Initiating system Me_3SiCl/AlCl_3 for cationic polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene in toluene

Cationic polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene (PD) initiated by trimethylsilyl chloride/aluminium chloride (TMSCl/AlCl3) was carried out in toluene at 30℃.The polymer yield was increased by the addition of TMSC1.However,introduction of TMSC1 gave rise to a drop of the polymer molecular weight.Kinetic results demonstrated that the polymerization initiated by TMSCl/AlCl3 was 2.8 times faster than that induced by AlCl3 alone.Various ethers and ketones were used to mediate the initiating system TMSCl/AlCl3.The polymer yield and molecular weight of the polymer were decreased in the presence of ether.Ketones and ethers had different effects on the polymerization,and the polymer yield and molecular weight were lower than those initiated by AlCl3 alone or TMSCl/AlCl3 Structural evidence revealed that the polymerization was indeed initiated by AlCl3 and HCl rcsulting from hydrolysis of TMSC1 by adventitious water.     

三甲基硅化合物复合体系引发1,3-戊二烯阳离子聚合研究

研究了三甲基硅化合物 ,主要是三甲基硅酯和三甲基硅氯化物 (TMSCI)与路易斯酸所形成的复合引发体系引发聚合 ,1,3 戊二烯 (PD)的聚合反应行为 ,考察了引发体系引发PD聚合所得聚合物的产率 ,分子量及分子量分布 ,聚合反应速率和聚合反应机理等 ;研究了多种给电体———醚、酮对聚合反应的影响     

Cationic polymerization of isobutylene with H2O/TiCl4 initiating system in the presence of electron pair donors

Cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) in a mixture of methylene dichloride (CH₂Cl₂) and n-hexane (n-Hex) was conducted by using H₂O as initiator, TiCl₄ as co-initiator in the presence of strong external electron pair donor (ED), such as pyridine (Py), dimethylacetamide (DMA) or triethylamine (TEA). The effects of ED concentration, TiCl₄ concentration, solvent polarity, polymerization temperature (T) and time on IB polymerization, molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD, M_w/M_n) of polyisobutylene (PIB) products were investigated. The relative amount of polymer formed via uncontrolled initiation by conventional active species (I) decreased with increasing the solvent polarity, TiCl₄ concentration and ED concentration in the polymerization. The desirable polymerization of IB with apparent absence of chain transfer reactions could be obtained by H₂O/TiCl₄ initiating system in the presence of ED under the appropriate reaction conditions. The external electron pair donors and TiCl₄ did specially play important and effective roles on polymerization.     

Application of Et3NHCl-AlCl3 ionic liquid as an initiator in cationic copolymerization of 1,3-pentadiene with styrene

Cationic copolymerization of 1,3-pentadiene (PD) with styrene (St) using the triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminium chloride (Et₃NHCl-AlCl₃) room temperature ionic liquid as an initiator in toluene has been investigated. The polymerization proceeds to high conversions, indicating high initiating reactivity of Et₃NHCl-AlCl₃ in these copolymerization systems, although molecular weights of the polymers are limited which are similar to polymerization initiated by Lewis acids such as TiCl₄, BF₃, BF₃·OEt₂. The polymers were analyzed using IR spectra in conjunction with gel permeation chromatography (GPC).     

三氟甲基磺酸三甲基硅酯/四氯化钛复合体系引发 1, 3-戊二烯的阳离子聚合

研究了以三氟甲基磺酸三甲基硅酯[(CH~3)~3SiOSO~2CH~3,TMSOFf]为主引发剂,TiCl~4为共引发剂的复合引发体系对1,3-戊二烯(PD)的聚合行为。TMSOTf/TiCl~4复合体系引发PD不但比单独的TiCl~4引发具有更高的引发活性,而且提高了聚合物分子量,能把聚合反应速率提高8.8倍,把聚合物的收率从TiCl~4引发的62.5%提高到95%以上。对该复合体系聚合PD的动力学,反应机理所作的研究表明:TMSOTf和TMSOTf/TiCl~4都是通过它们与体系中残存水通过水解生成的质子酸引发进行的,聚合反应属一级反应。在该体系中加入酮类后,产率和分子量均降低,但均随着酮类的位阻的增加而增大。     

