聚苯胺对钯催化甲酸电氧化反应的促进作用

钯基纳米材料是甲酸电氧化反应的优良催化剂.本工作制备了两个系列钯基催化剂,并考察了聚苯胺对钯上甲酸电氧化反应的助催化作用.一种是以聚苯胺为基底,在其表面电沉积钯纳米粒子,制得nPANI/Pd催化剂(n表示聚合苯胺的循环数);另一种是直接在商业Pd/C催化剂表面电聚合苯胺,制得Pd/C/nPANI催化剂.结果显示,聚苯胺单独存在时对甲酸电氧化反应没有催化活性,但其可对钯上甲酸电氧化反应呈现明显的促进作用,且促进作用与聚苯胺的厚度(聚合循环数)密切相关.在两个系列催化剂中,15PANI/Pd和Pd/C/20PANI显示出最高的催化性能.15PANI/Pd中钯的质量比催化活性是纯钯催化剂的7.5倍; Pd/C/20PANI中钯的质量比催化活性和本征催化活性分别是商业Pd/C催化剂的2.3和3.3倍.钯催化性能的提升与聚苯胺和钯纳米粒子间的电子效应有关.     

利用石墨烯-炭黑组成的二元碳载体增强甲酸在钯催化剂上电化学氧化的活性

本文采用"一锅法"将氧化石墨烯(GO)、炭黑(C)和钯离子用NaBH4共还原,制备了石墨烯-炭黑二元载体(Gr-C)负载的钯催化剂(20%Pd/Gr-C),用于催化甲酸的电氧化反应.电化学测试结果表明,前驱体GO和C的质量比为3:7的Pd/Gr0.3C0.7催化剂催化活性最好,它的峰电流密度(102.14 mA mgPd-1)约为Pd/C催化剂(34.40 mA mgPd-1)的3倍,为钯/石墨烯催化剂(Pd/Gr,38.50 mA mgPd-1)的2.6倍.甲酸在Pd/Gr0.3C0.7催化剂电极直接氧化时的峰电位比Pd/C催化剂的峰电位负移约120 mV,比Pd/Gr催化剂的峰电位负移约70 mV.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光谱、电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.从SEM图像可以观察到,球形的炭黑团簇聚集在具有褶皱的石墨烯面上,形成了炭黑团簇/石墨烯三维立体结构,有效地抑制了相邻石墨烯层在范德华力作用下的吸引聚集和堆叠造成的石墨烯表面积减小,减小了单层石墨烯叠合成为多层石墨所造成的导电性损失,避免了相邻石墨烯片叠合形成封闭空间,有助于反应物和产物分子的运动.载体的三维结构使反应物分子更容易到达钯纳米粒子,有利于催化性能的提高.XPS结果也证实了二元Gr-C载体对Pd催化的促进作用.Pd/Gr0.3C0.7催化剂的Pd 3d5/2峰发生了右移,表明Pd 3d电子结合能正移,Pd 3d电子云密度降低.具有较低的3d电子云密度的Pd不易与甲酸氧化过程中吸附的中间体(COOH)ads结合,钯催化剂上(COOH)ads表面覆盖率降低,从而使甲酸更容易直接脱氢氧化生成CO2,有利于甲酸通过直接途径进行电化学氧化.与Pd/C,Pd/Gr相比,Pd/Gr0.3C0.7催化剂对甲酸电氧化有最好的催化活性.Pd/Gr0.3C0.7催化剂优异的催化活性可归因于其内在的三维纳米结构:炭黑团簇有效地抑制了石墨烯纳米片的聚集,保持了其大的比表面积和高导电性,促进了反应物和产物分子的运动.此外,Pd纳米粒子与二元载体之间的强相互作用降低了Pd的3d电子云密度,使甲酸氧化主要经直接途径进行.本文证实了钯金属和石墨烯-炭黑二元载体之间的强相互作用,提供了简单和高性价比的方法以提高钯基催化剂的活性,有利于工业化的应用.     

