苯炔对双键插入反应的研究进展

苯炔对双键的插入反应是近年来苯炔化学的一个热点领域.苯炔对双键插入将产生一个邻亚甲基醌型中间体,后者和苯炔一样是有机反应的重要活性中间体之一.综述了近年来苯炔对双键的插入反应及其在合成化学中的应用,并力图从反应机理的角度对这些插入反应及其生成的中间体进行结构上和反应活性上的阐释.     

金属苯炔的合成与化学性质

金属苯炔是一类新颖的杂环芳香化合物.它们可看成是苯炔分子中的一个碳原子被等瓣的过渡金属基团取代而衍生出来的六元杂环化合物.近年来,金属苯炔的化学引起了人们的兴趣和关注.一系列含锇和铼的金属苯炔已被成功地合成和鉴定.这些金属苯炔不仅具有有机化合物的芳香性,还具有金属有机化合物的属性.它们既可以发生芳香体系的经典反应(如亲电取代反应),也可以发生金属有机化合物的反应(如卡宾化合物的形成).     

过渡金属催化的多炔基化合物高选择性亲电环异构化反应研究

对我们研究小组近几年来在过渡金属催化的复合炔基化合物的高选择性环异构化反应方面取得的成果进行了小结.通过底物与亲电试剂的分子间串联亲电环化反应,有效地构建了官能团化的苯并[a]芴醇和密集三取代的卤代炔基萘酮环结构单元衍生物.基于此研究基础,又发展了一类过渡金属催化的1,6-二炔醇酯或1,5-二炔类化合物的分子内环异构化反应,构建了官能团化的亚甲基茚结构单元以及含三氟甲硫基结构的茚衍生物.此外对影响反应的可能因素也做了讨论,提出了可能的反应机理.     

钯催化吲哚与丙炔酸的去芳构化脱羧炔基化反应

以钯为催化剂,炔酸为炔基化试剂,采用脱羧偶联的方法实现了吲哚的去芳构化炔基化反应.以中等到良好的收率,高非对映选择性地合成一系列2,3-位具有连续季碳和叔碳中心的双取代吲哚啉化合物.     

有机催化下2,3-二取代吲哚的不对称芳基化去芳构化反应

<正>Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,53,13912~13915催化不对称去芳构化反应是把简单的平面芳香族分子转变为复杂的手性环状分子的高效方法,因此该策略受到化学家的重视,并发展了一些去芳构化的方法,如氧化、环加成、烷基化反应等.但是,通过催化不对称的芳基化反应来实现的去芳构化策略却鲜有报道.江苏师范大学化学化工学院石枫课题组设计了2,3-二取代吲哚与醌亚胺缩酮     

可见光促进的苯及衍生物去芳构化反应

总结了近年来可见光促进苯及其衍生物去芳构化反应的研究进展, 主要分为基态与激发态化学两方面, 并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

系列苯炔化合物和苯炔树枝大分子的合成及其光学性质的研究

合成了一系列苯炔化合物, 并对它们的紫外吸收和荧光发射性质进行了研究. 通过HOMO和LUMO轨道能量差ΔE、分子轨道图及相关碳原子上的电荷密度讨论了分子结构和大小对这些化合物紫外吸收和荧光发光性质的影响. 在间位苯炔化合物及间位苯炔树枝大分子(dendrimer)中, 紫外吸收峰不随苯炔分枝数和dendrimer阶数增加而红移, 共轭被中心苯环隔断. 而在邻或对位取代的苯炔化合物中, 共轭则不受中心苯环的影响而延伸至整个分子. 其原因可能和中心苯环上与苯炔分枝相连的碳原子的电荷密度有关. 在激发态下, 间位苯炔化合物中苯炔分枝间存在耦合作用, 荧光发射随苯炔分枝数增加而红移. 但这种耦合作用只发生在与同一苯环相连的分枝间, 因此荧光发射不随dendrimer阶数增加而红移.     

金属钯催化的吡咯分子间不对称烯丙基去芳构化反应

正手性2H-吡咯类化合物是有机合成中一类重要的合成中间体.通过催化不对称去芳构化反应,可以实现直接由吡咯类化合物来构建这类骨架.然而,目前文献上报道的对取代吡咯类化合物的直接催化去芳构化反应主要集中在过渡金属催化的不对称[4+3]环加成反应和氢化反应.由于反应过程中可能面临的化学选择性、区域选择性和对映选择性等挑战性问题,通过烷基化反应来实现吡咯环的分子间不对称去芳构化反应迄今还没有被报道.中国科学院上海有机化学研究所游书力课题组成功地通过使用烯丙基取代反应实现了取代吡咯的分子间催化不对称去芳构化.使用取代的吡咯化合物1和烯丙基碳酸酯2在金属钯和商业可得的手性配体(R)-segphos的作用下,可以以高达     

金催化去芳构化反应研究进展

均相金催化在过去十几年经历了飞速的发展,展现出了非常高的催化效率和非常强的官能团兼容性.另一方面,催化去芳构化反应能够直接高效地将芳香化合物转化为高度官能团化的具有丰富三维立体结构的分子.因此,金催化去芳构化反应将会为天然产物和复杂分子的合成提供新颖直接高效的路径.本文总结了近几年金催化去芳构化反应的例子,主要可分为金催化的重排反应和炔烃/联烯的氢-官能团化反应两方面,同时还介绍了这两类反应的特点与可能的反应机理.     