(CH_3)_3SiOSO_2CF_3/SbCl_3阳离子引发体系引发1,3-戊二烯聚合

研究了三氟甲基磺酸三甲基硅酯／三氯化锑（（ＣＨ３）３ＳｉＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３／ＳｂＣｌ３）复合引发体系对１,３ 戊二烯的聚合行为．在（ＣＨ３）３ＳｉＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３引发剂中加入ＳｂＣｌ３后,使聚合反应速率提高了２４倍,产率从（ＣＨ３）３ＳｉＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３引发的５５％提高到８０％以上,分子量提高１７倍．在聚合体系中加入酮类后,产率和分子量相对于（ＣＨ３）３ＳｉＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３／ＳｂＣｌ３配比为０２：１时引发所得聚合物均呈下降趋势;但对不同的酮来说,随着酮的位阻的增大,聚合物的产率和分子量均增大．聚合物的１Ｈ ＮＭＲ图和红外谱图数据均证明该聚合反应是通过（ＣＨ３）３ＳｉＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３与体系中残存的水水解所形成的质子酸ＨＯＳＯ２ＣＦ３与ＳｂＣｌ３反应所形成的复合体系引发进行的．     

CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF 1, 3—PENTADIENE INITIATED BY ORGANIC AZIDE/Et2AlCl

The cationic polymerization of 1, 3-pentadiene was initiated by the organic azide/Et_2 AlClinitiating system in CH_2Cl_2 and n-hexane. The polymerizations were also carried out in parallelwith organic chloride/Et_2AlCl and Et_2 AlCl alone for comparison. The Et_2 AlCl- induced polymer-ization gives a low yield while the polymerization initiated by organic chloride/Et_2 AlCl producesmainly insoluble product. In contrast, the polymerization with azide/Et,AlCl has a high conver-sion and the resulting polymer having a high molecular weight is totally soluble. The SEC spectraof the polymers have clearly shown the differences between these initiating systems.     

NaHSO_3-O_2-MnSO_4体系引发丙烯酰胺水溶液聚合反应的研究

本文研究了NaHSO_3-O_2-MnSO_4体系引发丙烯酰胺(AM)水溶液聚合的动力学,并探讨了其引发机理。用该体系可在室温下迅速引发AM聚合,且所得的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)分子量可达1000万。为了比较,对NaHSO_3-O_2等几个引发体系也作了一定研究。     

STUDY ON THE CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF 1, 3-PENTADIENE INITIATED BY AlCl_3/ALKYL HALIDE SYSTEMS

The cationic polymerizations of 1, 3-pentadiene were initiated by AlCl_3 in n-hexaneat 30℃ in the presence of alkyl halides, i.e., tert-butyl chloride, tert-butyl bromide andisobutyl chloride. The effects of these halides on the polymer yield, molecular weight,crosslinking reaction, cyclization and polymer microstructure, have been investigated. Twomain side reactions, crosslinking and cyclization, were suppressed and reduced by theaddition of the halides. The proportion of 1, 4 units of polymer chains was increasedby the presence of the halides, which reduced the polymer yield and the molecular weightof polymers.     

Living Carbocationic Polymerization of Isobutylene Using Blocked Dicumyl Chloride or Tricumyl Chloride/TiCI4Pyridine Initiating System

Abstract

Living polymerization of isobutylene was achieved using an initiation system based on either 1,3-di(1-chloro-l-methylethyl)-5-tert-butylbenzene (tert-butyl-dicumyl chloride) or 1,3,5-tris(l-chloro-l-methylethyl)benzene (tricumyl chloride) in conjunction with TiCl₄, and pyridine in hexanes/methyl chloride (60/40, v/v) cosolvents. TiCl₄/pyridine was found to yield narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD ≈ 1.1) and quantitative initiation efficiency (I_eff < 90%). The living nature of the polymerization system was demonstrated by the linearity of molecular weight vs conversion plots and first-order kinetic plots up to about 90% monomer conversion. If polymerization was allowed to proceed further, a departure from first-order kinetics and a broadening of the molecular weight distribution was observed to occur. The living polymerization was investigated as a function of temperature, reaction time, and the concentration of TiCl₄/pyridine. Polymerization rates were observed to increase with decreasing temperature and/or increasing concentration of TiCl₄/pyridine. Number-average molecular weights of the polyisobutylenes ranged from 5,000 to 100,000 under the conditions employed.     

