结合直观推导式演进特征投影法分析原油中非烃结构和含量

提出一种分析原油非烃结构和含量的方法。用直观推导式演进特征投影法分辨有关二维数据以获得非烃的纯色谱和纯质谱,再将所获质谱在标准质谱库中检索,并结合色谱保留指数分析等来进行单个非烃化合物结构鉴定;利用实验数据,根据分辨获得的纯色谱峰面积所建立的规一化模型,进行非烃化合物定量分析。用本法确定了一原油样品中168个含氮化合物和该油样一个馏分中60个其它非烃化合物的结构和含量。本方法具有系统分析原油非烃结构和含量的通用性;标准化合物加标回收实验表明,其准确度很好。     

色谱法从页岩油分离非烃

抚顺页岩油除烃类外,含有相当量的非烃化合物,其中氮化合物含量最多.应用硅胶吸附剂的色谱分离可以分开无色至黄色的、以烃为主的部分和黑棕色的非烃化合物部分,粗孔硅胶作为吸附剂得到了良好的结果.冲洗剂用脱苯石油醚和洒精;用甲醛-芳烃反应以及欧氏试剂反应作为无氮烃浓缩部分和极性氮化合物部分的分离标志.试验证明抚顺页岩油中烃含量随着馏分变重而减少;抚顺页岩粗油中烃浓缩部分占59.4%,桦甸页岩粗油中烃浓缩部分占72.6%.     

用台式色谱-质谱仪同时进行原油芳烃色谱和色谱-质谱分析

 摘要：用HP6890GC/5973MSD仪器,一次进样同时测定原油、烃源岩抽提物中芳烃馏分的芳烃色谱和色谱-质谱信息,效果良好,在有机地球化学研究工作中很有实用价值,方法具有高效、经济等优点。     

采用反吹、微流控技术分析原油中的轻烃组分

利用程序升温蒸发进样器、反吹技术和微流控装置分析原油中的C5~C13轻烃组分,用一根HP PONA色谱柱分离,同时得到保留时间相同的火焰离子化检测信号和质谱检测信号,为原油中轻烃组分的色谱定性提供了新的有力工具。该方法中所用的色谱柱使用寿命长,分离效果好,对平湖4井油样中C5~C13馏分的分离得到了可用质谱定性的峰约290个(尚有不少混合峰存在),较难分离的物质对t-1,2-二甲基环戊烷与2-乙基戊烷得到了较好的分离,2-乙基戊烷峰得到非常好的质谱图,是目前研究原油中轻烃组分分析的有效手段。同时应用微流控装置后可在质谱仪不停机的条件下更换色谱柱。     

用台式色谱-质谱仪同时进行原油芳烃色谱和色谱-质谱分析

用ＨＰ６８９０ＧＣ／５９７３ＭＳＤ仪器,一次进样同时测定原油、烃源岩抽提物中芳烃馏分的芳烃色谱和色谱－质谱信息,效果良好,在有机地球化学研究工作中很有实用价值,方法具有高效、经济等优点。     

采用模拟蒸馏对原油馏分分布的色谱法测定

提出了色谱模拟蒸馏测定原油馏分分布的方法,采用高温模拟蒸馏分析原油中重组分,用详细烃组成技术(DHA方法)分析原油中轻组分,通过组分整合得到原油馏分分布。试验表明:采用nC5～nC120的正构烷烃混合物作为模拟蒸馏的沸点校正样,分析的馏程范围为初馏点至750℃。该方法重复性好,初馏点和终馏点的标准偏差小于1℃,各馏分收率的标准偏差小于0.35%。此法与实沸点蒸馏方法结果基本一致,小于500℃各馏分的收率差值小于2.5%,可明显看出在500～750℃范围的馏分分布,有利于重质馏分的进一步加工利用。     

