原位担载Fe_2S_3催化剂煤的热解动力学研究

用加压热天平研究了原位担载纳米级Fe2 S3 催化剂的大柳塔次烟煤的加氢热解动力学 ,考查了 2 0MPa氢气氛或氮气氛下原煤及担载催化剂的煤热解失重过程 ,计算了活化能E和指前因子A等热解动力学参数。结果表明 ,煤原位担载Fe2 S3 催化剂后热失重速率比原煤有较大程度的增加 ,最大热解速率的特征温度也比原煤降低。特别是煤在表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液中担载Fe2 S3 催化剂后的热解反应速率高于水溶液中担载同样催化剂的热解反应速度。原位担载Fe2 S3 的煤及原煤的热解反应过程符合一级反应动力学。     

一种煤与两种城市污水污泥混合热解的热重分析

采用热重分析法对一种煤和两种城市污水污泥（S1和S2）及其混合物进行了热解实验研究,揭示了煤和污泥在氮气中的热解特性及污泥对煤热解特性的影响。煤和污泥的热解特性参数不同,主要表现在总失重率、失重速率及挥发分析出温度区间等。煤与污泥S1混合有助于增加样品的热解总失重率,提高失重速率;污泥S1与煤的挥发分析出区间部分重合,污泥灰中含的无机物对煤的热解起到催化效果;煤和S2污泥混合后热解反应过程中无明显相互作用;煤与城市污水污泥混合物的相互作用与样品特性和混合比例有关。     

微型流化床反应分析仪中原位/非原位煤焦气化动力学研究

利用新开发的微型流化床反应分析仪(micro-fluidized bed reaction analysis, MFBRA) 考察了义马烟煤半焦的原位以及两种非原位半焦气化行为并测定了其动力学参数,其中,原位半焦气化是指煤热解温度和气氛与半焦气化过程一致,非原位半焦1气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,热态条件下直接在CO₂气氛下气化;非原位半焦2气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,冷却收集后再在CO₂气氛下气化。研究发现,原位半焦具有最大的比表面积和最小的平均孔径,石墨化程度最弱,且对CO₂的化学吸附能力最强,表面活性位点最多。在最小化气体扩散的实验条件下,原位半焦气化反应的反应速率明显比非原位半焦气化反应快,且求取的活化能数据较小。实验揭示了原位半焦和非原位半焦结构和反应性的差异,也证明了MFBRA对原位等温气化反应的适用性。     

加压热解气氛对碳酸钾催化煤热解过程中硫迁移的影响

在加压热解装置上,考察了碳酸钾及热解气氛对煤热解过程中硫分布及其形态的影响。结果表明,碳酸钾通过捕获H_2S增加了半焦硫含量,同时可将煤焦表面活化,导致煤中有机质与黄铁矿分解产生的活泼硫结合形成新的有机硫。氢气能促进煤中硫的脱除,但是碳酸钾存在下热解释放的硫一部分以K_2S的形式固定于半焦中。水蒸气可显著促进煤中黄铁矿的分解,同时可与煤焦中的K_2S反应,降低半焦中的硫含量。两段床催化气化炉中,碳酸钾催化剂经热解后不影响其对煤焦的催化性能。     

平朔煤和生物质共热解实验研究

利用热重分析技术对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解特性进行了研究,考察了生物质掺混比例对平朔煤热解的影响。结果表明,不同掺混比例下生物质与平朔煤共热解时,平朔煤的挥发分析出温度和最大热解速率对应的温度呈现出规律性变化。将混合样品热解时的实际失重速率曲线与按比例折算后的曲线进行对比,发现实际失重速率曲线与折算曲线有所偏差,并不是平朔煤与生物质热解失重速率的简单加和,说明混合热解过程中有协同作用。同时,利用Coats-Redfern法,对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解主要阶段用一级反应过程描述,计算其动力学参数,发现反应活化能E和指前因子A随着生物质掺混比例不同呈现出规律性变化,对其规律进行了机理分析,证明了掺混生物质对平朔煤热解起到了促进作用,认为平朔煤与生物质共热解过程存在协同效应。     