聚苯胺对钯催化甲酸电氧化反应的促进作用（英文）

钯基纳米材料是甲酸电氧化反应的优良催化剂.本工作制备了两个系列钯基催化剂,并考察了聚苯胺对钯上甲酸电氧化反应的助催化作用.一种是以聚苯胺为基底,在其表面电沉积钯纳米粒子,制得n PANI/Pd催化剂(n表示聚合苯胺的循环数);另一种是直接在商业Pd/C催化剂表面电聚合苯胺,制得Pd/C/n PANI催化剂.结果显示,聚苯胺单独存在时对甲酸电氧化反应没有催化活性,但其可对钯上甲酸电氧化反应呈现明显的促进作用,且促进作用与聚苯胺的厚度(聚合循环数)密切相关.在两个系列催化剂中,15PANI/Pd和Pd/C/20PANI显示出最高的催化性能.15PANI/Pd中钯的质量比催化活性是纯钯催化剂的7.5倍;Pd/C/20PANI中钯的质量比催化活性和本征催化活性分别是商业Pd/C催化剂的2.3和3.3倍.钯催化性能的提升与聚苯胺和钯纳米粒子间的电子效应有关.     

Pt单层修饰Pd/C氧还原催化剂

分别利用液相热解法和浸渍还原法制备了碳载钯纳米催化剂（Pd/C）,并研究了其对氧还原反应的电催化活性。与浸渍还原法相比,液相热解法得到的Pd/C催化剂虽然粒径较大,但表现出较好的氧还原反应（ORR）活性和稳定性.在所制备的Pd/C催化剂基础上,通过置换欠电势沉积的Cu原子单层,获得了Pt单层修饰的Pd/C催化剂,其ORR活性较Pd/C催化剂有显著提高,且与纯Pt/C催化剂接近,而其耐久性则较纯Pt/C催化剂有显著提升,显示出Pt单层催化剂的潜在优势.     

利用石墨烯-炭黑组成的二元碳载体增强甲酸在钯催化剂上电化学氧化的活性（英文）

本文采用"一锅法"将氧化石墨烯(GO)、炭黑(C)和钯离子用NaBH4共还原,制备了石墨烯-炭黑二元载体(Gr-C)负载的钯催化剂(20%Pd/Gr-C),用于催化甲酸的电氧化反应.电化学测试结果表明,前驱体GO和C的质量比为3:7的Pd/Gr_(0.3)C_(0.7)催化剂催化活性最好,它的峰电流密度(102.14 mA mgPd~(-1))约为Pd/C催化剂(34.40 mA mgPd~(-1))的3倍,为钯/石墨烯催化剂(Pd/Gr,38.50 mA mgPd~(-1))的2.6倍.甲酸在Pd/Gr_(0.3)C_(0.7)催化剂电极直接氧化时的峰电位比Pd/C催化剂的峰电位负移约120mV,比Pd/Gr催化剂的峰电位负移约70 mV.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光谱、电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.从SEM图像可以观察到,球形的炭黑团簇聚集在具有褶皱的石墨烯面上,形成了炭黑团簇/石墨烯三维立体结构,有效地抑制了相邻石墨烯层在范德华力作用下的吸引聚集和堆叠造成的石墨烯表面积减小,减小了单层石墨烯叠合成为多层石墨所造成的导电性损失,避免了相邻石墨烯片叠合形成封闭空间,有助于反应物和产物分子的运动.载体的三维结构使反应物分子更容易到达钯纳米粒子,有利于催化性能的提高.XPS结果也证实了二元Gr-C载体对Pd催化的促进作用.Pd/Gr_(0.3)C_(0.7)催化剂的Pd 3d5/2峰发生了右移,表明Pd 3d电子结合能正移,Pd 3d电子云密度降低.具有较低的3d电子云密度的Pd不易与甲酸氧化过程中吸附的中间体(COOH)ads结合,钯催化剂上(COOH)ads表面覆盖率降低,从而使甲酸更容易直接脱氢氧化生成CO_2,有利于甲酸通过直接途径进行电化学氧化.与Pd/C,Pd/Gr相比,Pd/Gr_(0.3)C_(0.7)催化剂对甲酸电氧化有最好的催化活性.Pd/Gr_(0.3)C_(0.7)催化剂优异的催化活性可归因于其内在的三维纳米结构:炭黑团簇有效地抑制了石墨烯纳米片的聚集,保持了其大的比表面积和高导电性,促进了反应物和产物分子的运动.此外,Pd纳米粒子与二元载体之间的强相互作用降低了Pd的3d电子云密度,使甲酸氧化主要经直接途径进行.本文证实了钯金属和石墨烯-炭黑二元载体之间的强相互作用,提供了简单和高性价比的方法以提高钯基催化剂的活性,有利于工业化的应用     

Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇和丙醇氧化的电催化活性（英文）

制备对醇氧化反应具有优异电活性的钯催化剂是醇燃料电池研究的重要内容.本文用硼氢化钠还原法制备了钯纳米颗粒,然后沉积在Fe_3O_4/C复合物表面,得到了不同Fe_3O_4负载量的Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂.透射电镜(TEM)检测显示,钯纳米颗粒均匀地分散在Fe_3O_4/C表面.对制备好的Pd/Fe_3O_4-C催化剂进行了循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流(CA)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的测试,研究了其在碱性介质中对C1-C3醇类(甲醇、乙醇和丙醇)氧化的电催化活性.结果表明,所制备的不同Fe_3O_4负载量的Pd/Fe_3O_4(2%)-C、Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C、Pd/Fe_3O_4(10%)-C和Pd/C催化剂中,Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂表现出最高的醇氧化电流密度.依据循环伏安(CV)数据,Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇氧化的阳极峰电流密度分别是Pd/C催化剂的1.7、1.4、1.7和1.3倍.Pd/Fe_3O_4(5%)-C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电荷传递电阻也远低于Pd/C催化剂.制备的所有催化剂对C1-C3醇类电氧化的电流密度大小排序如下:正丙醇乙醇甲醇异丙醇.此外,碳粉中Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒的存在提高了钯纳米颗粒的电化学稳定性.     

燃料电池式反应器中Pt和Pd中加入Bi用于催化乙醇发电并选择性联产醋酸盐（英文）

直接乙醇燃料电池作为便携式移动电源受到越来越多的关注,如乙醇能量密度高、可再生、无毒、清洁、便于储存和运输等优点。然而,乙醇燃料电池的研究也面临一些严重问题,其中C-C键断裂是最为挑战的问题之一。近年来有报道表明,乙醇的完全氧化(包含C-C键断裂过程)并没有显示出燃料电池效率的增加,相反乙醇不完全氧化的催化剂会导致更明显的催化电流增加。同时金属Bi掺杂会对催化剂产生电子效应和几何效应并有效增加碱性体系中催化剂的活性位中心和抗CO中毒能力。因此,本工作将铋掺杂在铂和钯中制备出Pt Bi/C和Pd Bi/C作为乙醇燃料电池催化剂,同时研究Bi掺杂催化剂对乙醇燃料电池性能以及乙醇的不完全氧化产物醋酸盐的影响,为乙醇燃料电池电-化学品联产提供一定的依据。以硼氢化钠为还原剂,Vulcan XC-72 (Cabot)导电炭为载体制备了Pt/C、Pd/C、Pt Bi/C和Pd Bi/C (20%质量比)炭载催化剂,其中Pt Bi和Pd Bi原子比均为95∶5。首先将金属前驱体溶于H2O/异丙醇溶液(50/50,体积比)中,加入Vulcan XC-72导电炭黑充分混合,然后加入硼氢化钠在常温常压下充分反应,过滤洗涤干燥备用。其次,对所制备的催化剂进行TEM、XRD、XPS、电化学以及光谱电化学进行表征和测试。电化学、光谱电化学在三电极电解池中进行,将所制备的催化剂分散在超薄多孔电极上制备成工作电极,对电极为Pt片电极,参比电极为Ag/Ag Cl电极。电解液为碱性1 mol/L KOH的乙醇溶液,在电化学工作站上进行CV、LSV扫描以及在不同电位下测试溶液的ATR-FTIR谱。最后,燃料电池测试在一个面积为5 cm2的单电池上进行,阳极为2 mol/L乙醇+3 mol/L KOH溶液,流量为2 m L/min,阴极通入氧气,并研究催化剂的构成及性能对电池性能的影响。采用硼氢化钠还原法合成Pt/C、 Pt Bi(95∶5)/C、 Pd/C和Pd Bi(95∶5)/C。Pd/C和Pd Bi/C的晶体结构呈现FCC特征,Pt/C和Pt Bi/C的晶体结构也呈现FCC特征。XRD也揭示了铋原子对Pt晶体结构的影响。在1 mol/L KOH溶液中,异位XPS和循环伏安法显示这些金属具有较高的氧化态。透射电镜显示Pd/C有一定的纳米粒子聚集,Pd Bi/C有一定的有序结构。红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)结果表明,Bi效应由于吸附能力较弱,抑制了碳酸盐的生成,增加了醋酸盐的生成。由于醋酸盐优先生成,且不被碳酸盐离子毒害,Pt Bi/C具有最佳的电化学和DEFC性能。通过在Pt和Pd掺杂金属Bi制备具有电子调控的双金属炭载Pt Bi(95∶5)/C和Pd Bi(95∶5)/C催化剂,以增强乙醇氧化反应催化氧化过程。透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Bi含量不影响Pd Bi纳米颗粒的尺寸,但会影响Pt Bi纳米颗粒的尺寸。X射线衍射分析表明,Bi掺杂改变了Pt晶体结构中的晶格参数。此外,ATR-FTIR结果表明,碳酸盐的形成受到抑制,乙酸盐产量增加。极化曲线和功率密度曲线结果表明,Pt Bi/C催化剂具有更高的功率密度,几乎是Pt/C的6倍。在线性扫描伏安实验中,Pt Bi/C具有最高的电流密度(44 m W/cm2)和最低的起始电位(-0.6 V)。在电流-时间实验中,它也具有最高的最终电流密度。因此,在Pt和Pd中掺杂铋催化剂被证明是一种很有前途的燃料电池发电和醋酸盐的联产方法。     