硝酸银高效液相色谱法快速测定柴油馏分的族组成

柴油馏分族组成的测定以往多用柱色谱法,不仅分析流程长,并需消耗大量的溶剂和吸附剂。另一缺点是反映柴油使用性能的重要组分——烯烃混在饱和烃中不能分离测定。本工作用高效液相色谱法,以涂渍20％AgNO_3的硅胶柱和μ—porasil柱组成双柱系统,正己烷为流动相,用示差折光和紫外吸收检测器,快速测定了柴油馏分的族组成。在AgNO_3硅胶柱上考察了不同的AgNO_3涂复量、活化温度及活化时间对分离柴油中烯烃的影响,选择了对柴油馏分进行族组成测定所适宜的色谱条件。用常规柱色谱法分离柴油所得的饱和烃、芳烃以及蜡裂解柴油烯烃(含烯烃80％左右),经AgNO_3硅胶柱制备分离收集而得的纯饱和烃和烯烃分别作为标样,在相同的液体色     

沉积物和原油中常见含氧化合物的分离分析

将沉积物抽提物和原油中复杂的非烃组成分离为酸性、中性I和中性Ⅱ3个馏分。各馏分经GC／MS分析证实羟酸和极性较大的多元醇和酮进入酸性馏分,一元酮、酯和直接一元醇进入中性馏分I,而甾醇类化合物进入中性瘤分Ⅱ。各类化合物分段清晰,没有同一化合物在不同馏分中出现的现象,且分离过程中各化合物的比例基本保持不变。本文选用地质体中今未见析出的二十二烯酸,5α（H）－雄甾－17－酮和5α（H）－3β－醇分别作为各馏分的内标化合物,定量效果好,并首次为甾醇类化合物找到了较理想的内标物。本方法经近百个样品的分离分析证实效果良好。     

水母雪莲提取物GC-MS分析

采用气质联用技术测定了水母雪莲提取物石油醚-丙酮(8∶2)部分,再用正已烷-乙酸乙酯(95∶5)洗脱部分的非烃酯化馏分。实验通过GC-MS法对水母雪莲提取物极性(非烃酯化馏分)进行了分析,其中共分离得到33个组分。采用面积归一化法测定了各组分的百分含量,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其做了分析,结果表明,棕榈酸(Hexadecanoic acid)的含量很高,达39.71%。其次为亚油酸(9,12-Octadecadienoic acid)16.85%,油酸(9-Octadecenoic acid)10.29%,硬脂酸(Octadecanoic acid)5.90%。二甲氧基-十八烷酸的含量为4.23%,乌散烯(12)-酮(3)3.45%,浕-亚麻酸2.83%,三甲基十八烷酸2.80%,二十烷酸(花生酸)的含量为2.30%,β-香树精(β-Amyin)的含量为2.27%,羽扇醇1.33%。其中含量大于1的还有,二十二烷酸。     

探讨薄层色谱在窄馏分重油族组成分析中的应用

建立了快速测定窄馏分重质油族组成的薄层色谱/氢火焰检测(TLC/FID)法.用两种展开剂可以将试样很好的分成饱和烃、芳烃、胶质和沥青质.本方法与经典的柱色谱法有较好的对应关系.     

多环芳烃指纹用于渤海采油平台原油的鉴别

采用气相色谱/质谱方法,对渤海海上4个不同区块、5个平台的6口油井原油进行了烷基化多环芳烃系列化合物和美国环保署（EPA）优先控制多环芳烃系列化合物的准确定性定量分析。通过多环芳烃原始指纹谱图、多环芳烃组分分布模式和特征比值的比较对上述原油进行鉴别。结果证明不同区块的原油中多环芳烃指纹信息不尽相同,即使在同一平台不同油井中所产的原油其指纹也存在一定差异。为确保原油鉴别的准确性,分析过程中必须在仪器的稳定性和样品前处理方面实施严格的质量控制措施。     

Identification of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate matter by capillary gas chromatography and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Summary Using a two-step liquid chromatographic separation on normalphase cartridges, crude extracts of diesel particulate matter can be separated without time-consuming sample handling into special fractions which mainly contain slightly-polar oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAH) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH). Subsequent analysis was by fused-silica capillary gas chromatography on a SE54 column along with flame-ionisation (GC/FID) and positive-ion electron-impact mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS) respectively. A number of individual oxy-PAH belonging to four different chemical classes (ketones, quinones, anhydrides and aldehydes) and several individual nitro-PAH were characterized by their retention times and mass spectra. Presented at the 15th International Symposium on Chromatography, Nürnberg, October 1984     

