel synthesis and characterisation

New inorganic ion exchangers based on double Mg-Al hydrous oxides were generated via the new non-traditional sol-gel synthesis method which avoids using metal alkoxides as raw materials. Surface chemical and adsorptive properties of the final products were controlled by several ways of hydrogels and xerogels treatments which produced the materials of the layered structure, mixed hydrous oxides or amorphous adsorbents. The final adsorptive materials obtained via thermal treatment of xerogels were the layered mesoporous materials with carbonate in the interlayer space, surface abundance with hydroxylic groups and maximum adsorptive capacity to arsenate. Higher affinity of Mg-Al hydrous oxides towards H(2)AsO(4)(-) is confirmed by steep adsorption isotherms having plateau (removal capacity) at 220 mg[As]g(dw)(-1) for the best sample at pH=7, fast adsorption kinetics and little pH effect. Adsorption of arsenite, fluoride, bromate, bromide, selenate, borate by Mg-Al hydrous oxides was few times high either competitive (depending on the anion) as compare with the conventional inorganic ion exchange adsorbents.     

Synthesis of calcium alginate nanoparticles for removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions

Calcium alginate nanoparticles (CANPs) were synthesized to remove lead ion [Pb(??)] as pollutant of environment from aqueous solutions. The produced CANPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis (PSA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Various factors, which affected adsorption efficiency of lead ions by CANPs, such as pH (pH from 1 to 8), initial ions concentration (in the range of 25 to 125 mg L^–1), contact time (varying from 5 to 120 min), and adsorbent dose (50 to 500 mg L^–1), were investigated for determination of optimum experimental conditions. The result of tests showed that the investigated factors had significant effects on adsorption of Pb(??) ions and the maximum adsorption percentage of lead at pH = 6~7, 25 mg L^–1 initial ions concentration, contact time of more than 140 min. and for adsorbent dose at 500 mg L^–1. Also these results demonstrated the effective adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions by synthesized CANPs that occurred due to a high surface area of CANPs and the presence of anionic carboxylate functional groups and allowed effective absorbing and removing Pb(??) ions from aqueous solutions. Thus, these nanoparticles were able to remove over 99% of lead ions from solution.     

锆、铁水合氧化物对磷酸根的吸附

将氯氧化锆、三氯化铁分别与双氧水和氨水反应,生成锆、铁水合金属氧化物。用这两种氧化物作为吸附剂对水中的磷进行吸附。讨论了吸附过程对吸附容量的影响因素(温度、pH、时间)及除磷机理。实验结果表明,在低的pH值下,吸附容量最大;该吸附过程主要是以离子交换反应进行的吸热过程;可以用Freundlich方程表示静态吸附的吸附等温线;吸附动力学符合一级反应方程。     

单宁微球对牛血清蛋白的吸附

采用反相悬浮聚合法制备单宁微球,利用扫描电子显微镜对微球的表面形貌进行观察.同时以单宁微球为吸附剂,探讨pH值、单宁微球质量、牛血清蛋白起始浓度、吸附时间等条件对单宁微球吸附牛血清蛋白性能的影响,得出单宁微球吸附牛血清蛋白的最佳条件.并用两种动力学模型进行拟合.结果表明,单宁微球对牛血清蛋白的吸附速率先快后慢,最后吸附...     

Adsorption of aqueous Cu(II) and Ag(I) by silica anchored Schiff base decorated polyamidoamine dendrimers: Behavior and mechanism

A class of silica anchored Schiff base decorated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were synthesized for removing aqueous Cu(II) and Ag(I). The adsorption performance was investigated synthetically and the adsorption mechanism was revealed. Results indicate the adsorption capacity depends on dendrimer generation, solution pH, contact time, temperature and initial metal ion concentration. The optimum adsorption pH is 6 for both metal ion. Adsorption kinetic suggests the adsorption can achieve equilibrium at 180 and 150 min for Cu(II) and Ag(I). The kinetic process is found to be in good agreement with pseudo-second-order model and film diffusion is the rate-controlling step. The adsorption isotherm indicates the adsorption is proceeded by monolayer behavior with chemical mechanism. These adsorbents exhibit competitive adsorption capacity as compared with other reported adsorbents. Theoretical calculation demonstrates the participation of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amide groups during the adsorption of Cu(II), while hydroxyl and amide groups are mainly responsible for capturing Ag(I).     

Adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), and As(V) on bacterially produced metal sulfides

The adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Fe(II) and As(V) onto bacterially produced metal sulfide (BPMS) material was investigated using a batch equilibrium method. It was found that the sulfide material had adsorptive properties comparable with those of other adsorbents with respect to the specific uptake of a range of metals and, the levels to which dissolved metal concentrations in solution can be reduced. The percentage of adsorption increased with increasing pH and adsorbent dose, but decreased with increasing initial dissolved metal concentration. The pH of the solution was the most important parameter controlling adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and As(V) by BPMS. The adsorption data were successfully modeled using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Desorption experiments showed that the reversibility of adsorption was low, suggesting high-affinity adsorption governed by chemisorption. The mechanism of adsorption for the divalent metals was thought to be the formation of strong, inner-sphere complexes involving surface hydroxyl groups. However, the mechanism for the adsorption of As(V) by BPMS appears to be distinct from that of surface hydroxyl exchange. These results have important implications to the management of metal sulfide sludge produced by bacterial sulfate reduction.