含四硫富瓦烯大环化合物的合成与研究进展

简要介绍了含有四硫富瓦烯(TTF)单元的大环化合物的分类, 概括了各类含四硫富瓦烯大环化合物的合成方法, 主要包括含有1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮单元的大环化合物在亚磷酸三烷基酯参与下的偶合反应, 以及带有氰乙基硫等取代基的预先合成的官能化TTF与二卤代低聚醚的反应. 综述了含四硫富瓦烯大环化合物的电化学性能及其在分子识别方面应用研究的最新进展, 提出了含四硫富瓦烯大环化合物的发展趋势.     

两亲性四硫富瓦烯衍生物的合成及其性质研究

二-(1,3-二硫环戊烯-2-硫酮-4,5-二硫)合锌酸四乙基铵盐(Zincate盐)分别与溴代十四烷和溴代十八烷在乙腈中回流,合成相应的1,3-二硫环戊烯-2-硫酮2a和2b.以亚磷酸三乙酯为偶联剂,其分别和4,5-二氰基乙硫基-1,3-二硫环戊烯-2-酮(3)发生交叉偶合反应合成四硫富瓦烯(TTF)衍生物4a和4b.在氢氧化铯的存在下,4a和4b分别与2-碘乙氧基乙醇反应生成含羟基的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)衍生物5a和5b.以三乙胺为缚酸剂,其与对甲基苯磺酰氯反应,生成含活化羟基的TTF衍生物6a和6b.在氢氧化钠的存在下,6a和6b分别与巯基噻二唑反应生成含有疏水长链烷烃和亲水醚键连接的噻二唑两亲性TTF衍生物7a～7d,并对其进行了1H NMR,13C NMR,IR,MS的表征以及初步电化学行为和Langrnuir-Blodgett膜性能研究.     

“A-C≡C-TTF-C≡C-A”型四硫富瓦烯衍生物的合成与性质研究

四硫富瓦烯及其衍生物是性能优良的电子给体.本文利用Sonogashira反应将吡啶基团连接在四硫富瓦烯单元上,合成了"A-C≡C-TTF-C≡C-A"型四硫富瓦烯共轭体系衍生物4,4′(5′)-二-(4-吡啶乙炔基)-四硫富瓦烯(TTF4N).吸收光谱、电化学和Pb2+配位键合研究表明,三键作为桥基能够有效实现分子内的电荷转移.金属Pb2+离子与吡啶基团的配位能够引起TTF4N的吸收光谱、核磁氢谱和电化学性质的显著变化.     

含四硫富瓦烯结构单元的酞菁和四氮杂卟啉衍生物的研究概况

综述了含四硫富瓦烯(TTF)结构单元的酞菁和四氮杂卟啉衍生物的合成、光物理和电化学性质以及聚集和自组装性能的研究概况.     

四硫富瓦烯及其衍生物在分子开关领域的研究进展

四硫富瓦烯(TTF)及其衍生物由于具有特殊的结构和性质, 在分子开关、分子传感器、光信息存储和非线性光学等领域显示出诱人的应用前景. 综述了近几年TTF及其衍生物在分子开关领域的最新研究进展.     

四烃硫基四硫富瓦烯的电化学性质及三维定量结构性能关系研究

以四烃硫基四硫富瓦烯(TTF)为研究对象,合成了6个新的π电子给体化合物,并用循环伏安法考察了其电化学性质,同时用比较分子力场(CoMFA)研究了TTF衍生物的结构与其电化学性质的三维定量结构性能关系,提出了对TTF结构改造的方法,对新型TTF类化合物的合成有重要的指导意义.     

四硫富瓦烯衍生物在有机光电功能材料方面的研究进展

四硫富瓦烯(TTF)及其衍生物不仅是分子导体的有效构筑模块之一, 而且在材料化学的诸多领域显示了广阔的应用前景. 本工作综述了近几年TTF及其衍生物在非线性光学、分子光电器件、光伏器件及光致变色方面的最新研究进展.     

新型I型五聚四硫富瓦烯衍生物的合成和性质

利用2,3-二(2'-氰乙基硫基)-6,7-二烷硫基四硫富瓦烯在甲醇钠的作用下消除一个保护基团生成四硫富瓦烯单钠盐,与1,4-二(氯甲基)苯反应,形成单桥-双(四硫富瓦烯)衍生物,生成的单桥-双(四硫富瓦烯)衍生物再次在甲醇钠的作用下消除剩下的保护基团,形成单桥-双(四硫富瓦烯)衍生物二钠盐,最后与四(3'-碘丙硫基)四硫富瓦烯反应形成新型I型五聚TTF衍生物,并通过循环伏安法和化学氧化法分别对其氧化还原性质和紫外光谱进行了研究.     