原油中芳香硫化合物形态分布的研究

建立了原油中多环芳香硫化合物形态分布的研究方法。采用氯化钯/硅胶配位交换色谱分离原油中的芳香硫化合物,并用气相色谱/质谱分析、气相色谱-硫化学发光检测法结合色谱保留指数,鉴定出原油中的100多个多环芳香硫化物,包括含烷基取代基的苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩类硫化物。定量分析表明,二苯并噻吩类化合物的含量占芳香硫化合物总量的91%左右。该方法可用于不同来源的原油中芳香硫化合物的形态分布研究。     

Identification of structures of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils in conjunction with chemometric resolution

A universal method was established for the systematically structural identification of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils. Pre-fractionation of the non-hydrocarbons in a crude oil sample into 7 fractions was performed by di-adsorption column chromatography using neutral aluminum oxide and silica gel; subsequent high-resolution separation of individual components was achieved by using capillary column gas chromatography, and compound types were detected by mass spectrometer. The two-dimensional data from the compounds in the fractions were further resolved by a chemometric method to obtained the deconvoluted chromatogram and mass spectrum of every compound, and then, the nitrogen-containing compounds were identified in combination with the retention indices. This method could relieve the difficulty of classical analysis in identifying those species with very low contents or incompletely separation, particularly in the cases where the authentic standards were not available for addition into the unknown samples in order to reveal what indeed existed in them. The structures of 168 nitrogen-containing compounds in a crude oil sample were determined by this method with satisfactory results.     

Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by GC/FTIR analysis of light oil fractions

Summary A method for determination of the composition of the light oil fractions in high-temperature coal tar by means of distillation, followed by gas chromatography on a crosslinked fused-silica, capillary column coated with optimum amount of stationary phase and identification by capillary gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry combined with GC retention indices (GC/FTIR-RI) is described. This method was effectively used to identify complex mixture such as coal tar without any standard samples, especially, adapted for isomeric compounds. More than 60 and 50 compounds were also separated and identified respectively in light oil fractions. This shows the capability of the capillary GC/FTIR combined with GC retention indices to identify isomers not accomplished by GC/MS.     

Evaluation of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the analysis of petroleum-derived compounds in the environment

Summary Analytical protocols have been adapted for the study of hydrocarbons at the trace level in the environment. Various samples, including sediments and biota, were collected from the Kuwaiti environment, treated according to the protocol and analyzed by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The methods used were synchronous scanning fluorescence spectroscopy (SSFS); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on C18 reversed-phase and NH2 normal-phase columns with UV and fluorescence detectors; gas chromatography on fused-silica capillary columns (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID), mass spectrometer (MS) and flame photometric detector (FPD); and high-resolution molecular spectrofluorimetry in Shpol'skii matrix at 10 K (HRSS). The different methods were found to give complementary information. SSFS was useful for fast evaluation and preliminary assessment of oil pollution during extended programs; it permitted sample selection for deeper analyses but, when applied to biota, needed special care in the clean-up procedure. GC/FID, was used to analyze saturated and ethylenic compounds and was useful for obtaining information on the origin of hydrocarbons but inconvenient for analyzing the aromatic fraction. GC/FPD was difficult to use with sediment samples and yielded little information on biota samples, although it did permit confirmation of high oil contamination in some examples. HPLC on a normal-phase column with UV and fluorescence detectors was useful for the fractionation of samples and for the separation of different families of aromatic compounds according to aromatic carbon number. GC/MS was used to quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of less than four cycles but was not sensitive enough for PAHs of higher molecular weight. HRSS, however, was useful for the quantification of heavy PAHs and was also faster, could be automated, and gave accurate results. However, in an oil-pollution study, it must be backed up by the other techniques. In fact, no single analytical technique was found to be sufficient, and only judicious combinations of the tested techniques yielded adequate information on the origin of hydrocarbons in the environment.     