神华煤直接液化残渣热解特性研究

通过热重分析技术考察了神华煤直接液化残渣的热解特性。结果表明,和煤热解相比,在相同条件下残渣热解具有更大的失重率和失重速率。残渣热失重分为三个阶段,在173℃以前为残渣热解第一阶段;从173℃～510℃是残渣热解第二阶段,此阶段为残渣的主要失重阶段;510℃以后是残渣热解的第三阶段,在这个阶段残渣继续失重,此阶段的失重是由于残渣的二次分解和残渣中的矿物质分解造成的。通过比较脱油前后残渣热失重曲线发现,残渣主要失重是由于残渣中重质油、沥青烯以及前沥青烯的热解以及挥发造成的。通过脱灰残渣的热解发现,与原残渣相比,脱灰后残渣的失重量变小,矿物质的分解和残渣中有机组分的缩聚是温度高于649℃以后残渣失重的主要原因。由热解特征参数看出,脱油残渣的初始热解温度、最大失重温度以及剧烈热解终温均高于原煤,说明和原煤相比,脱油后残渣中惰性组分不易热解。与原煤和四氢呋喃脱油渣相比,残渣具有最大的失重速率,这是由于残渣中含有大量重质油、沥青烯以及前沥青烯造成的。     

O－烷基化对煤中氢键的调控及对热解特性的影响

采用O－烷基化的方法对霍林河褐煤进行预处理，用原位漫反射红外光谱结合热重研究了处理前后煤中氢键的变化规律及热解特性。提出采用煤中高岭土、伊利石等在3690cm－1附近的红外吸收峰作为标准，校正煤的漫反射红外谱图的方法。结果表明，采用O-烷基化方法处理霍林河原煤后，其中的氢键数量有明显的减少，但均不能完全消除煤中的氢键；对于各种氢键调控幅度的大小随氢键强度的增大而逐渐减少；调控后煤中的氢键在高温区的热解稳定性增加；经O-烷基化后，煤的热解转化率增加，初始温度降低，热解温区加宽，失重速率加快。     

碱及碱土金属对准东煤热解特性及动力学影响分析

利用程序升温热重(TG)技术对准东原煤(R-form)和酸洗煤(H-form)样品的热解过程进行了研究,同时,采用分布活化能模型(DAEM)法对两者的热解动力学参数进行了计算。结果表明,准东煤在热解过程中保持了丰富的孔隙结构;碱及碱土金属(AAEM)的存在不会对准东煤大分子网络结构造成显著影响,但会提高准东煤的平衡水分含量及二次脱气阶段挥发分释放速率,降低其主热解阶段挥发分释放速率及热解最终失重率;DAEM法可以在较宽的温度范围内对准东煤的热解过程进行准确的描述,R-form和H-form煤样品的热解活化能均随转化率的增大而升高;相同转化率下R-form煤样品的活化能高于H-form,前者活化能分布函数的最大值出现在261.85kJ/mol处,而后者出现在264.51kJ/mol处;AAEM的存在使准东煤的热解活化能升高且分布更加集中,使其热解反应活性降低;准东煤热解的频率因子与活化能之间呈现明显的动力学补偿效应。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