Living carbocationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether and the synthesis of poly[isobutylene-b-(isobutyl vinyl ether)]

The MeCH(O-i-Bu)Cl/TiCl₄/MeCONMe₂ initiating system was found to induce the rapid living carbocationic polymerization (LC^⊕Pzn) of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBuVE) at ?100°C. Degradation by dealcoholation which usually accompanies the polymerization of alkyl vinyl ethers by strong Lewis acids is “frozen out” at this low temperature and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether)s (PIBuVEs) with theoretical molecular weights up to ca. 40,000 g/mol (calculated from the initiator/monomer input) and narrow molecular weight distributions (M?_w/M?_n ≤ 1.2) are readily obtained. According to ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, PIBuVEs prepared by living polymerization at ?100°C are not stereoregular. The MeCH(O-i-Bu)Cl/TiCl₄ combination induces the rapid LC^⊕Pzn of IBuVE even in the absence of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA). The addition of the common ion salt, n-Bu₄NCl to the latter system retards the polymerization and meaningful kinetic information can be obtained. The kinetic findings have been explained in terms of TiCl₄. IBuVE and TiCl₄ · IBuVE and TiCl₄ · PIBuVE complexes. The HCl (formal initiator)/TiCl₄/DMA combination is the first initiating system that can be regarded to induce the LC^⊕Pzn of both isobutylene (IB) and IBuVE. Polyisobutylene (PIB)–PIBuVE diblocks were prepared by sequential monomer addition in “one pot” by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMP-Cl)/TiCl₄/DMA initiating system. Crossover efficiencies are, however, below 35% because the PIB^⊕ + IBuVE → PIB-b-PIBuVE^⊕ crossover is slow. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Influence of the carrier characteristics on the catalytic activity of supported TiCl4/Al(C2H5)2Cl Ziegler catalyst in the ethylene polymerization

The effect of the carrier characteristics, such as specific surface area and acidity, on the activity of supported Ziegler catalyst in the ethylene polymerization has been investigated. Silica-gel and silica-alumina, containing various quantities of alumina (5, 13 and 25 wt-%) and also modified by deposition of Zn metal, wer used as carriers. The different carriers give rise to catalysts with different activities after deposition of TiCl₄ and activated with Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl. The activity in ethylene polymerization is controlled firstly by the chemical composition of the carriers and secondly by its specific surface area. The silica-aluminas show higher acidities than silica-gel and deposition of Zn is accompanied by considerable changes in the carriers, especially increasing their acidity and decreasing the specific surface areas. The increase of the carrier acidity gives rise to an increase in the polymerization activitity and in the polymer molecular weights. Coordinately unsaturated titanium ions, on the surface of the catalysts containing Zn metal, are detected by ESR, showing a paramagnetic signal similar to those produced by TiCl₃ crystals.     

介孔分子筛SBA-15负载的二双齿钛烯烃聚合催化剂的合成及催化乙烯聚合反应

合成了二双齿钛催化剂[C₃H₆(N=CH-Ar-O)₂]TiCl₂(Ar=3-tert-butyl-C₆H₃)，并通过X-射线单晶衍射分析测定了其晶体结构。应用新型介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体，成功地对其进行了物理和化学负载，并采用元素分析、ICP、FT-IR和XRD等对载体催化剂进行了表征。在甲基铝氧烷（MAO）的作用下进行乙烯聚合研究，结果表明载体催化剂活性虽然比二双齿钛均相催化剂的活性有所降低，但是由于载体孔道效应生成了纤维状聚乙烯，同时聚合物的分子量较均相催化剂得到的聚合物有大幅度提高。     