Chemical characterization of aromatic compounds in extra heavy gas oil by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used for the characterization of aromatic compounds present in extra heavy gas oil (EHGO) from Brazil. Individual identification of EHGO compounds was successfully achieved in addition to group-type separation on the chromatographic plane. Many aromatic hydrocarbons, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds, were detected and identified, such as chrysenes, phenanthrenes, perylenes, benzonaphthothiophenes and alkylbenzonaphthothiophenes. In addition, triaromatic steroids, methyl-triaromatic steroids, tetrahydrochrysenes and tetraromatic pentacyclic compounds were present in the EHGO aromatic fractions. Considering the roof-tile effect observed for many of these compound classes and the high number of individual compounds identified, GC×GC-TOFMS is an excellent technique to characterize the molecular composition of the aromatic fraction from EHGO samples. Moreover, data processing allowed the quantification of aromatic compounds, in class and individually, using external standards. EHGO data were obtained in μgg(-1), e.g., benzo[a]pyrene were in the range 351 to 1164μgg(-1). Thus, GC×GC-TOFMS was successfully applied in EHGO quantitative analysis.     

Investigation of sulphur compounds in coal tar using monodimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Coal is a non renewable fossil fuel, used mainly as a source of electrical energy and in the production of coke. It is subjected to thermal treatment, pyrolysis, which produces coke as a main product, in addition to a condensed liquid by-product, called tar. Tar is a complex mixture of organic compounds which contains different chemical classes, presenting aromatic and sulphur heterocyclic compounds. In general, identification of these compounds requires steps of isolation and fractionation, mainly due to co-elution of these compounds with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The objective of this work is to characterize the sulphur compounds present in the coal tar obtained via pyrolysis, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector (GC×GC/TOFMS). Coal samples from the State of Paraná, Brazil were subjected to laboratorial scale pyrolysis. Several experimental conditions were tested, such as sample weight (5, 10 and 15g), heating ramp (10, 25 and 100°C/min) and final temperature (500, 700 and 900°C). Samples were analyzed by one dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (GC/qMS) and two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector (GC×GC/TOFMS). The higher amount of sulphur compounds was obtained at a final temperature of 700°C and a heating ramp of 100°C/min. The main classes observed in the color plot were thiophenes, benzothiophenes and alkylated dibenzothiophenes. GC×GC/TOFMS allowed the identification of the greater number of compounds and the separation of several sulphur compounds from one another. Moreover, separation of sulphur compounds from polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phenols was achieved, which was not possible by 1D-GC. Comparing GC×GC/TOFMS and 1D-GC (SIM mode) also showed that 1D-GC, one of the most employed quantification tools for sulphur compounds, can be misleading for detection, identification and quantification, as the number of isomers of sulphur compounds found was greater than theoretically possible.     

Systemic analysis of structures and contents of nitrogen-containing compounds and other non-hydrocarbons in crude oils in conjunction with chemometric resolution technique.

A method is described for the systemic identification and quantitative analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds and other non-hydrocarbons in crude oils. The pre-fractionation of a crude oil sample into 7 fractions was performed by di-adsorption column chromatography using neutral aluminum oxide and silica gel. A subsequent high-resolution separation of individual components was achieved by using capillary column gas chromatography, and compound types were detected by a mass spectrometer. In conjunction with a chemometric method, the compounds in the fractions were further resolved or separated, which made it possible to identify some nitrogen-containing compounds and other non-hydrocarbons in crude oils. To a certain extent, this method could relieve the difficulty of classical analysis in identifying those species with very low contents or incompletely separation, particularly in the cases where authentic standards were not available for addition into the unknown samples in order to reveal what indeed existed in them. The structures and contents of 168 nitrogen-containing compounds in one crude sample and 60 non-nitrogen-containing compounds in one of non-hydrocarbon fractions of this oil sample were determined, and the addition-recovery examination of some standard compounds showed that the analytical veracity was satisfactory.