应用TG-FTIR技术研究黄土庙煤催化热解特性

用浸渍法制备过渡金属氧化物担载型催化剂MO_x/USY(M=Co、Mo、Co-Mo),用热重红外联用技术考察了MO_x/USY催化剂对黄土庙(HTM)煤热解失重特性和热解产物生成规律的影响。热重实验结果表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可使HTM煤热解的二次脱气条件更为温和,热解峰温分别提前14、23和9℃。动力学分析结果表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可降低HTM煤样热解的活化能。FT-IR研究表明,MO_x/USY催化剂可有效改善HTM煤热解产物的组成和分布,CoO_x/USY催化剂能显著提高HTM煤热解产物中高热值气体(CO、CH₄)和轻质芳烃以及脂肪烃类化合物的含量;MoO_x/USY催化剂没有明显改善HTM煤热解产物组成和分布;MoO_x-CoO_x/USY催化剂可促进CO、CH₄、轻质芳烃和脂肪烃类化合物的生成,却使热解产物的生成向高温区移动,说明USY负载的不同过渡金属氧化物对煤样热解行为和热解产物有较大影响。     

Phase relations in the K2W2O7-K2WO4-KPO3-Bi2O3 system and structure of K6.5Bi2.5W4P6O34

The phase relations in the cross-section of the K₂W₂O₇-K₂WO₄-KPO₃ containing 15 mol% Bi₂O₃ were undertaken using flux method. Crystallization fields of K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄, K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄), Bi₂WO₆, KBi(WO₄)₂ and their cocrystallization areas were identified. Novel phase K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: sp. gr. P−1, a=9.4170(5), b=9.7166(4), c=17.6050(7) Å, α=90.052(5)°, β=103.880(5)° and γ=90.125(5)°. It has a layered structure, which contains {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers stacked parallel to ab plane and sheets composed by potassium atoms separating these layers. Sandwich-like {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers are assembled from [W₂P₂O₁₃]_∞ and [BiPO₄]_∞ building units, and are penetrated by tunnels with K/Bi atoms inside. FTIR-spectra of K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄) and K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ were discussed on the basis of factor group theory.     

KCl-KBO2-K2CO3, K2MoO4-KBO2-K2CO3, and K2WO4-KBO2-K2CO3 ternary systems

phase diagrams of KCl-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, K₂MoO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, and K₂WO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined to be E ₁: 622°C, 8.5 mol % KBO₂, 56.5 mol % KCl, and 35 mol % K₂CO₃; E ₂: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂MoO₄; E ₃: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂WO₄. The specific heats of melting of the eutectics were determined.     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.     

Solubility in the Na2Cr2O7-(NH4)2Cr2O7-K2Cr2O7-H2O system

Solubility in the Na₂Cr₂O₇-(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇-K₂Cr₂O₇-H₂O four-component water-salt system at 25, 50, and 75°C was studied for the first time. Phase field boundaries for individual salts and potassium and ammonium dichromate solid solutions, monovariant lines, and invariant points were determined. Experimental data were used to optimize the looped isohydric process of potassium dichromate preparation involving additional salts.     

Li2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O和Li2SO4- K2SO4-H2O溶液的体积性质

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288K至318K温度范围内Li₂SO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O和 Li₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O三元体系的密度。混合溶液的离子强度范围从0.1到4.5 mol.kg_–1,混合溶液中Na₂SO₄和K₂SO₄的离子强度分数为0.2,0.4,0.6和0.8。用密度实验值拟合得到了不同温度下Pitzer离子相互作用模型混合参数θ_V和 ψ_V,模型的计算值与实验值的偏差在±0.002 g.cm_–3以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系的混合体积。     

NaBO2-NaCl-Na2CO3, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaMoO4, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaWO4, and NaBO2-NaCl-Na2WO4 ternary systems

The phase diagrams of the NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂CO₃, NaBO₂-Na₂CO₃-Na₂MoO₄, NaBO₂- Na₂CO₃-Na₂WO₄, and NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂WO₄ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis. The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined: E ₁: 612°C, 16 mol % NaBO₂, 42 mol % NaCl, and 42 mol % Na₂CO₃; E ₂: 568°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 28 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 60 mol % Na₂MoO₄; E ₃: 575°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 32 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 56 mol % Na₂WO₄; E ₄: 628°C, 8 mol % NaBO₂, 20 mol % NaCl, and 72 mol % Na₂WO₄; and E ₅: 655°C, 9 mol % NaBO₂, 53 mol % NaCl, and 38 mol % Na₂WO₄.     