基于四硫富瓦烯衍生物Langmuir-Blodgett膜的研究进展

在简要介绍了Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)膜的基础上, 主要依据制备LB膜的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)衍生物化学结构的不同, 概括了基于两亲性TTF衍生物、非两亲性TTF衍生物、TTF电荷转移(CT)复合物或盐、以及TTF金属络合物LB膜的制备、结构表征与性能研究进展. 介绍了基于TTF衍生物的LB膜在导电、化学及生物传感器、光学以及磁性方面的应用, 并对基于TTF衍生物LB膜的发展进行了展望.     

四硫富瓦烯和蒽单元构建的新型多功能四硫富瓦烯环蕃的合成与性质

2,6-二(甲硫基)-3,7-二(2-氰乙基硫基)四硫富瓦烯在甲醇钠的作用下消除保护基团, 生成四硫富瓦烯双钠盐, 再与9,10-二(氯甲基)蒽反应生成由四硫富瓦烯(TTF)和蒽单元构建的新型TTF环蕃. 分别通过循环伏安法和化学氧化法对其电化学性质、紫外吸收光谱和荧光性质进行了研究, 实验结果表明此类TTF环蕃化合物对OH^－离子有识别功能. 并通过电化学和紫外吸收光谱研究了这种新型四硫富瓦烯环蕃在金纳米颗粒表面自组装行为.     

New Concepts in Tetrathiafulvalene Chemistry

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its derivatives were originally prepared as strong electron-donor molecules for the development of electrically conducting materials. This Review emphasizes how TTF and its derivatives offer new and in some cases little-exploited possibilities at the molecular to the supramolecular levels, as well as in macromolecular aspects. TTF is a well-established molecule whose interest goes beyond the field of materials chemistry to be considered an important building block in supramolecular chemistry, crystal engineering, and in systems able to operate as machines. At the molecular level, TTF is a readily available molecule which displays a strong electron-donor ability. However, its use as a catalyst for radical-polar crossover reactions, thus mimicking samarium iodide chemistry, has only recently been addressed. Important goals have been achieved in the use of TTF at the macromolecular level where TTF-containing oligomers, polymers, and dendrimers have allowed the preparation of new materials that integrate the unique properties of TTF with the processability and stability that macromolecules display. The TTF molecule has also been successfully used in the construction of redox-active supramolecular systems. Thus, chemical sensors and redox-switchable ligands have been prepared from TTF while molecular shuttles and molecular switches have been prepared from TTF-containing rotaxanes and catenanes. A large synthetic effort has been devoted to the preparation of the so-called organic ferromagnets, many of which are derived from TTF. The main task in these systems is the introduction of ferromagnetic coupling between the conduction electrons and localized electrons. TTF has also played a prominent role in molecular electronics where TTF-containing D-sigma-A molecules have allowed the preparation of the first confirmed unimolecular rectifier. Recently, it has been confirmed that TTF can display efficient nonlinear optic (NLO) responses in the second and third harmonic generation as well as a good thermal stability. These findings can be combined with the redox ability of TTF as an external stimuli to provide a promising strategy for the molecular engineering of switchable NLO materials. Fullerenes endowed with TTF exhibit outstanding photophysical properties leading to charge-separated (CS) states that show remarkable lifetimes.     

Redox responsive molecular tweezers with tetrathiafulvalene units: synthesis, electrochemistry, and binding properties

Several new molecular tweezers with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) arms as well as mono-TTF derivatives bearing 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylthio groups to provide enhanced solubility were prepared starting from a bis-cyanoethyl-protected tetrathiafulvalene derivative. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3 and 7a showed highly distorted TTF groups and absence of close TTF-TTF contacts in the crystalline state. Comparative cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements demonstrated that through space distance-dependent TTF-TTF interactions take place in the TTF-containing molecular tweezers, leading to electronic pairing with formation of mixed valence [TTF]₂⁺ species and splitting of the first oxidation wave. TTF-containing molecular tweezers were successfully tested as receptors for several electron-deficient substances.     

新型四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的合成及其性质的研究

合成了3个新的含有卤素取代基的四硫代富瓦烯衍生物及6个新的相关化合物。利用溶液的电子吸收光谱对四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的性质进行了研究。研究结果表明, 四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的分子中π轨道之间的能级差较小, 因而分子具有较高的稳定性。     

Molecular shuttles based on tetrathiafulvalene units and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring systems

Six different degenerate [2]rotaxanes were synthesized and characterized. The rotaxanes contained either two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units or two 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) ring systems, both of which serve as recognition sites for a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring. Three different spacer units were incorporated into the dumbbell components of the [2]rotaxanes between the recognition sites. They include a polyether chain, a terphenyl unit, and a diphenyl ether linker, all of which were investigated in order to probe the effect of the spacers on the rate of the shuttling process. Data from dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a relatively small difference in the DeltaG++ values for the shuttling process in the [2]rotaxanes containing the three different spacers, in contrast to a large difference between the TTF-containing rotaxanes (18 kcal mol(-1)) and the DNP-containing rotaxanes (15 kcal mol(-1)). This 3 kcal mol(-1) difference is predominantly a result of a ground-state effect, reflecting the much stronger binding of TTF units to the CBPQT4+ ring in comparison with DNP ring systems. An examination of the enthalpic (DeltaH++) and entropic (DeltaS++) components for the shuttling process in the DNP-containing rotaxanes revealed significant differences between the three spacers, a property which could be important in designing new molecules for incorporation into molecular electronic and nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) devices.     