过渡金属催化吲哚的串联去芳构化反应研究进展

吲哚啉类化合物广泛存在于天然产物、药物和生物活性分子中,其结构多样性构建具有重要的意义.目前,吲哚的去芳构化转化已成为构建螺环、稠环、多取代吲哚啉类化合物的原子和步骤经济性途径.近年来,吲哚的去芳构化反应得到了不断发展,但对于C(2)=C(3)环内烯烃的串联去芳构化转化研究仍有较大的发展空间.基于此,聚焦迁移插入与自由基串联策略,详细总结了Pd、Ni、Co和Cu过渡金属催化的吲哚串联去芳构化转化,并探讨了相关的反应机理以及发展趋势.     

ortho-Difunctionalization of arynes by LiZnEt2(TMP)-mediated deprotonative zincation/elimination of aryl triflates

Generation of arynes from aryl triflates has been achieved using lithium diethyl(tetramethylpiperidyl)-zincate base LiZnEt₂(TMP), via a directed ortho-deprotonative zincation and subsequent elimination of the triflate group. The aryne formation has been demonstrated by the cycloaddition reaction with diene and insertion reactions with ureas. Furthermore, the nucleophilic addition of LiZnEt₂(TMP) to arynes was observed in the absence of external aryne partners, offering a new cascade strategy for diverse difunctionalization of arynes.     

Copper-catalyzed alkyne-aryne and alkyne-alkene-aryne coupling reactions

The efficient copper-catalyzed two-component coupling reaction of alkynes with arynes and the three-component coupling reaction of alkynes with allylic chlorides and arynes have been developed. Copper acetylide was postulated as a transient intermediate for the initiation of the coupling reactions.     

芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应

芳香族化合物稳定、易得，通过芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应，制备官能化的脂肪六元碳环化合物，早以引起人们的广泛兴趣。本文对六类脱芳构化反应进行了逐一评述，其包括：氧化脱芳构化反应；还原脱芳构化反应；光催化脱芳构化反应；亲核加成脱芳构化反应；σ-键迁移重排脱芳构化反应；过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应。其中，过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应，反应条件温和，反应底物广泛，可应用于生物活性物质的合成。     

The facile insertion of β-keto sulfones to arynes: The direct preparation of polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones

One novel carbon-carbon bond insertion reaction of arynes has been developed. By this reaction β-keto sulfones can insert the triple bond of arynes to prepare polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones.     

The facile insertion of β-keto sulfones to arynes： The direct preparation of polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones

One novel carbon-carbon bond insertion reaction of arynes has been developed. By this reaction β-keto sulfones can insert the triple bond of arynes to prepare polysubstituted ortho-keto benzyl sulfones.     

Transition-Metal-Free α-Arylation of β-Keto Amides via an Interrupted Insertion Reaction of Arynes

Direct α-arylation reactions of secondary β-keto amides with arynes, generated by fluoride-induced elimination of ortho-silyl aryltriflates, are described. The transformation proceeds via an interrupted insertion reaction of arynes and leads to densely functionalized aromatic compounds exhibiting a chiral 'all carbon' quaternary center under transition-metal-free conditions. An organocatalytic asymmetric version of the reaction also proved possible, affording the proof of concept that arynes can be involved in enantioselective transformations.     

Recent advances in transition-metal-free carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions using arynes

This tutorial review is aimed at highlighting recent developments in transition-metal-free carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions utilizing a versatile class of reactive intermediates, viz., arynes, which hold the potential for numerous applications in organic synthesis. Key to the success of the resurgence of interest in the rich chemistry of arynes is primarily the mild condition for their generation by the fluoride-induced 1,2-elimination of 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates. Consequently, arynes have been employed for the construction of multisubstituted arenes with structural diversity and complexity. The versatile transition-metal-free applications of arynes include cycloaddition reactions, insertion reactions and multicomponent reactions. In addition, arynes have found applications in natural product synthesis. Herein, we present a concise account of the major developments that occurred in this field during the past eight years.     

Dearomatization through Halofunctionalization Reactions

Recent advances in dearomatization through halofunctionalization reactions are summarized in this Minireview. Two general categories of strategies are currently employed in this field. On one hand, the reaction can be initiated with electrophilic halogenation at an alkyne or alkene moiety. The resulting halonium ion intermediate is then captured by a pendant aromatic ring at the ipso position, affording the dearomatization product. On the other hand, electrophilic halogenation can directly take place at a substituted arene, and the final dearomatization product is furnished by deprotonation or intramolecular nucleophilic trap. Highly enantioselective variants have been realized in the latter case by organocatalysis or transition metal catalysis. By applying these methods, various valuable halogenated polycyclic molecular architectures have been obtained from readily available starting materials.     

Cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylazetidines with benzyne: a facile access to 1-benzazocine derivatives

The cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylazetidines with benzyne proceeded smoothly without a catalyst, and various benzazocine derivatives were isolated in good to high yields. The scope of the reaction, as well as the reactions of other arynes, has been studied.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions

This Review summarizes the development of catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions. The CADA reactions discussed herein include oxidative dearomatization reactions, dearomatization by Diels–Alder and related reactions, the alkylative dearomatization of electron‐rich arenes, transition‐metal‐catalyzed dearomatization reactions, cascade sequences involving asymmetric dearomatization as the key step, and nucleophilic dearomatization reactions of pyridinium derivatives. Asymmetric dearomatization reactions with chiral auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric reactions of dearomatized substrates are also briefly introduced. This Review intends to provide a concept for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization.