α—卤代萘与叔已酮碳负离子在Co（Ⅱ）络合物催化下的自由基链式亲核取代反应产物的薄层色谱定量分析

研究了以Co(Ⅱ）络合物为催化剂，α－卤代萘与叔已酮碳负离子的自由基链式亲核取代反应（SRN1）产物α－萘基叔已酮的薄层色谱扫描定量分析方法；定量分析的弭性范围为0－4．4μg，平均回收率99％－101％，异板间相对标准偏差为2．3％，同板相对标准偏差为1．6％。     

丙醇-硫酸铵-水液-液体系萃取分离铂、钯、铑和金

研究了丙醇－（NH4）2SO4－水液－液体系对铂（Ⅱ）,钯（Ⅱ）,铑（Ⅲ）和金（Ⅲ）氯化亚锡络阴离子的萃取行为及体系在盐酸介质中的分相条件。实验表明在盐酸介质中体系可同时萃取铂（Ⅱ＿,钯（Ⅱ）,铑（Ⅲ）和金（Ⅲ）,对铂,钯,铑 和金的萃取率分别为99．4％,99．0％,98．3％和99．8％,方法可用于从贱金属中分离铂,钯,铑,金,对阳极泥,砂铂矿,废催化剂样品的分离分析结果与其它方法相符。     

4—氯—2—氧代—3（2H）—苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯除草剂及基相关化合物的高效液

报道了4－氯－氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯除草剂及相关化合物的反相高效液相色谱分析方法,基线分离了4－氯－2－氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯及相关化合物5个组分,定量测定了4－氯－2氧代－3（2H）－苯并噻唑乙酸乙酯和2－羟基4－氯苯并噻唑,方法的相对标准偏差RSD分别为1．68％和1．03％,平均回收率分别为101．0％和100．2％,检测限分别为10．2ng和4．6ng.     

深海鱼油中脂肪酸的分析

用氢氧化四甲胺／甲醇酯化法使深海鱼油内的三酸甘油酯中的脂肪酸和游离脂肪酸转化成脂肪酸甲酯,用气相色谱和气相色谱／质谱进行分析,鉴定出４１个组分,并对其中的主要组分顺式－５,８,１１,１４,１７－十二碳五稀酸（ＥＰＡ）和顺式－４,７,１０,１３,１６,１９－二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）建立了定量分析方法。方法的相对标准偏差分别为４．３％（ＥＰＡ）和４．７％（ＤＨＡ）。ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的回收率分别为１００．     

氯化钠存在下丙醇-碘化钾体系萃取分离铂、钯的研究

研究了氯化钠存在下丙醇－碘化钾体系对铂（Ⅱ）、钯（Ⅱ）萃取行为及体系在盐酸介质中的分相条件。在盐酸介质中,体系可同时萃取铂（Ⅱ）、钯（Ⅱ）,萃取率分别为99．8％、99．4％,方法可用于从贱金属中分离铂、铯 。对阳极泥、砂铂矿、废催化剂样品中的铂、钯进行了分离,分析结果与其它方法相符,并对萃取机理也进行了探讨。     

紫外分光光度法测定异烟酸电氧化合成反应液的等吸收点

选择258nm和269nm为测定波长，用等吸收点双波长紫外分光光度法，对4-甲基吡啶（4-MP）直接电氧化合成异烟酸反应液中的异烟酸和4-MP进行了定量分析，异烟酸的检出限为3．5μmol／L，4．MP的检出限为3.8μmol／L，异烟酸和4-MP在硫酸水溶液中的吸光度加和性良好，两者测定结果的平均相对标准偏差分别为1．35％和0．83％；平均回收率分别为99％和100％。     

超临界流体色谱法分离二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸

以二氧化碳单一作流动相,ODS柱为固定相,用超临界流体色谱法分离了二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）,考察了操作温度和压力对容量因子（k′）和分离度（R）的影响,并根据EPA和DHA在超临界二氧化碳中溶解度的变化规律,对实验结果做了定性的解释。     

化妆品中Hg、As和Pb的微波消解—氢化物发生ICP—AES法测定

采用微波消解－氢化物发生ICP－AES法测定化妆品中Hg、As和Pb,加入L－半胱氨酸消除了过渡金属离子的干扰,考察了微波消解、氢化物发生的最佳条件。建立的方法简便快速,测定Hg、As和Pb的RSD分别为0．59％、1．2％、2．4％（n=10),样品加标回收率分别为98．5％、99．3％和100．1％。该法已应用于化妆品的常规测定,得到满意的结果。     

多烯脂肪酸尿素包合富集的研究

近二十年生物化学,药理学,营养学的研究表明：多烯脂肪酸（PUFA）尤其是ω－3系列,具有特殊的生理功能。例如α－亚麻酸（α－Linolenic acid,ALA),EPA(Eicosapentaenoic aciod)具有降低血脂,预防心血管疾病发生的功效。而DHA（Docosahexaenoic acid)对大脑发育及视网膜的形成有着重要的促进作用^[1,2],自然界中,紫苏油中富含亚麻酸,鱼油中含有较多的EPA与DHA,将其富集提纯,可以提高产品的生理活性,成为目前保健品及医药开发的热点。     