Synthesis of poly(β‐pinene)‐g‐poly(meth)acrylate by the combination of living cationic polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

New graft copolymers of β‐pinene with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or butyl acrylate (BA) were synthesized by the combination of living cationic polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). β‐Pinene polymers with predetermined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs) were prepared by living cationic polymerization with the 1‐phenylethyl chloride/TiCl₄/Ti(OiPr)₄/nBu₄NCl initiating system, and the resultant polymers were brominated quantitatively by N‐bromosuccinamide in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile, yielding poly(β‐pinene) macroinitiators with different bromine contents (Br/β‐pinene unit molar ratio = 1.0 and 0.5 for macroinitiators a and b , respectively). The macroinitiators, in conjunction with CuBr and 2,2′‐bipyridine, were used to initiate ATRP of BA or MMA. With macroinitiator a or b , the bulk polymerization of BA induced a linear first‐order kinetic plot and gave graft copolymers with controlled molecular weights and MWDs; this indicated the living nature of these polymerizations. The bulk polymerization of MMA initiated with macroinitiator a was completed instantaneously and induced insoluble gel products. However, the controlled polymerization of MMA was achieved with macroinitiator b in toluene and resulted in the desired graft copolymers with controlled molecular weights and MWDs. The structures of the obtained graft copolymers of β‐pinene with (methyl)methacrylate were confirmed by ¹H NMR spectra. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1237–1242, 2003     

Synthesis and ethylene polymerization behavior of {MeB(3-Ph-pyrazolyl)3}TiCl3

The new methyl-tris(pyrazolyl)borate reagents Li[MeTp^Ph] (1) [MeTp^Ph]⁻ = MeB(3-Ph-pyrazolyl)₃⁻) and Tl[MeTp^Ph] (2) react with TiCl₄ to afford (MeTp^Ph)TiCl₃ (3) in 77% and 81% yield respectively. 2 reacts with ZrCl₄ and HfCl₄ to yield mixtures of products. The reaction of 1 with TiCl₃(THF)₃ proceeds with B-N bond cleavage to afford TiCl₃(3-Ph-pyrazole)(THF)₂ as the major product (30%). The reaction of 3 with MeLi (3 equiv) yields 1 (60%) and reduced Ti species, via apparent displacement of [MeTp^Ph]⁻ and generation of unstable TiCl₄Me_4−x species. Under MAO activation conditions (MAO = methylalumoxane), 3 polymerizes ethylene to linear polyethylene. 3/MAO is significantly more active in ethylene polymerization than the hydrido-tris(pyrazolyl)borate analogue {HB(3-Ph-pyrazolyl)₃}TiCl₃/MAO.     

Redox polymerization of methyl methacrylate with allyl alcohol 1,2-butoxylate-block-ethoxylate initiated by Ce(IV)/HNO3 redox system

Redox initiated free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with allyl alcohol 1,2-butoxylate-block-ethoxylate (AABE) was carried out using cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate/nitric acid (HNO₃) redox system to yield AABE-b-PMMA copolymers. The effects of MMA, AABE, Ce(IV) and HNO₃ concentrations on the polymerization rate and polymer yield were investigated. The effect of temperature on the rate of polymerization and polymer yield was also investigated in the temperature range of 25-70 °C. Copolymers were characterized using GPC, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and viscometry methods.     

Similarities and differences of epoxide, aldehyde and peroxide initiators for Cp2TiCl-catalyzed styrene living radical polymerizations