Theoretical study of polyoxide clusters B20O30, Al20O30, V20O50, Si20O30H20, and Si20O30F20

The structural, electronic, and vibrational characteristics and energies of the isolated polyoxide clusters B₂₀O₃₀, Al₂₀O₃₀, V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ and their complexes with the H⁻ ion and ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ have been calculated by the density functional theory B3LYP method with different basis sets. The computation results show that the symmetric closo structure I _h with oxygen bridges located above the centers of the faces of an empty [M₂₀] dodecahedron is more favorable for V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀. For B₂₀O₃₀, the cage closo isomer is also more favorable than the other isomers, but its structure is severely distorted as compared to a dodecahedron and has a symmetry close to C ₃ . For Al₂₀O₃₀, the I _h structure corresponds to a high-lying local minimum of the potential energy surface. For Al₂₀O₃₀, a set of unusual puckshaped isomers of symmetry C _i , with different numbers of four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and three-coordinate atoms ^IIIO, was localized; these structures are more than 90 kcal/mol more favorable than the dodecahedron I _h . The most favorable isomer of Al₂₀O₃₀ contains twelve four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and four five-coordinate atoms ^VAl. The energies of dissociation of the most favorable M₂₀O₃₀ clusters into the M₂O₃ (C _2v ) and M₄O₆ (T _d ) fragments and, in the case of Al₂₀O₃₀, also into the Al₈O₁₂ (O _h ) and Al₁₂O₁₈ (D _3d ) fragments, have been estimated. The conclusion has been drawn that these clusters can, in principle, exist and can be experimentally detected in the isolated state. Analogous calculations have been performed for ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ with n varying from 1 to 20. The effect of solvation on the relative stability of the dodecahedral and puckshaped isomers of the Al₂₀O₃₀ cluster is observed. The isomers with ammonia molecules in their first coordination sphere become much closer to one another on the energy scale; however, the dodecahedron remains a considerably less favorable intermediate. Original Russian Text ? O.P. Charkin, N.M. Klimenko, D.O. Charkin, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 624–635.     

Structural chemistry of Sr3Cr2WO9, Ca3Cr2WO9, and Ba3Cr2WO9

We have studied the preparation and crystallographic structure of three perovskite-type compounds: Sr₃Cr₂WO₉, cubic, the lattice parameter of which is a = 7.812Å; Ca₃Cr₂WO₉, tetragonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.408 Å and c = 7.635Å; and Ba₃Cr₂WO₉, hexagonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.691 Å and c = 13.957Å. We have compared these three structures and shown the relationship between the dimensions of the alkaline-earth metal and the existence of the different structures.     

SnSbBiS4-SnS and SnSbBiS4-Sn2Sb6S11 sections of the SnS-Sb2S3-Bi2S3 ternary system

SnSbBiS₄-SnS and SnSbBiS₄-Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁ sections were studied by physicochemical methods (DTA, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure observation, and microhardness measurements). These sections were found to be eutectic quasi-binary sections of the SnS-Sb₂S₃-Bi₂S₃ ternary system. Solid solution regions based on the initial components were found on either side of the sections. Alloys in the solid solution region are p-type semiconductors.     

Extension of the La7Mo7O30 structural type with La7Nb3W4O30 and La7Ta3W4O30 compounds

Two compounds of formula La₇A₃W₄O₃₀ (with A=Nb and Ta) were prepared by solid-state reaction at 1450 and 1490 °C. They crystallize in the rhombohedric space group R-3 (No. 148), with the hexagonal parameters: , and , . The structure of the materials was analyzed from X-ray, neutron and electronic diffraction. These oxides are isostructural of the reduced molybdenum compound La₇Mo₇O₃₀, which are formed of perovskite rod along [111]. An order between (Nb, Ta) and W is observed.