EPA甲酯和DHA甲酯标准样品的制备和结构解析

从鱼油中分离制备得到二十碳五烯酸（EPA）甲酯和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）甲酯,采用红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振波谱等手段对EPA甲酯和DHA甲酯的结构进行表征,提供了不饱和脂肪酸甲酯标准物质研制基础。样品的红外光谱（IR）、质谱（MS）、核磁共振谱图（1HNMR、13CNMR）所给出的结构信息与EPA甲酯和DHA甲酯的化学结构式相符,并通过DEPT谱和I3C-1H COSY化学位移相关谱（HMBC）对各共振峰进行了指认,样品的谱图数据与文献报道基本一致。     

Quantification of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid geometrical isomers formed during fish oil deodorization by gas-liquid chromatography

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) of the n-3 series and especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA, respectively) have important biological properties. The main dietary sources of LC-PUFAs are fish and fish oil. Geometrical isomerization is one of the main reactions happening during the thermal treatment of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Refined fish oils are used to supplement food products in LC-PUFAs and the quality of these nutritional ingredients have to be controlled. In the present study, a suitable method for the quantification of EPA and DHA geometrical isomers in fish oils by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) is presented. A highly polar capillary column (CP-Sil 88, 100 m) operating under optimal conditions was used. Method selectivity was studied by GC-mass spectrometry. The performance characteristics of the quantification method were studied using samples of fish oil deodorized at 220 degrees C for 3 h. The linearity of the method was assessed by analyzing composite samples obtained by mixing fish oil deodorized at 220 degrees C with semi-refined fish oil (control). Precision was evaluated by analyzing the same samples in triplicate. Results showed that the validated method is suitable to quantify low amounts of geometrical (trans) isomers of EPA and DHA in refined fish oils. The limits of quantification of the EPA and DHA geometrical isomers are 0.16 and 0.56 g/100 g of fish oil, for EPA and DHA, respectively. Commercially available LC-PUFA oil samples were evaluated by using the validated method. The results show that the oils analyzed contain low amounts (<1% of total fatty acids) of geometrical isomers of EPA and DHA.     

高效液相色谱法分离制备鱼油中的EPA和DHA

采用反相高效液相色谱技术,以μ－ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＣ１８作固定相,ＣＨ３ＯＨ／ＴＨＦ／Ｈ２Ｏ作流动相,对鱼同中的二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）进行了分离纯化,制备溶液经减压蒸馏,乙酸乙酯萃取后所得ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ质量分数可分别达到９８％和８６％以上。     

Preparation of a Crosslinked Bioimprinted Lipase for Enrichment of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Fish Processing Waste

Geotrichum sp. lipase modified with a combined method composed of crosslinking and bioimprinting was employed to selectively hydrolyze waste fish oil for enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in glycerides. Crosslinked polymerization by monomer (polyethylene glycol 400 dimethyl acrylate), crosslinker (trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate), and photoinitiator (benzoin methyl ether) coupled to bioimprinting using palmitic acid as imprint molecule, resulted in much more effective enzyme preparation used in aqueous hydrolysis reaction. Since the crosslinked polymerization modification maintained bioimprinted property and gave good dispersion of enzyme in reaction mixture, the crosslinked bioimprinted enzyme exhibited higher hydrolysis temperature, enhanced specific activity, shorter hydrolysis time, and better operational stability compared to free lipase. Crude fish oil was treated at 45 °C with this crosslinked bioimprinted lipase for 8 h, and 46% hydrolysis degree resulted in the production of glycerides containing 41% of EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA), achieving 85.7% recovery of initial EPA and DHA. The results suggested that bioimprinted enzymes did not lose their induced property in aqueous environment when prepared according to the described crosslinking–bioimprinting method. It could also be seen that the crosslinked bioimprinted lipase was effective in producing glycerides that contained a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid with better yield.     

In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility of Soybean,Fish, and Microalgal Oils,and Their Influences on Fatty Acid Distribution in Tissue Lipid of Mice

The digestion rates of microalgal (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 56.8%; palmitic acid, 22.4%), fish (DHA, 10.8%; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, 16.2%), and soybean oils (oleic, 21.7%; linoleic acid, 54.6%) were compared by coupling the in vitro multi-step and in vivo apparent digestion models using mice. The in vitro digestion rate estimated based on the released free fatty acids content was remarkably higher in soybean and fish oils than in microalgal oil in 30 min; however, microalgal and fish oils had similar digestion rates at longer digestion. The in vivo digestibility of microalgal oil (91.49%) was lower than those of soybean (96.50%) and fish oils (96.99%). Among the constituent fatty acids of the diet oils, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) exhibited the highest digestibility, followed by EPA, DHA, palmitoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid, demonstrating increased digestibility with reduced chain length and increased unsaturation degree of fatty acid. The diet oils affected the deposition of fatty acids in mouse tissues, and DHA concentrations were high in epididymal fat, liver, and brain of mice fed microalgal oil. In the present study, microalgal oil showed lower in vitro and in vivo digestibility, despite adequate DHA incorporation into major mouse organs, such as the brain and liver.     