High performance n- and p-type field-effect transistors based on tetrathiafulvalene derivatives

The first n-type FET based on TTF derivatives was prepared. TTF derivatives with halogeno-substituted quinoxaline rings showed excellent n- or p-type performances with high carrier mobilities. Introduction of halogen groups determined the FET polarity by controlling the HOMO and LUMO levels of the molecules. The pi-stacking structures were observed in the single crystals of tetrahalogeno-TTFs.     

Ligands derived from tetrathiafulvalene: building blocks for multifunctional materials

The last decade has witnessed many advances in the coordination chemistry of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF). Various ligands, in which a metal-binding functionality is attached to the TTF unit, have been synthesized and used for the preparation of metal complexes. This Perspective summarizes the main types of TTF-containing ligands and their metal complexes and outlines the potential for the use of these building blocks in the design and assembly of multifunctional molecular materials.     

Synthesis of electrochemically responsive TTF-based molecular tweezers: evidence of tight intramolecular TTF pairing in solution

We report the synthesis and conformational studies of TTF-containing molecular tweezers based on a 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene scaffold. In the neutral form the tweezers are expected to adopt the closed conformation, while, upon oxidation, the open conformation should be preferred due to electrostatic repulsion between the oxidized TTF moieties. Cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrate electronic pairing with formation of mixed-valence [TTF]₂⁺ species and opening of the tweezers upon the full oxidation of the TTF groups. Variable-temperature (VT) NMR studies evidence tight intramolecular TTF pairing at low temperature. Molecular modeling studies showed clear preference for an open conformation of tweezers in a fully oxidized state.     

Chiral, flexible binaphthol-substituted tetrathiafulvalenes

Novel chiral tetrathiafulvalene derivatives incorporating one or two binapthol moieties are described where two flexible (Ar-O)-CH₂-CH₂-S-(TTF) links generate a large 14-membered ring on one or both sides of the TTF core. The symmetric donor molecule with two chiral binaphthol moieties has been prepared as enantiopure (RR) or (SS) isomer, as well as diastereomeric mixture containing the (RR), (SS), and meso (RS)(SR) forms. Other unsymmetrically substituted derivatives bearing one single chiral binaphthol substituent on one side were also prepared in their enantiopure (R) and (S) forms and as racemic mixture. X-ray crystal structure determinations of different donor molecules show that the TTF tend to associate into face-to-face dyads with a strong folding of the dithiole rings along the S?S hinge while the binaphthol moieties adopt a cisoid conformation with a dihedral angle between naphthyl rings in the range 80-85°. The racemic EDT/TTF derivative allowed for the isolation of two crystalline charge-transfer compounds with the electron acceptors TCNQ and TCNQF₄. The donor and acceptor molecules are organized into homo-dyads in the TCNQ neutral complex, insulating and diamagnetic. On the other hand, a full charge transfer occurs in the TCNQF₄ salt, with weakly interacting chiral TTF cation and TCNQF₄ anion radicals.     

两个多核四硫代富瓦烯类衍生物的合成和电化学行为

合成了２个含３个四硫代富瓦烯单元的化合物，给出了它们的核磁共振氢谱、质谱、紫外吸收光谱及元素分析数据。用循环伏安法测定了它们的氧化还原电位，并将其与仅含１个或２个四硫代富瓦烯单元的化合物的氧化还原电位比较。发现随着分子内共轭程度的增加，分子内的库仑斥力也随之降低。     

Binding studies between tetrathiafulvalene derivatives and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)

The complexation between a number of different pi-electron donating TTF derivatives and the pi-electron accepting tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) has been studied by (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the strength of association between the donors (TTF derivatives) and acceptor (CBPQT(4+)) is strongly dependent on the pi-electron donating properties (measured by the first redox potential ) of the TTF derivatives. However, the first redox potential () is not the only factor of importance. The extended pi-surface of the TTF derivatives also exerts a stabilizing influence upon complexation. The kinetics for the complexation-decomplexation were studied using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and are related to the bulkiness of the TTF derivatives. These effects may serve to improve the design of interlocked molecular systems, especially (bistable) molecular switches, in which CBPQT(4+) and a derivatized TTF unit are incorporated.