部分氧化碳化硅提高钯催化氧还原反应性能

燃料电池具有能量转换效率高的优点,是能量转换与储存的高效器件之一.目前,燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)动力学缓慢,并且催化ORR大量使用铂碳(Pt/C)催化剂,由于Pt储量少,价格高,载体碳材料易发生碳蚀导致催化剂稳定性降低,限制了其进一步商业化应用.钯(Pd)与Pt为同族元素,具有相似的电子结构和化学性质,其储量是Pt的50倍,同时,Pd具有良好的抗甲醇毒性和抗一氧化碳毒性,因此,被视为燃料电池中阴极Pt催化剂的潜在替代品.但商用Pd/C催化剂的ORR活性较Pt/C差,因此,大量的研究工作集中在提高Pd基ORR催化剂的活性方面:将Pd与具有3d轨道的金属形成合金或将Pd负载到不同的载体上.通过选择合适的载体影响Pd的电子结构,从而提高催化剂活性和稳定性,是一种较简单的、有利于规模化生产Pd基ORR催化剂的方法.碳化硅(SiC)具有良好的电化学稳定性、热稳定性、机械强度和较强的供电子能力,可被用作ORR的金属催化剂载体.然而,由于金属与SiC作用较弱,需要制备特殊形貌的SiC或将SiC表面改性;通常,这些SiC基载体的制备过程复杂并且成本高.而在有氧条件下制备、保存或使用SiC时,其表面不可避免地被氧化,这种在温和条件下生成的表面具有含氧官能团的SiC,由于制备过程简便,可以大规模生产,且与金属有强的相互作用,是一种很有前景的ORR的Pd基催化剂载体.对于用于替代Pt基催化剂的负载型Pd基ORR催化剂的开发和大规模制造来说,对载体表面改性的深入了解是一个重要并且具有挑战性的课题.目前尚未发现关于SiC表面的含氧基团对ORR性能影响的报道.因此,详细考察SiC载体上含氧基团在ORR中的作用对于理解、设计和开发具有优异ORR性能的SiC负载催化剂至关重要.本文采用沉积沉淀法在表面部分氧化的碳化硅(O-SiC)均匀负载了平均直径为5.2 nm的Pd纳米颗粒.与20 wt%商业Pt/C相比,制备的2.5 wt%Pd/O-SiC催化剂显示出较好的ORR活性(半波电位正向移动10 mV),较好的稳定性(10 h后,电流密度损失3.5%vs.34.9%),和较高的抗甲醇毒性.结构表征及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明,与Pd/C相比,Pd/O-SiC具有优异的ORR性能主要是由于O-SiC载体对Pd纳米颗粒具有电子调控作用,使Pd带负电.富电子Pd增强了ORR关键中间体OOH的吸附,降低了反应的吉布斯自由能,从而提高了ORR活性.另外,O-SiC载体对Pd纳米颗粒具有大的结合能和较好的SiC稳定性,增强了Pd/O-SiC催化剂的抗甲醇毒性及稳定性.DFT计算结果表明,SiC表面部分氧化后,仍保持对Pd的较高结合能,同时大幅增强了催化剂对中间体的吸附,降低了ORR关键电化学步骤吉布斯自由能,从而提高了氧还原性能.因此,本工作明确了SiC表面氧化的作用,同时提供了一种简易大规模制备高效负载型铂基替代ORR催化剂的策略.     