Simultaneous quantification of total eicosapentaenoic acid,docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the simultaneous quantification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in human plasma by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) was developed and validated. Free and esterified forms of fatty acids were hydrolysed from plasma samples in the presence of an internal standard and subjected to liquid–liquid extraction. The chromatographic run time was 3.5 min per sample. The assay was linear from 0.5 to 300 mg/L (r² > 0.997, n = 18). Based on matrix addition, accuracy deviation was <15%, except for AA at 10 mg/L (30–90%), whereas precision was <8% for all fatty acids studied. The method was applied to the measurement of these omega‐3 fatty acids in a fish oil supplement study with healthy volunteers. Healthy males (n = 4) were administered a supplement containing 465 mg EPA and 375 mg DHA per capsule (Omacor®). A dose of two capsules was given daily over a 4 week period. Pre‐treatment concentrations varied between subjects for EPA (17–68 mg/L), DHA (36–63 mg/L) and AA (121–248 mg/L). During the dosing period EPA increased 460–480% from the baseline concentration, while DHA increased 150–160%. The EPA–AA ratio increased from 0.07–0.56 to 0.3–3.1 after 4 weeks of dosing. In conclusion, the method described could be suitable for monitoring EPA, DHA and AA in clinical studies that may aid in achieving optimal concentrations of these fatty acids in patients who could be at risk of sudden cardiac death. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鱼油中二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的气相色谱—红外光谱分析

本文利用气相色谱－红外光谱联用仪对鱼油中的ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ进行了定性，定量的分析研究，建立了ＥＰＡ－Ｅ和ＤＨＡ－Ｅ的蒸气相红外标准谱图和气相色谱保留时间数据库，提供了一种在无法找到标准物质的情况下鱼油中ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ进行定性，定量分析的简便准硼确的方法。     

Enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from sardine by-products by supercritical fluid fractionation

Based on the principle of supercritical chromatography, a fractionation process for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) under supercritical conditions was studied with the aim of obtaining in extracts highly enriched eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish cannery waste. Yields of the fractionation process were enhanced by using adjuvant material and modifying CO(2) volumetric density and temperature. The combination of adjuvant properties with optimized pressure and temperature conditions permitted efficient fractionations of FAMEs, according to chain length and degree of unsaturation, in high purity (up to 95% of FAME) and good yields (45% of EPA and DHA starting potential). This work shows how green technologies, such as supercritical processes, can constitute a good alternative to the use of organic solvents in classical methods for valorisation of complex food industry waste.     

Optimization of Fatty Acid Determination in Selected Fish and Microalgal Oils

The use of ten fatty acid methyl ester reference standards coupled with a detailed quantification method was shown to significantly optimize the fatty acid determination of selected fish and microalgal oils when compared to methods that use only one reference standard (C19:0 or C23:0) as a relative response factor. When using the mixture of ten reference standards after transesterifying oils with NaOH/BF₃, determination of total fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid improved by an average of 7.3, 11.5 and 8.4%, respectively. Furthermore, improvements of 13.9, 18.9 and 6.8% of total fatty acids, EPA and DHA, respectively, were obtained when using the mixture of reference standards for fatty acid determination after directly extracting and transesterifying oil contained in microalgal cells with a mixture of methanol, HCl and chloroform. Fatty acid methyl ester standards dissolved in isooctane showed <5% variability throughout 130 days of stability testing when stored at ?20 °C. The optimized method can be used for improving the quantification of fatty acids in both oils (fish and microalgal oils) and dry microalgal cells.     

Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in blood serum after fish oil administration.

Free and total fatty acids in the blood serum of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia have been analysed as their methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography using an FFAP column. In one-step reactions the free fatty acids in serum react with methanol-acetyl chloride (50:1, v/v) at 25 degrees C, the total fatty acids (free plus esterified) are transesterified with methanol-toluene-acetyl chloride (8:2:1, v/v) at 100 degrees C. The quantification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is based on an internal standard (13,16,19-docosatrienoic acid) and on calibration standards. Under normal diet the concentrations of EPA and DHA are as follows (mean +/- S.D., n = 27): free EPA, 0.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; free DHA, 0.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl; total EPA, 3.6 +/- 2.1 mg/dl; total DHA 11.4 +/- 3.1 mg/dl. Under a fish oil intake of 9 g per day, free and total EPA concentrations rise by ca. five- to six-fold, and free and total DHA concentrations by ca. two-fold.