Cp₂TiCl is the first example of a single electron transfer (SET) agent that both provides initiating radicals from three different types of functionalities (i.e. radical ring opening of epoxides and reduction of aldehydes and peroxides) and doubles as mediator for the living radical polymerization of styrene (St) by reversibly endcapping the growing polymer chains. An initiator (I) comparison was performed using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE), benzaldehyde (BA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as models. The investigation of the effect of reaction variables was carried out over a wide range of experimental conditions ([Cp₂TiCl₂]/[I] = 0.5/1-4/1; [Zn]/[Cp₂TiCl₂] = 0.5/1-3/1, [St]/[I] = 50/1-400/1 and T = 60-130 °C) to reveal living polymerization features such as a linear dependence of molecular weight on conversion and narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n) for each initiator class. However, progressively lower polydispersities and larger initiator efficiencies are obtained with increasing the [Cp₂TiCl₂]/[I] and [Zn]/[Cp₂TiCl₂] ratios and with decreasing temperature. Accordingly, optimum conditions correspond to [St]/[I]/[Cp₂TiCl₂]/[Zn] = [50-200]/[1]/[2-3]/[4-6] at 70-90 °C. By contrast to peroxides, aldehydes and the more reactive epoxides provide alcohol end groups useful in block or graft copolymers synthesis.     

Polymerization of propylene sulphide by the Zn(C2H5)2-H2O catalyst system

The hydrolysis of a complex of diethyl zinc (DEZ) with propylene sulphide (PS) in PS solution has been investigated. Suitable conditions have been found for the quantitative hydrolysis of DEZ with the formation of a catalyst system containing (ZO)_n groups and ZnS bonds and effective for initiating the polymerization of PS. This polymerization was investigated and a tentative scheme for polymerization by a coordinate anionic mechanism is suggested. The structure of polypropylene sulphide (PPS) was investigated by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and X-rays. The Zn(C₂H₅)₂—H₂O system prepared in situ is highly selective in the reactions of breaking the α-thioxide ring. Amorphous PS consists entirely of head-to-tail bonded units with equal content of iso- and syndiotactic diads. It was also shown that extremely high values of the molecular mass of PPS, the unusual dependence of [η] on conversion and the instability of polymer solutions are due to the presence of polymer aggregates formed in the polymerization of PS on complex associated active centres with a steric structure. Conditions were found for the stabilization of PS solutions containing zinc and for the purification of the polymer from traces of the catalyst system. It was shown that it is incorrect to use equations available in the literature to calculate $\text{M}$_η for PPS obtained with the DEZ—H₂O system from viscometric data without thorough purification of the polymer. Osmometry and light scattering technique were used to estimate true values of the molecular mass of polymer aggregates and of linear PPS.     

Kinetic and mechanistic study of the quasiliving cationic polymerization of styrene with the 2-phenyl-2-propanol/AlCl3 · OBu2 initiating system

The cationic polymerization of styrene with the 2-phenyl-2-propanol (CumOH)/AlCl₃ · OBu₂ initiating system at various dibutyl ether concentrations in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane and n-hexane (55:45 v/v) at −15 °C was investigated. The experimental results showed that an increase in dibutyl ether concentration leads to a noticeable decrease in the polymerization rate as well as to the more controlled polymerization in terms of molecular weight (M_n) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) evolutions. The kinetic investigation revealed that the polymerization proceeds in two stages. The first stage is characterized by high polymerization rate and slow initiation relative to propagation. During this stage molecular weight decreases or does not change and MWD increases with conversion. In the second stage considerably slower quasiliving polymerization of styrene occurs. The quasiliving nature of the styrene polymerization by the CumOH/AlCl₃ · OBu₂ system is proved and mechanistic scheme of the polymerization is proposed.     

Allyl chloride/AIC13/ether cationic initiating systems for polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene

Various ethers were used to mediate the polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene (PD) initiated by AlCl₃ and by allyl chloride (AllyCl)/AlCl₃. The introduction of the ethers exert considerable effects on polymer yield and molecular weight due to its interaction with the propagating carbocation. The carbocation reactivity is reduced by this interaction which is subject to the ether's nucleophilicity determined by the steric hindrance of groups adjacent to oxygen. The reduction of carbocation reactivity gives rise to a decrease of polymer yield owing to inhibition of propagation but results in an augmentation of molecular weight due to suppression of various side reactions such as terminations. By using suitably nucleophilic ethers such as diphenyl ether, the polymerization can be mediated to give an high molecular weight polymer in high yield.