焙烧氧化PdCo非预期的乙二醇电催化氧化性能的研究（英文）

钯基金属催化剂在碱性燃料电池中已有广泛的应用。然而,迄今为止,钯基金属催化剂的氧化处理对其在碱性燃料电池中应用的影响却鲜有报道。本研究通过对PdCo纳米金属催化剂的焙烧氧化处理,发现生成的PdO-Co_3O_4纳米复合材料在碱性溶液中对乙二醇电催化氧化的质量比活性和面积比活性分别是商业Pt/C的3.8和2.4倍。与PdCo纳米金属相比,PdO-Co_3O_4纳米复合材料在碱性溶液中对乙二醇电催化氧化的质量比活性和面积比活性分别提高了1.6和1.2倍。实验和计算结果表明,焙烧氧化处理改变了催化剂的表面形态和活性中心,在Co掺杂PdO(101)表面上,O_2和OH吸附能降低,有利于稳定中间体C_2H_4OHO~*和O-H解离,Co掺杂纳米级PdO(101)与乙二醇及其中间物种发生强烈的结合,导致形成不同的电化学动力学和反应路径,从而产生优良的电催化活性。PdO和Co_3O_4的协同作用明显增强了活性氧与催化剂表面之间的相互作用,不仅有利于超氧物种在催化剂表面上的形成,而且提高了催化剂的氧化还原性质,促进乙二醇的电催化氧化活性。本文提出的双/多金属氧化策略为构建其他催化剂提供了一个通用的方法。     

Pd/Fe3O4-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇和丙醇氧化的电催化活性

制备对醇氧化反应具有优异电活性的钯催化剂是醇燃料电池研究的重要内容。本文用硼氢化钠还原法制备了钯纳米颗粒, 然后沉积在Fe3O4/C复合物表面, 得到了不同Fe₃O₄负载量的Pd/Fe₃O₄-C催化剂. 透射电镜（TEM）图显示钯纳米颗粒均匀地分散在Fe₃O₄/C表面. 对制备好的Pd/Fe₃O₄-C催化剂进行了循环伏安法（CV）、计时电流（CA）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）的测试, 研究了其在碱性介质中对C1-C3醇类（甲醇、乙醇和丙醇）氧化的电催化活性. 结果表明, 所制备的不同Fe₃O₄负载量的Pd/Fe₃O₄(2%)-C,Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C, Pd/Fe₃O₄(10%)-C和Pd/C催化剂中, Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂表现出最高的醇氧化电流密度. 依据循环伏安（CV）数据,Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂对甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇氧化的阳极峰电流密度分别是Pd/C催化剂的1.7、1.4、1.7和1.3倍. Pd/Fe₃O₄(5%)-C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电荷传递电阻也远低于Pd/C催化剂. 制备的所有催化剂对C1-C3醇类电氧化的电流密度大小排序如下: 正丙醇﹥乙醇﹥甲醇﹥异丙醇. 此外, 碳粉中Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的存在提高了钯纳米颗粒的电化学稳定性.     

Ordered PdCu‐Based Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Oxygen‐Reduction and Ethanol‐Oxidation Electrocatalysts

The development of superior non‐platinum electrocatalysts for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity and stability for the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) and liquid fuel oxidation reaction is very important for the commercialization of fuel cells, but still a great challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a new colloidal chemistry technique for making structurally ordered PdCu‐based nanoparticles (NPs) with composition control from PdCu to PdCuNi and PtCuCo. Under the dual tuning on the composition and intermetallic phase, the ordered PdCuCo NPs exhibit better activity and much enhanced stability for ORR and ethanol‐oxidation reaction (EOR) than those of disordered PdCuM NPs, the commercial Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the improved ORR activity on the PdCuM NPs stems from the catalytically active hollow sites arising from the ligand effect and the compressive strain on the Pd surface owing to the smaller atomic size of Cu, Co, and Ni.     

Synthesis of palladium concave Nanocubes with high‐index facets and their catalytic properties

Palladium nanocrystals with a variety of shapes have received particular interest in recent years due to their unique properties in catalysis. Herein, Pd concave nanocubes with high‐index facets (Pd‐CNs) was synthesized by a simple water‐based route without seeds using L‐ascorbic acid (AA) as the reduction agent in the presence of CTAB. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were employed to demonstrate the formation of concave structures with high‐index facets of the Pd‐CNs with an average size of 17.5 nm. The as‐prepared Pd‐CNs presented significantly higher catalytic activity than commercial Pd/C (an average particle size of 4.7 nm) in the electro‐oxidation of methanol, but exhibited weaker property in Suzuki coupling reaction, which provided an evidence for the effect of shape and size on different reactions.     

Oxygen reduction reaction on carbon-supported palladium nanocubes in alkaline media

Carbon-supported Pd nanocubes with the size of 30, 10 and 7 nm were prepared and their electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution was studied. For comparison carbon-supported spherical Pd nanoparticles and commercial Pd/C catalyst were used. The catalysts were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide and cyclic voltammetry and the ORR activity was evaluated using the rotating disk electrode method. The ORR on all studied Pd/C catalysts proceeded via four-electron pathway where the rate-limiting step was the transfer of the first electron to O₂ molecule. The specific activity of Pd nanocubes was more than two times higher than that of spherical Pd nanoparticles and increased with increasing the particle size.     

A Nanoporous PdCo Alloy as a Highly Active Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen‐Reduction Reaction and Formic Acid Electrooxidation

A nanoporous (NP) PdCo alloy with uniform structure size and controllable bimetallic ratio was fabricated simply by one‐step mild dealloying of a PdCoAl precursor alloy. The as‐made alloy consists of a nanoscaled bicontinuous network skeleton with interconnected hollow channels that extend in all three dimensions. With a narrow ligament size distribution around 5 nm, the NP PdCo alloy exhibits much higher electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) with enhanced specific and mass activities relative to NP Pd and commercial Pt/C catalysts. A long‐term stability test demonstrated that NP PdCo has comparable catalytic durability with less loss of ORR activity and electrochemical surface area than Pt/C. The NP PdCo alloy also shows dramatically enhanced catalytic activity towards formic acid electrooxidation relative to NP Pd and Pd/C catalysts. The as‐made NP PdCo holds great application potential as a promising cathode as well as an anode electrocatalyst in fuel cells with the advantages of superior catalytic performance and easy preparation.     

Nanocatalysis on tailored shape supports: Au and Pd nanoparticles supported on MgO nanocubes and ZnO nanobelts

Active gold and palladium nanoparticles supported on MgO nanocubes and ZnO nanobelts and transition-metal-containing MgO nanobelts were synthesized by combining evaporation and deposition-precipitation techniques. The high activity and stability of the Au/CeO2 and Pd/CeO2 nanoparticle catalysts deposited on the MgO cubes are remarkable and imply that a variety of efficient catalysts can be designed and tested using this approach. The significant increase in the concentration of corner and edge sites in MgO nanocubes make them well-defined supports to study the detailed mechanism of the catalytic activity enhancement.     

铂合金纳米立方块催化剂的氧还原反应活性比较

氧还原反应是质子交换膜燃料电池和金属-空气电池的重要反应,贵金属铂（Pt）与元素周期表中第一排的非贵过渡金属（M）形成铂合金催化剂（PtM）可以提高氧还原反应活性. 但是,有关活性的提高有多大程度上是来自合金元素的贡献却仍然存在争议. 为了研究合金元素对PtM催化活性的影响,本工作合成了颗粒形状与合金元素含量相似的铂锰（PtMn）, 铂铁（PtFe）, 铂钴（PtCo）和铂镍（PtNi）纳米立方块催化剂,并考察了不同铂合金催化剂在酸性介质中的氧还原反应活性. 选择制备立方块形状纳米颗粒催化剂进行比较,可以将颗粒表面结构对催化活性的影响降到最小. 结果表明,氧还原反应活性与铂d-带中心值曲线呈现火山形关系,其中PtCo纳米立方块催化剂的活性最高. 本文所得到的实验结果与基于d-带理论框架已知表面的密度泛函理论计算结果一致.     

PVP封端剂对Pd纳米晶电催化氧化甲醇和乙醇性能的影响

Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have attracted considerable research interest because of their potential application as alternative power sources for automotive systems and portable electronics. Pd-based catalysts represent one of the most popular catalysts for DAFCs due to their excellent electrocatalytic activities in alkaline electrolytes. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the structure-activity relationship of Pd electrocatalysts for alcohol electrocatalysis. Recently, size- and shape- controlled Pd nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized and subsequently used to study the size and shape effects of Pd electrocatalysts on alcohol electrocatalysis, in which the Pd (100) facet exhibited higher electrocatalytic oxidation activity for small alcohol molecules than the Pd (111) and (110) facets. Although it is well known that capping ligands, which are widely used in wet chemistry for the size- and shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals, likely chemisorb onto the surfaces of the resulting metal nanocrystals and influence their surface structure and surface-mediated properties, such as catalysis, this issue was not considered in previous studies of Pd nanocrystal electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic oxidation of small alcohol molecules. In this study, we prepared polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-capped Pd nanocrystals with different morphologies and sizes and comparatively studied their electrocatalytic activities for methanol and ethanol oxidation in alkaline solutions. The chemisorbed PVP molecules transferred charge to the Pd nanocrystals, and the finer Pd nanocrystals had a higher coverage of chemisorbed PVP, and thus exposed fewer accessible surface sites, experienced more extensive PVP-to-Pd charge transfer, and were more negatively charged. The intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, represented by the electrochemical surface area (ECSA)-normalized electrocatalytic activity, of Pd nanocubes with exposed (100) facets increases with the particle size, indicating that the more negatively-charged Pd surface is less electrocatalytically active. The Pd nanocubes with average sizes between 12 and 19 nm are intrinsically more electrocatalytically active than commercial Pd black electrocatalysts, while the activity of Pd nanocubes with an averages size of 8 nm is less. This suggests that the enhancement effect of the exposed (100) facets surpasses the deteriorative effect of the negatively charged Pd surface for the Pd nanocubes with average sizes between 12 and 19 nm, whereas the deteriorative effect of the negatively charged Pd surface surpasses the enhancement effect of the exposed (100) facets for the Pd nanocubes with average sizes of 8 nm due to the extensive PVP-to-Pd charge transfer. Moreover, the Pd nanocubes with average sizes of 8 nm exhibit similar intrinsic electrocatalytic activity to the Pd nanooctahedra with (111) facets exposed and average sizes of 7 nm, indicating that the electronic structure of Pd electrocatalysts plays a more important role in influencing the electrocatalytic activity than the exposed facet. Since the chemisorbed PVP molecules block the surface sites on Pd nanocrystals that are accessible to the reactants, all Pd nanocrystals exhibit lower mass-normalized electrocatalytic activity than the Pd black electrocatalysts, and the mass-normalized electrocatalytic activity increases with the ECSA. These results clearly demonstrate that the size- and shape-dependent electrocatalytic activity of Pd nanocrystals capped with PVP for methanol and ethanol oxidation should be attributed to both the exposed facets of the Pd nanocrystals and the size-dependent electronic structures of the Pd nanocrystals resulting from the size-dependent PVP coverage and PVP-to-Pd charge transfer. Therefore, capping ligands on capped metal nanocrystals inevitably influence their surface structures and surface-mediated properties, which must be considered for a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship of capped metal nanocrystals.     

Synthesis of Pd‐Pt Ultrathin Assembled Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Oxidation

Control over composition and morphology of nanocrystals (NCs) is significant to develop advanced catalysts applicable to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and further overcome the performance limitations. Here, we present a facile synthesis of Pd?Pt alloy ultrathin assembled nanosheets (UANs) by regulating the growth behavior of Pd?Pt nanostructures. Iodide ions supplied from KI play as capping agents for the {111} plane to promote 2‐dimensional (2D) growth of Pd and Pt, and the optimal concentrations of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and ascorbic acid result in the generation of Pd?Pt alloy UANs in high yield. The prepared Pd?Pt alloy UANs exhibited the remarkable enhancement of the catalytic activity and stability toward ethanol oxidation reaction compared to irregular‐shaped Pd?Pt alloy NCs, commercial Pd/C, and commercial Pt/C. Our results confirm that the Pd?Pt alloy composition and ultrathin 2D morphology offer high accessible active sites and favorable electronic structure for enhancing electrocatalytic activity.     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电催化性能

通过对Pt催化剂表面进行Pd修饰提高质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的氧还原反应(ORR)活性. 采用乙二醇还原法制备了不同比例的Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂. 透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明, 制备的催化剂贵金属颗粒粒径主要分布在1.75～2.50 nm之间, 并均匀地分散在碳载体表面. 循环伏安方法(CV)研究表明Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电化学活性面积低于传统的Pt/C催化剂. 但通过旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试研究发现, 制备的催化剂具有比传统Pt/C催化剂高的ORR活性.